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A baraminological analysis of the Land Fowl (Class Aves, Order Galliformes)McConnachie, Melissa Michelle. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Honors)--Liberty University Honors Program, 2007.
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A baraminological analysis of the land fowl (Class Aves, Order Galliformes) /McConnachie, Michelle. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Honors)--Liberty University Honors Program, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available through Liberty University's Digital Commons.
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The evolutionary genetics of sexually selected plumage colour traits in the galliform birdsNadeau, Nicola Jacqueline January 2007 (has links)
Extravagant male plumage traits in birds are a classic example of sexual selection. However we know very little about the units that selection is acting upon, the genes themselves – what are they and how are they influenced by sexual selection? In this study I focused on in the evolution and genetics of colouration the galliform birds. Several novel loci were used to create a well resolved phylogeny of this group. This was then used to investigate and reconstruct the evolution of sexual plumage dichromatism. Four pigmentation genes were sequenced in an array of galliform species. A measure of the rate of evolutionary change (dN/dS) at these loci was then compared between lineages with different strengths of sexual selection, using sexual dichromatism as the main index of sexual selection. I found evidence for sexual selection acting at the MC1R locus, in the form of a robust correlation between dN/dS and sexual plumage dichromatism that was not found at any of the other loci. I then went on to investigate the evolution and population genetics of MC1R in the grouse, focusing on the strongly dichromatic black grouse and the relatively monochromatic red grouse. I found some evidence for an adaptive change at this locus between these species. Finally I used a candidate gene approach to investigate the role of several genes in avian pigmentation using the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a model system. I found evidence that the avian agouti gene is involved in dorso-ventral pigmentation patterning and a regulatory mutation at this locus that produces a yellow phenotype. In addition point mutations at MC1R and TYRP1 were found to be responsible for producing pigmentation variants. I then compared the expression of several of these candidate genes in male and female common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and found lower TYRP1 expression in males. Knowledge of the genetic basis of secondary sexual traits and the action of sexual selection at this level could have important implications for our understanding of the process of sexual selection as a whole.
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Estudo de elementos Galluhop e Cr1-like nos genomas de avesBertocchi, Natasha Avila 04 April 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-04 / Elementos transponíveis (TEs, do inglês Transposable Elements) são sequências que possuem a particularidade de se mobilizar dentro e entre genomas, estando presentes ubiquamente nos organismos e distribuídos por todos os ramos da árvore da vida. Os TEs influenciam os genomas hospedeiros de diferentes maneiras tendo um papel fundamental na evolução dos mesmos. São classificados em duas grandes classes, com base no seu intermediário de transposição: Classe I (retrotransposons) se transpõe via RNA, Classe II (transposons) se movem via DNA. Em aves, o conhecimento sobre elementos transponíveis ainda é muito insipiente, restringindo-se a poucos genomas sequenciados, principalmente o de Gallus gallus. Neste trabalho foram estudados dois tipos distintos de TEs: galluhop - elemento de Classe II, pertencente à superfamília mariner/Tc1, e CR1 - elemento de Classe I, ordem conhecida como LINE (do inglês Long Interspersed Nuclear Element), pertencente à superfamília CR1. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram caracterizar a história evolutiva das seqüências de homólogas de galluhop encontradas em genomas disponíveis de aves e, também, caracterizar a distribuição cromossômica de CR1-like em genomas de aves Piciformes (pica-paus). No primeiro capítulo, através de análises in silico, foi possível estimar a diversidade de cópias, as características estruturais e funcionais, a distribuição descontinua na linhagem aviária, a descrição de uma nova subfamília para família mariner e sugerir um evento de transferência horizontal do elemento galluhop. Destacamos nesta abordagem o primeiro registro de uma possível transferência horizontal de elemento transponível entre aves, e a nova subfamília Gallus restrita, até o momento, a elementos galluhop encontrados em aves. No segundo capítulo, mostramos por meio da técnica de FISH, a distribuição cromossômica de um mesmo elemento transponível, CR1-E-like, em diferentes genomas de aves, evidenciando padrão de distribuição muito diferente em cada genoma, mesmo entre espécies do mesmo gênero. / Transposable Elements (TEs) are sequences that have the particularity of mobilizing within and between genomes, being ubiquitously present in organisms and distributed throughout the branches of the tree of life. TEs influence host genomes in different ways and play a key role in their evolution. They are classified into two major classes, based on their transposition intermediary: Class I (retrotransposons) transposes via RNA, Class II (transposons) move through DNA. In birds, the knowledge about transposable elements is still very insipient, being restricted to a few genomes sequenced, mainly the one of Gallus gallus. In this work two distinct types of TEs were studied: galluhop - element of Class II, belonging to the superfamily mariner / Tc1, and CR1 - element of Class I, order known as LINE (of the English Long Interspersed Nuclear Element), belonging to the superfamily CR1. The objectives of this work were to characterize the evolutionary history of galluhop homolog sequences found in avian available genomes and also to characterize the chromosomal distribution of CR1-like in genomes of woodpeckers. In the first chapter, through in silico analysis, it was possible to estimate the diversity of copies, the structural and functional characteristics, the discontinuous distribution in the avian line, the description of a new subfamily for the mariner family and to suggest a horizontal transfer event of the galluhop element . We highlight in this approach the first record of a possible horizontal transfer of transposable element between birds, and the new Gallus subfamily restricted, until now, to galluhop elements found in birds. In the second chapter, we show through the FISH technique the chromosomal distribution of the same transposable element, CR1-E-like, in different bird genomes, showing a very different distribution pattern in each genome, even among species of the same genus.
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Manejo genético para a conservação ex situ do Mutum-do-Sudeste, Crax blumenbachii (aves, cracidae) / Genetic management for ex-situ conservation of Red-billed curassow, Crax blumenbachii (Aves, Cracidae)Costa, Mariellen Cristine 30 January 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Captive populations of endangered species are often small, isolated, and founded by a limited number of individuals, which makes them more susceptible to genetic drift and inbreeding effects. Thus, the preservation of the maximum genetic variability is a major concern of captive breeding programs, and understanding the levels of population structuring and genetic variability is important for developing management strategies of captive populations. The Red-billed Curassow (Crax blumenbachii) is endemic to the Brazilian lowland Atlantic Forests and is considered extinct in most of its original distribution. A captive breeding program was initiated during the 70s with the independent foundation of two breeding stocks, that posteriorly supplied animals to other aviaries. With the success of the captive propagation, a reintroduction program has started in 1991, and more than 226 animals have been released into the wild so far. However, animals descending from only one aviary have been used, and the capability of other lineages to increase genetic variability in these, and future released populations, has never been investigated. Then, we analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of the founders and two further important breeding facilities reproducing this species, using 8 microsatellite loci. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed two distinct groups that were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and did not present significant evidences of inbreeding. The existence of two distinct lineages in captivity has implications for breeding and reintroduction programs. We recommend populations to be managed as independent units, but admixted individuals should be produced as a manner to increase reintroduction success. / Populações cativas de espécies ameaçadas são frequentemente pequenas, isoladas e fundadas por um número limitado de indivíduos, o que as torna mais suscetíveis à deriva genética e aos efeitos de endogamia. Assim, a preservação da máxima variabilidade genética é uma das principais preocupações dos programas de reprodução em cativeiro e compreender os níveis de estruturação populacional e variabilidade genética é importante para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo de populações em cativeiro. O Mutum-do-Sudeste (Crax blumenbachii) é endêmico da Mata Atlântica de planície e é considerado extinto na maior parte de sua distribuição original. Um programa de reprodução em cativeiro foi iniciado na década de 70 com a independente fundação de dois plantéis, que posteriormente disponibilizou animais para outros aviários. Com o sucesso da reprodução em cativeiro, um programa de reintrodução começou em 1991 e mais de 226 animais foram soltos na natureza até o momento. No entanto, têm sido utilizados animais que são descendentes de um único criatório e a possibilidade de outras linhagens aumentarem a variabilidade genética nestas, e futuras populações reintroduzidas, nunca foi investigado. Por isso, analisamos a estrutura genética e a diversidade dos fundadores e mais dois importantes plantéisdesta espécie utilizando oito locos microssatélites. A análise de agrupamento Bayesian revelou dois grupos distintos em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e que não apresentaram evidências significativas de endogamia. A existência de duas linhagens distintas em cativeiro tem implicações para programas de reprodução e reintrodução. Recomendamos que as populações devam ser manejadas como unidades independentes, mas os indivíduos com ancestria mista devem ser produzidos como uma forma de aumentar o sucesso das reintroduções.
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Modelos de sustentabilidade de caça de subsistência na Serra do Mar, Mata Atlântica / Models of sustanbility of subsistence hunting at Serra do Mar, Mata AtlânticaNobre, Rodrigo de Almeida 27 November 2007 (has links)
Uma das principais dúvidas do pensamento moderno da conservação ambiental é se áreas naturais podem ser conservadas, se for dado direito de exploração dos recursos naturais dessas áreas a grupos de pessoas. Parte da comunidade científica considera negativa, aos propósitos de conservação, a permanência de populações humanas em áreas protegidas. Verifica-se que mesmo modelos de utilização do espaço e dos recursos naturais voltados essencialmente para a subsistência e com pequena demanda comercial, reduzem mais o habitat de várias espécies e apresentam níveis de exploração que podem extinguir populações silvestres. Outra parte da comunidade científica considera que, em regiões tropicais, essa postura restritiva, autoritária e dependente de fiscalização repressiva, não tem sido eficaz. Esta postura discrimina populações tradicionais e as impede de reproduzir seu modo de vida, desenvolvendo nestas uma postura anticonservacionista, que as leva à práticas predatórias do meio ambiente como meio de garantir sua subsistência e não cair na marginalidade ou na indigência. Diante de tais circunstâncias, o presente estudo objetivou conhecer as condições demográficas atuais das espécies silvestres alvos de caça, das características da atividade de caça praticada e dos possíveis limites sustentáveis da utilização da fauna existente para subsistência na porção norte do Parque Estadual da Serra Mar (PESM), em São Paulo. As amostragens foram realizadas entre os meses de junho de 2002 e julho de 2005. As densidades dos vertebrados cinegéticos foram calculadas utilizando o método de transecções lineares, e estimaram-se os tamanhos populacionais e a produtividade passível de caça sustentável. Compararam-se estes dados aos valores de pressão de caça (monitoramento e questionários) e ao consumo protéico da comunidade local para discussão da sustentabilidade da atividade atual. Os resultados indicaram que vários fatores comprometem a sustentabilidade da atividade de caça de subsistência na Serra do Mar. As densidades das populações humanas são altas e, consequentemente, acarretam níveis de pressão de caça e necessidade de ingestão protéica acima dos valores toleráveis pela produtividade da comunidade de vertebrados cinegéticos estimados pelo modelo. Com a meta de conservar as espécies ameaçadas pela atividade de caça e, concomitantemente, os recursos utilizados pela população humana local, recomenda-se a intensificação da fiscalização a fim de coibir a atividade de caça, ao menos temporariamente, até que pesquisas futuras possam determinar melhoras nas condições demográficas das espécies silvestres, estabelecendo limites sustentáveis de uso mais elevados, permitindo o estreitamento das relações entre as populações humanas e as Unidades de Conservação, maximizando a eficiência dos propósitos de preservação da diversidade biológica. / One of the main doubts of the modern nature conservation thought is if natural areas can be conserved, even if the right of resources exploitation, in these areas, is given to local people. A group of scientific community considers harmful the permanence of human populations inside protected areas. They found that systems of land use and the natural resources use, essentially toward to the subsistence and with low commercial demand, decreases the home range of some species and present exploration levels that can extinguish wild populations. Another part of scientific community considers that, in tropical regions, this restrictive, authoritarian and posture dependent of repressive police, has not been efficient. This posture discriminates the traditional populations and hinders them to reproduce its way of life, developing in those an anticonservationist attitude, that take them to environment predatory practices to guarantee their subsistence and not to fall in the marginality or poverty. The present study aim to know the current demographic conditions of the game species, the characteristics of hunting patterns and the possible sustainable limits of fauna use for subsistence in Serra do Mar, São Paulo. Game vertebrates densities were calculated using line-transect method, then the population sizes and the sustainable harvest rate were estimated from June 2002 to July 2005. These data were compared with the hunting pressure (from monitoring and questionnaires methods) and with the local community protein consumption, to discuss the sustainability of the current hunting activity. The results indicated that a lot of factors compromise the sustainability of the subsistence hunting practice in Serra do Mar. The local human population density is high, therefore causing levels of hunting pressure and necessity of protein ingestion over the sustainable limits of game vertebrates offtake estimated by the model. With the goal, at the same time, to conserve the threatened species of hunting practice and the resources used by the local human population, intensification of police is recommended, in order to restrain poaching activity, until future researches can determine better demographic conditions of game species, establishing higher limits of sustainable use, allowing narrow relationship between human populations and the protected areas, maximizing the efficiency of the purpose of biological diversity conservation.
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Evoluce zbarvení v řádu hrabavých / Evolution of coloration in the GalliformesVALENZOVÁ, Zdeňka January 2010 (has links)
The coloration of plumage and ornaments in the groups Numididae, Odonthophoridae and Phasianidae (within the order Galliformes) was detailled described and analyzed. The ecological factors affecting the evolution of dichromatism and conspicuousness were tested.
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Fenotypové charakteristiky a úspěšnost párování koroptve polní \kur{(Perdix perdix)} / Phenotypic traits and pairing success of the Grey Partridge \kur{(Perdix perdix)}BLAŽKOVÁ, Pavla January 2009 (has links)
The master thesis works measures of phenotypic traits and unique data of pairing of wild living grey partridges. The secondary sexual traits and theirs variability is described. Especially the relationship between the ornamental traits and the pairing success was researched. The results proved the greater pairing success of males with the larger melanin breast patch and the greater quality of the mate in females with the larger breast patch. The strategy of male floaters, which are realatively well ornamented is discussed.
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Modelos de sustentabilidade de caça de subsistência na Serra do Mar, Mata Atlântica / Models of sustanbility of subsistence hunting at Serra do Mar, Mata AtlânticaRodrigo de Almeida Nobre 27 November 2007 (has links)
Uma das principais dúvidas do pensamento moderno da conservação ambiental é se áreas naturais podem ser conservadas, se for dado direito de exploração dos recursos naturais dessas áreas a grupos de pessoas. Parte da comunidade científica considera negativa, aos propósitos de conservação, a permanência de populações humanas em áreas protegidas. Verifica-se que mesmo modelos de utilização do espaço e dos recursos naturais voltados essencialmente para a subsistência e com pequena demanda comercial, reduzem mais o habitat de várias espécies e apresentam níveis de exploração que podem extinguir populações silvestres. Outra parte da comunidade científica considera que, em regiões tropicais, essa postura restritiva, autoritária e dependente de fiscalização repressiva, não tem sido eficaz. Esta postura discrimina populações tradicionais e as impede de reproduzir seu modo de vida, desenvolvendo nestas uma postura anticonservacionista, que as leva à práticas predatórias do meio ambiente como meio de garantir sua subsistência e não cair na marginalidade ou na indigência. Diante de tais circunstâncias, o presente estudo objetivou conhecer as condições demográficas atuais das espécies silvestres alvos de caça, das características da atividade de caça praticada e dos possíveis limites sustentáveis da utilização da fauna existente para subsistência na porção norte do Parque Estadual da Serra Mar (PESM), em São Paulo. As amostragens foram realizadas entre os meses de junho de 2002 e julho de 2005. As densidades dos vertebrados cinegéticos foram calculadas utilizando o método de transecções lineares, e estimaram-se os tamanhos populacionais e a produtividade passível de caça sustentável. Compararam-se estes dados aos valores de pressão de caça (monitoramento e questionários) e ao consumo protéico da comunidade local para discussão da sustentabilidade da atividade atual. Os resultados indicaram que vários fatores comprometem a sustentabilidade da atividade de caça de subsistência na Serra do Mar. As densidades das populações humanas são altas e, consequentemente, acarretam níveis de pressão de caça e necessidade de ingestão protéica acima dos valores toleráveis pela produtividade da comunidade de vertebrados cinegéticos estimados pelo modelo. Com a meta de conservar as espécies ameaçadas pela atividade de caça e, concomitantemente, os recursos utilizados pela população humana local, recomenda-se a intensificação da fiscalização a fim de coibir a atividade de caça, ao menos temporariamente, até que pesquisas futuras possam determinar melhoras nas condições demográficas das espécies silvestres, estabelecendo limites sustentáveis de uso mais elevados, permitindo o estreitamento das relações entre as populações humanas e as Unidades de Conservação, maximizando a eficiência dos propósitos de preservação da diversidade biológica. / One of the main doubts of the modern nature conservation thought is if natural areas can be conserved, even if the right of resources exploitation, in these areas, is given to local people. A group of scientific community considers harmful the permanence of human populations inside protected areas. They found that systems of land use and the natural resources use, essentially toward to the subsistence and with low commercial demand, decreases the home range of some species and present exploration levels that can extinguish wild populations. Another part of scientific community considers that, in tropical regions, this restrictive, authoritarian and posture dependent of repressive police, has not been efficient. This posture discriminates the traditional populations and hinders them to reproduce its way of life, developing in those an anticonservationist attitude, that take them to environment predatory practices to guarantee their subsistence and not to fall in the marginality or poverty. The present study aim to know the current demographic conditions of the game species, the characteristics of hunting patterns and the possible sustainable limits of fauna use for subsistence in Serra do Mar, São Paulo. Game vertebrates densities were calculated using line-transect method, then the population sizes and the sustainable harvest rate were estimated from June 2002 to July 2005. These data were compared with the hunting pressure (from monitoring and questionnaires methods) and with the local community protein consumption, to discuss the sustainability of the current hunting activity. The results indicated that a lot of factors compromise the sustainability of the subsistence hunting practice in Serra do Mar. The local human population density is high, therefore causing levels of hunting pressure and necessity of protein ingestion over the sustainable limits of game vertebrates offtake estimated by the model. With the goal, at the same time, to conserve the threatened species of hunting practice and the resources used by the local human population, intensification of police is recommended, in order to restrain poaching activity, until future researches can determine better demographic conditions of game species, establishing higher limits of sustainable use, allowing narrow relationship between human populations and the protected areas, maximizing the efficiency of the purpose of biological diversity conservation.
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A study of the effect of environmental lighting on growth, reproduction and behavior in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)Levenick, Clifford Keith January 1977 (has links)
This study was designed to determine the effect of environmental lighting on growth, reproduction and behavior in turkeys.
During the growth phase a Large White and a Medium White line of turkeys were reared on an intermittent (2L:2D) or a diurnal (12L:l2D) light regimens under white, red (650 nm) or blue (450 nm) light environments.
The turkeys grew faster under blue light than under red or white light up to 16 weeks of age. However, by 24 weeks of age, the rates of gain were significantly greater under the white and red lights.
Growth rates were significantly greater under the intermittent regimen as compared to the diurnal regimen for both lines and sexes. The greatest acceleration in growth rate was observed from 4 to 10 weeks of age with this advantage still evident at 24 weeks of age.
There were no significant differences in feed efficiency due to regimen or color.
Early mortality was highest under blue light but late mortality was greater under red and white light. Mortality was higher for the LW than MW birds.
Live grades were unaffected by light regimen or color but feather condition was poorest for birds reared under white diurnal regimen.
The light color and regimen had no significant effect on the histological and physiological parameters measured. However, measurements of sexual development tended to be lower in both sexes for birds reared under blue light.
Turkeys growing under the blue light regimens were the most placid while those reared under the white diurnal regimen were the most nervous.
In the reproductive phase, medium white turkeys from each growth phase regimen and color combination were placed into white, red and blue light pens. Mating behavior measures were higher under red and white light than under blue light. In addition, rearing of turkeys under blue lights appeared to reduce sexual behavior in Experiment 2. For most mating behavior measures, the optimum light color combination appeared to be the white growth-white reproductive light program.
While all mating behavior measures were continually lower for turkeys reared under intermittent light than those reared under a diurnal regimen, these differences were not significantly different.
Turkeys exhibited two types of agonistic behavior. Fights between toms and hens occurred regularly in the blue reproductive light pens and rarely in the others. The majority of the fights occurred among hens and toms reared under red light. Toms from blue growth phase pens and subsequently placed in the red reproductive light environments, exhibited a super-aggressive behavior towards any human entering those pens.
Egg production and semen volume measures were significantly greater for turkeys in the red and white reproductive pens than for those under the blue light conditions.
The hens in the red and white growth pens came into egg production prematurely at 27 weeks of age when maintained on an intermittent light regimen during the growth phase. / Ph. D.
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