Devant l’augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables en France, cette thèse propose d’étudier l’augmentation de la flexibilité des réacteurs à eau pressurisée en croisant deux disciplines pour, chacune, atteindre des objectifs complémentaires : l’Ingénierie Système (IS) et l’Automatique.Dans le contexte de l’ingénierie de systèmes complexes et du Model Based Systems Engineering, ce travail propose dans un premier temps une méthode de conception se fondant sur les principes normatifs de l’IS et respectant les habitudes et les pratiques courantes en ingénierie de Framatome. Cette méthode a pour vocation de formaliser et assurer le passage des exigences aux architectures et d’améliorer les capacités de vérification des modèles développés lors de la conception. Elle s’organise autour de langages de modélisation interopérables, couvrant l’ensemble des processus promus par l’IS. La méthode proposée est appliquée sur le système dont les performances sont les plus limitantes dans le contexte de l’augmentation de flexibilité : le Core Control. Ce composant algorithmique du réacteur assure le contrôle des paramètres de fonctionnement du cœur : la température moyenne, la distribution axiale de puissance et la position des groupes de grappes.La thèse propose ensuite des contributions techniques relevant du champ de l’Automatique. Il s’agit de concevoir un système de régulation répondant aux exigences issues de la formalisation IS évoquée ci-dessus. La solution proposée repose sur une stratégie de commande hiérarchisée, utilisant la complémentarité des approches dites de commande multi-objectif, de séquencement de gains et enfin de commande prédictive. Un modèle de réacteur nucléaire simplifié innovant est développé à des fins de conception du système de régulation et de simulations intermédiaires. Les résultats obtenus ont montré les capacités d’adaptation de la démarche proposée à des spécifications diverses. Les performances atteintes sont très encourageantes lorsque évaluées en simulation à partir d’un modèle réaliste et comparées à celles obtenues par les modes de pilotages classiques. / In the event of increasing renewable energies in France, this thesis proposes to study the flexibility increase of pressurized water reactors (PWR) throughout two different engineering disciplines aiming at complementary objectives: Systems Engineering (SE) and Control theory.In a first phase, within the frame of complex systems design and Model Based Systems Engineering, this work proposes a SE method based on SE standard principles and compliant with Framatome’s practices and addressing the revealed issues. This SE contribution is twofold: formalize and ensure the path from requirements to system architectures and enhance the capabilities of models verification. The method revolves around interoperable modeling languages, covering the SE processes: from requirement engineering to system architecture design. The method is applied to the system, which performances are the most limiting in the context of flexibility increase: the Core Control. This algorithmic reactor component ensures the control of: the average coolant temperature, the axial offset and the rod bank position, three of the core main functioning parameters.In order to provide a technical contribution relying on some advanced control methodologies. It consists in designing a control system meeting the requirements defined by the SE method application. The proposed solution is in a two-layer control strategy using the synergies of multi-objective control, gain-scheduling and predictive control strategies. A simplified innovative nuclear reactor model is employed to conceive the control algorithm, simulate and verify the developed models. The results obtained from this original approach showed the ability to adapt to various specifications. Compared to conventional core control modes, the simulation results showed very promising performances, while meeting the requirements, when evaluated on a realistic reactor model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielGVF_DISSERT.pdf: 2881772 bytes, checksum: 5236953fb6bb70560393eeeaa01f96f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The control, automation and optimization areas help to improve the processes used by industry. They contribute to a fast production line, improving the products quality and reducing the manufacturing costs. Didatic plants are good tools for research in these areas, providing a direct contact with some industrial equipaments. Given these capabilities, the main goal of this work is to model and control a didactic plant, which is a level and flow process control system with an industrial instrumentation. With a model it is possible to build a simulator for the plant that allows studies about its behaviour, without any of the real processes operational costs, like experiments with controllers. They can be tested several times before its application in a real process. Among the several types of controllers, it was used adaptive controllers, mainly the Direct Self-Tuning Regulators (DSTR) with Integral Action and the Gain Scheduling (GS). The DSTR was based on Pole-Placement design and use the Recursive Least Square to calculate the controller parameters. The characteristics of an adaptive system was very worth to guarantee a good performance when the controller was applied to the plant / As ?reas de controle, automa??o e otimiza??o contribuem para a melhoria dos processos utilizados pelas ind?strias, permitindo uma linha de produ??o r?pida, aprimorando a qualidade do produto final e reduzindo os custos de produ??o. Boas ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas nestas ?reas s?o as plantas did?ticas, pois proporcionam um contato direto com equipamentos semelhantes ou at? mesmo usados no setor industrial. Em vista dessas capacidades, o objetivo deste trabalho ? modelar e controlar uma planta did?tica que consiste de um sistema de controle de processo para vaz?o e n?vel com instrumenta??o industrial. Com o modelo ? poss?vel construir um simulador capaz de permitir estudos a respeito do funcionamento do sistema, sem os gastos com a opera??o do processo real. ? o caso de experimentos com controladores, que podem ser testados diversas vezes antes de serem efetivamente utilizados no processo real. Dentre os diversos tipos de controladores existentes, foi dado foco aos de tipo adaptativo, principalmente ao auto-sintoniz?vel direto (Direct Self-Tuning Regulator DSTR) com a??o integral e ao controlador com Escalonamento de Ganho (Gain Scheduling GS). O controlador DSTR foi projetado com base no m?todo de posicionamento de p?los e teve seus par?metros calculados atrav?s da t?cnica dos m?nimos quadrados recursivos. As caracter?sticas dos sistemas adaptativos foram de grande valia para garantir um desempenho satisfat?rio dos controladores, quando aplicados ? planta

Les principales contributions de cette thèse concernent le développement de méthodes pour la synthèse de contrôleurs et pour l'analyse de la stabilité des systèmes linéaires, soit variant ou invariant dans le temps. Concernant les systèmes invariant dans le temps, le but est la synthèse de contrôleurs robustes d'ordre réduit pour les systèmes en temps continu qui présentent des paramètres incertains. La méthode présentée pour la synthèse est basée sur une technique en deux étapes, où un gain de retour d'état est construit dans la première étape, et appliqué à la deuxième, fournissant le contrôleur robuste souhaité. Chaque étape consiste à la résolution de conditions sous la forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires.Dans le cas des systèmes variant dans le temps, en général, en fonction des informations disponibles, deux modèles mathématiques peuvent être utilisés. D'un côté, pour des systèmes dont les éléments variant dans le temps sont bornés mais pas complètement connus, on peut utiliser des modèles dépendant de paramètres variants, ce qui donne une représentation polytopique. Dans ce cas là, la technique de stabilisation proposée est basée sur la méthode en deux étapes, pour générer des contrôleurs dépendants des paramètres. On suppose que les paramètres sont mesurables en ligne, et les contrôleurs sont synthétisés pour qu'ils soient robustes à des bruits de mesures. De l'autre côté, si les dynamiques variantes dans le temps sont connues, on peut traiter directement le système sans utiliser aucune paramétrisation. Deux techniques de synthèse sont proposées pour ce cas: la construction des gains stabilisants en utilisant directement la matrice de transition d'état, et une technique de synthèse conçue à partir d'un nouveau critère de vérification de la stabilité du système. La validité des méthodes proposées est illustrée par plusieurs exemples numériques, qui montrent la qualité des résultats qui peuvent être obtenus / The main contributions of this thesis concern the development of methods for the stability analysis and the synthesis of controllers for linear systems, either time-varying or time-invariant. Concerning time-invariant systems, the objective is the synthesis of reduced-order robust controllers for continuous-time systems presenting uncertain parameters. The method presented for the synthesis is based on a two-stages technique, in which a stabilizing state-feedback gain is constructed in the first stage and then applied on the second stage to search for the desired controller. Each stage consists in the resolution of conditions based on linear matrix inequalities. In the case of time-varying systems, depending on the amount of available information, twomathematical models may be used. On one hand, if the time-varying elements of the system are not entirely known, one can model the system as function of time-varying parameters, resulting on a polytopic representation. In this case, the stabilization method proposed is based on the two-stages technique, which yields parameter-dependent controllers. The parameters are supposed to be real-time measurable, and the controllers are robust with respect to noises and uncertainties on the measures. On the other hand, if the time-varying dynamics are known, the system may be directly handled without using any parameterization. Two synthesis techniques are proposed in this case: the construction of stabilizing gains by using the state transition matrix, and a synthesis technique derived from a new stability criterion for time-varying systems. The validity of the proposed methods is illustrated through numerical examples, that show the efficiency of the results that can be obtained

Hydrofoiling technology has existed for over a hundred years but has seen a significant acceleration in development lately. The lower water resistance significantly increases the propulsion energy efficiency, giving the technology the potential to contribute to global goals of reducing emissions. Fully submerged hydrofoils, in general, and single-strut hydrofoils, in particular, need a control system to maintain stability in flight. It makes for an interesting control system design challenge, with dynamics resembling an inverted pendulum with six degrees of freedom. In this study, two control systems were designed and tested to stabilize a simulated model of the FoilCart prototype while performing turning maneuvers at different velocities and handling changes in altitude and speed. The first controller was a static Linear-Quadratic Integral (LQI) controller with some additions, including anti-windup mechanisms, setpoint step smoothing, symmetric linearization, and error cascading. The second controller was a modified, adaptive version of the LQI controller that used gain scheduling to combine multiple LQI controllers, each designed for coordinated banking turns at different roll angles, interpolating between them at every time step based on the current roll angle setpoint. With one exception, both controllers successfully performed turning maneuvers with 10 and 20° roll angles at 7 and 8 m/s. While the adaptive controller did, in some cases, improve the system’s speed, reducing rise time and overshoot, it was also less reliable and made the boat crash in one case (20° roll angle at 7 m/s). The static controller, however, exceeded all expectations and could perform stable turning maneuvers with roll angles up to 40°. Adding anti-windup measures and setpoint step smoothing improved stability, while error cascading and symmetric linearization had only minor, yet positive, effects. In conclusion, with the mentioned enhancements, LQI control systems have great potential for stabilizing single-strut hydrofoiling vessels. Several openings for future work remain, from validating these results in actual prototype tests to robustness and disturbance rejection studies and exploring other ways of combining LQI control and gain scheduling. / Bärplan har funnits i över hundra år, men dess utveckling och spridning har accelerat ordentligt den senaste tiden. Det minskade vattenmotståndet ökar energieffektiviteten avsevärt och ger tekniken potential att bidra till de globala målen att minska utsläppen. Dränkta bärplan i stort, men speciellt de som bara har en vertikal koppling till skrovet, behöver styrsystem för att bibehålla stabiliteten när de flyger. Utvecklingen av styrsystem för dem är därför en intressant utmaning, med dynamik liknande en inverterad pendel med sex frihetsgrader. I denna studie utvecklades och testades två styrsystem för att stabilisera en simulerad modell av FoilCart-prototypen under svängar i olika hastigheter och förändringar i höjdled. Det första styrsystemet var ett statiskt linjär-kvadratiskt integrerande system med vissa tilläggsfunktioner: anti-windup-mekanismer, utjämning av referenssteg, symmetrisk linjärisering och kaskadkoppling av felet. Det andra styrsystemet var en modifierad, adaptiv version av det första systemet. Det använde gain scheduling för att kombinera flera LQI-kontrollenheter designade för koordinerade svängar med en viss rollvinkel vardera, och interpolerade mellan dem vid varje tidssteg baserat på det aktuella referensvärdet för rollvinkeln. Med ett undantag lyckades båda styrsystemen genomföra koordinerade svängar med rollvinklar på 10 och 20° i 7 och 8 m/s. Medan det adaptiva styrsystemet i vissa fall gav ett snabbare svar med kortare stigtid och mindre översläng, var det även mindre pålitligt och fick båten att välta i ett fall (20° rollvinkel i 7 m/s). Det statiska styrsystemet överträffade dock alla förväntningar, och klarade att genomföra stabila svängar med upp till 40° rollvinkel. Tilläggsfunktionerna med anti-windup-mekanismer och utjämning av referenssteg förbättrade stabiliteten, medan kaskadkoppling av felet och symmetrisk linjärisering hade endast små, men positiva, effekter. Sammanfattningsvis har linjär-kvadratiska integrerande styrsystem med de nämnda tilläggsfunktionerna stor potential inom stabilisering av bärplansbåtar. Flera möjligheter för fortsatt arbete återstår, från validering av resultaten i faktiska prototyptester till utvärdering av robusthet och störningstålighet, samt utforskande av andra kombinationer av linjär-kvadratisk integrerande reglering och gain scheduling.

Orientador: Edvaldo Assunção / Resumo: Neste trabalho é proposta a resolução do problema do regulador linear quadrático (Linear Quadratic Regulator - LQR) via desigualdades matriciais lineares (Linear Matrix Inequalities - LMIs) para sistemas lineares e invariantes no tempo sujeitos a incertezas politópicas, bem como para sistemas lineares sujeitos a parâmetros variantes no tempo (Linear Parameter Varying - LPV). O projeto dos controladores é baseado na realimentação derivativa. A escolha da realimentação derivativa se dá devido à sua fácil implementação em certas aplicações como, por exemplo, no controle de vibrações. Os sinais usados na realimentação são aceleração e velocidade, sendo obtidos por meio de acelerômetros. Por meio do método proposto é possível obter condições LMIs para a síntese de controladores que garantam a estabilização do sistema em malha fechada, sendo que os controladores possuem desempenho otimizado. Para a formulação das condições LMIs, uma função de Lyapunov do tipo quadrática é utilizada. Exemplos teóricos e simulações são utilizados como forma de validação dos métodos propostos, além de mostrar que os novos resultados apresentam condições menos conservadoras. Além disso, ao final é apresentada uma implementação prática em um sistema de suspensão ativa, produzida pela Quanser®. / Abstract: The resolution of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) for linear time-invariant systems subject to polytopic uncertainties, as linear systems subjects to linear parameter varying (LPV), is proposed in this work. The controllers' designs are based on the state derivative feedback. The aim to the choice of the state derivative feedback is your easy implementation in a class of mechanical systems, such as in vibration control, for example. The signals used for feedback are acceleration and velocity, it is obtained by means of accelerometers. Through the proposed method it is possible to obtain LMIs conditions for the synthesis of controllers that guarantee the stabilisation of the closed-loop system, being that the controllers have optimised performance. For the LMIs conditions formulations, a Lyapunov function of type quadratic is used. As a form of validation, theoretical examples and simulations are performed, besides to show that the new results are less conservative. Furthermore, a practical implementation in an active suspension system, produced by Quanser®, is performed. / Mestre

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:08555101 研究代表者:早川 義一 研究期間:1996-1997年度