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Modeling Material Microstructure and Fatigue Life of Metal Components Produced by Laser Melting Additive ProcessChun-Yu Ou (8791262) 12 October 2021 (has links)
<p>There
has been a long-standing need in the marketplace for the economic production of
small lots of components that have complex geometry. A potential solution is
additive manufacturing (AM). AM is a manufacturing process that adds material
bottom-up. It has the distinct advantages of low preparation cost and high geometric
creation capability. Components fabricated via AM are now being selectively
used for less-demanding applications in motor vehicles, consumer products,
medical products, aerospace devices, and even some military projects.</p><p><br></p>
<p>For engineering
applications, high value-added components require consistency in the fatigue
properties. However, components fabricated by AM have large variation in the
fatigue properties compared to those by conventional manufacturing processes. To
alleviate unpredictable catastrophic failures of components, it is essential to
study and predict fatigue life. Previous study reported that fatigue crack
initiation process accounts for a large portion of fatigue life, especially for
low loading amplitude and high cycle fatigue. However, this major portion of
fatigue life prediction is mostly ignored by main stream researchers working on
fatigue modeling. For industrial applications, engineers often specify a lower
stress condition to obtain a higher safety factor. Under these circumstances,
fatigue crack initiation becomes even more important, so it is essential to further
study of crack initiation.</p><p><br></p>
<p>The
objective of this research is to develop a fatigue crack initiation model for
metal components produced by AM. To improve life prediction accuracy, the model
must incorporate the effect of different microstructures, which are typically
produced by AM due to a large number of repetitive cycles of re-heating and re-cooling
processes. To fulfill this objective, the tasks are separated into three studies:
(1) developing a temperature model to simulate temperature history, (2) modeling
the component’s microstructure for the potential crack initiation zone, and (3)
developing a fatigue crack initiation model for life estimation. A summary of
each task is provided in the following.</p>
<p>First,
the role of temperature model is to understand the mechanism that leads to the
variation of microstructures. The existing temperature models are
computationally expensive to obtain an accurate prediction of the temperature
history due to repetitive heating and cooling. The main reason is that these
models considered entire boundary conditions of all the material points. In
this section, we proposed and employed the concept of effective computation zone,
which can save the computational time significantly for AM process. </p><p><br></p>
<p>Second,
it is critical to include the effect of microstructure in the fatigue life
model since the microstructure variation at different locations within the real
AM component is large. The grain size variation is modeled by using representative
volume element, which is defined as a volume of heterogeneous material that is
sufficiently large to be statistically representative of the real component’s
microstructure. Regarding phase transformation, a continuous cooling
transformation (CCT) diagram is a useful tool that can be used with a thermal
model for microstructure design and manufacturing process control. However,
traditional CCT diagrams are developed based on slow and monotonic cooling
processes such as furnace cooling and air cooling, which are greatly different
from the repetitive heating and cooling processes in AM. In this study, a new
general methodology is presented to create CCT diagrams for materials
fabricated by AM. We showed that the effect of the segmented duration within
the critical temperature range, which induced precipitate formation, could be
cumulative. </p><p><br></p>
<p>Third, the
existing fatigue crack initiation life model has poor accuracy. One of the reasons
for the poor accuracy is the coefficients change due to the variation in
microstructure is not accounted for. In this section, a semi-empirical fatigue
crack initiation model is presented. The important coefficients include maximum
persistent slipband width, energy efficiency coefficient, resolved shear stress
and plastic slip rate per cycle. These coefficients are modeled and determined
as a function of microstructure, which can improve the accuracy of life
estimation.</p><p><br></p>
<p>The contribution
of this study is to provide a new engineering tool for designing the melting AM
process based on scientific research. With this tool, the fundamental mechanism
contributing to a large variation of the fatigue life of the metal components
made by AM process can be understood, attributed, predicted and improved. The seemly
‘stochastic’ nature of fatigue life of the AM components can be changed to be
more deterministic and predictable. This approach represents a major advance in
fatigue research on AM materials. The model
developed is considered as a tool for research, design, and control for
laser-based AM process applications. </p>
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Heterogen katalysierte Gasphasen-Epoxidation von Propen an FeOx/SiO2-KatalysatorenDuma, Viorel 11 May 2001 (has links)
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine neuartige Methode und die entsprechenden Katalysatoren für die heterogen katalysierte Gasphasen-Epoxidation von Propen entwickelt und optimiert. Das Propen wurde an FeOx/SiO2-Katalysatoren mit N2O als Oxidationsmittel epoxidiert. Die Katalysatoren wurden mittels XRD, TEM, XPS, Physi- und Chemisorption, TPR/TPO, TPD und IR untersucht und charakterisiert. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Oxidationsergebnisse wurde bestimmt und Untersuchungen zum Reaktionsablauf durchgeführt. Es wurden Selektivitäten zu Propenoxid von 40-70%, bei Propenumsätzen von 3-12%, erreicht. Die maximalen erzielten PO-Ausbeuten betrugen über 5%, und sind damit den berichteten Ergebnisse aus der Literatur überlegen.
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In situ Charakterisierung der Phasenbildung — Konzept und Anwendung der Analyse von Festkörper-Gas-Reaktionen durch GesamtdruckmessungenSchöneich, Michael 25 February 2013 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Konzept einer druckbasierten Analyse von Fest-Gas-Gleichgewichten hinsichtlich theoretischer wie experimenteller Zusammenhänge untersucht. Hierfür erfolgt eine gezielte Nutzung der Beziehungen von theoretischen und experimentell zugänglichen physikalischen Parametern, um so die Grundlage für eine spätere Anwendung im Kontext der Syntheseplanung zu ermöglichen. Im Speziellen handelt es sich im vorgestellten Konzept um die aus festkörperanalytischer Sicht häufig vernachlässigte Beziehung zwischen dem Dampfdruck von Festkörpern und dem chemischen Potenzial.
Neben der theoretischen Erarbeitung des Analysekonzeptes befasst sich die vorgestellte Arbeit zusätzlich mit dessen experimenteller Umsetzung anhand der Entwicklung bzw. Optimierung der Analyseverfahren der Hochtemperatur-Gasphasenwaage sowie des automatisierten Membrannullmanometers. Abgeschlossen wird die Arbeit zudem durch die anschauliche Vorstellung der praktischen Anwendung des Konzeptes hinsichtlich unterschiedlicher Fragestellungen (Theorie vs. Experiment: Quecksilber/Phosphor/Iod, Analyse der Phasenbildung: Arsen/Phosphor, rationale Syntheseplanung: IrPTe, Syntheseoptimierung: Bi13P3I7, Kinetik: FeAs).
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Identification of Sources of Air Pollution Using Novel Analytical Techniques and InstrumentsBhardwaj, Nitish 31 March 2022 (has links)
This dissertation is a collection of studies that investigates the issue of air pollution in the field of environmental chemistry. My thesis consists of research works done to measure the concentration of particulate matter (PM) and gas-phase species in ambient air. High concentrations of PM is a significant problem in Utah and in other regions of the world. Particles having an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers and smaller play a crucial role in air pollution and pose serious health risks when inhaled. PM is composed of both organic and inorganic components. The organic fraction in PM ranges from 10-90% of the total particle mass. Several methods have been employed to measure the organic fraction of PM, but these techniques require extensive laboratory analysis, expensive bench top equipment, and do a poor job of capturing diurnal variations of the concentrations of ambient organic compounds. The Hansen Lab has developed a new instrument called the Organic Aerosol Monitor (OAM) which is based on gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry detection platform for measuring the carbonaceous component of PM2.5 on an hourly averaged basis. Organic marker data collected in 2016 using the OAM was used in a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis to identify the sources of PM in West Valley City, Utah. Additionally, data was collected in Richfield and Vernal, UT in 2017 - 2018 to quantitatively monitor the composition of organic markers of PM2.5. Some previously unidentified organic compounds in PM were successfully identified during this study, including terpenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diethyl phthalate, some herbicides, and pesticides. Gas-phase species play a significant role in driving the formation of air pollutants in Earth's atmosphere. Traditional gas detection methods do not provide high temporally and spatially resolved data; therefore, it becomes important to detect and measure gas-phase species both qualitatively and quantitatively to better understand the sources of air pollution. An incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS) combines a broadband incoherent light source, a stable optical cavity formed by two highly reflective mirrors and a charged-coupled device (CCD) detector to quantitatively measure the gas-phase compounds present in the atmosphere. The concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO) were measured using IBBCEAS to investigate the sources of this hydrocarbon in Bountiful, Utah during 2019. Another important species is OH radical. It is one of the most predominant oxidizing species present in the atmosphere. It is found in low concentrations, 0.1 ppt. Detecting concentrations this low is challenging. A new IBBCEAS instrument has been designed and elements of this instrument were tested by measuring the OH overtones in a variety of short chained alcohols. A set of experiments were conducted to measure the absorption cross-sections for the 5th and 6th OH vibrational overtones in a series of short chained alcohols by IBBCEAS. Because OH radical's lowest energy electronic state occurs in the same wavelength region (i.e., 308 nm) that SO2 absorbs (300-310 nm), a study was conducted in which the concentrations of SO2 were measured using an IBBCEAS and compared with a commercially available SO2 monitor.
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Thermochemical differences in lysine and lysine-homolog containing oligopeptides: Determination of basicity and gas-phase structure through mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and computational chemistryBatoon, Patrick Henry M. 01 January 2016 (has links)
The data presented in this thesis is a comprehensive study on the nature of peptide structure and how subtle and systematic changes in sequence and sidechain affect the basicity, ion stability, and conformation of a peptide. The peptides characterized were acetylated polyalanine di-, tri-, and tetra- peptides containing a proton-accepting probe: lysine and or the non-proteinogenic lysine-homologs: ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 2,3-diaminopropionic acid. Peptides were studied in isomeric pairs for which the basic amino acid was placed closest to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of each peptide family (A n Probe vs. ProbeA n ). Using a variety of mass spectrometry based techniques and infrared multiphoton dissociation ion spectroscopy, the isomeric families of polyalanine peptides were characterized. Quantum chemical techniques were employed in parallel to provide theoretical predictions of three-dimensional structure, physical properties (dipole moment, polarizability, and accessible surface area), thermochemical values, and vibrational IR spectra, to gain further understanding of the peptides studied and to push the limits of current theoretical models. Overall it was found that the AnProbe peptide was more basic than their ProbeAn isomer. For the dipeptide systems, the greater basicity of AProbe peptides was due to efficiently charge-solvated ions which formed more compact structures compared to their ProbeA counterpart. For the tri- and tetra- peptide systems, greater basicity of the A 2,3 Probe peptides was likely due to formation of α or 3 10 helix-like structures in the protonated forms., introducing the macrodipolar effect, which cooperatively encouraged helical formation while stabilizing the charged site. On the other hand, ProbeA 2,3 peptides formed charge-solvated coils which do not exhibit any kind of dipole effect, resulting in lower basicity than their A2,3Probe counterpart.
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Establishment of gas-phase thermochemical values of various small organic compounds and oligopeptidesBuen, Zachary 01 January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
The thesis describes utilizing mass spectrometry and computational methods to study two groups of molecular systems: small organic molecules and oligopeptides. The gas-phase acidities were measured and the structures of the molecular species were calculated. The small molecules investigated included methylparaben, ibuprofen, and triclosan, all known to have some biological activity. The gas-phase acidity measurements made for these small molecules had the solvent and collisional gas pressures adjusted in order to observe their potential influences. The results obtained provide insight into the ion chemistry of these molecules and how the energetics may change the observed behavior of the ion as well as the resulting thermochemical properties measured. The oligopeptides studied were a family of tri-peptides in which a cysteine probe was placed within an alanine backbone. The cysteine probe was either in the L- or D- configuration in order to detect any fundamental differences among the diastereotopic peptides. Compared to the L-cysteine isomers, the D-cysteine peptides appear to display a change in gas-phase behavior and their respective dissociation profiles. These changes may have an implication of altering the biochemical properties when chirality changes in biological systems.
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Molecular Spectroscopy Experiment to Measure Temperature-Dependent Radiative Lifetime of the SODIUM MOLECULE 6sΣ𝑔(𝑣 = 9, 𝐽 = 31) StateKashem, Md Shakil Bin 17 July 2023 (has links)
No description available.
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Laser Spectroscopy Studying Organic and Inorganic Intermediates in The Atmospheric Oxidation ProcessChen, Ming-Wei 20 October 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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A Radio Frequency Quadrupole Instrument for use with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Application to Low Kinetic Energy Reactive Isobar Suppression and Gas–phase Anion Reaction StudiesEliades, John Alexander 21 August 2012 (has links)
A radio frequency (rf) quadrupole instrument, currently known as an Isobar Separator for Anions (ISA), has been integrated into an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system to facilitate anion–gas reactions before the tandem accelerator. An AMS Cs+ sputter source provided > 15 keV ions that were decelerated in the prototype ISA to < 20 eV for reaction in a single collision cell and re-accelerated for AMS analysis. Reaction based isobar suppression capabilities were assessed for smaller AMS systems and a new technique for gas–phase reaction studies was developed.
Isobar suppression of 36S– and 12C3– for 36Cl analysis, and YF3– and ZrF3– for 90Sr analysis were studied in NO2 with deceleration to < 12 eV. Observed attenuation cross sections, σ [x 10^–15 cm^2], were σ(S– + NO2) = 6.6, σ(C3– + NO2) = 4.2, σ(YF3– + NO2) = 7.6, σ(ZrF3– + NO2) = 19. With 8 mTorr NO2, relative attenuations of S–/Cl– ~ 10^–6, C3–/Cl– ~ 10^–7, YF3–/SrF3– ~ 5 x 10^–5 and ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 4 x 10^–6 were observed with Cl– ~ 30% and SrF3– > 90% transmission. Current isobar attenuation limits with < 1.75 MV accelerator terminal voltage and ppm impurity levels were calculated to be 36S–/Cl– ~ 4 x 10^–16, 12C3–/Cl– ~ 1.2 x 10^–16, 90YF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–15 and 90ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–16.
Using 1.75 MV, four 36Cl reference standards in the range 4 x 10^–13 < 36Cl/Cl < 4 x 10^–11 were analyzed with 8 mTorr NO2. The measured 36Cl/Cl ratios plotted very well against the accepted values. A sample impurity content S/Cl < 6 x 10^–5 was measured and a background level of 36S–/Cl < 9 x 10^–15 was determined.
Useful currents of a wide variety of anions are produced in AMS sputter sources and molecules can be identified relatively unambiguously by stripping fragments from tandem accelerators. Reactions involving YF3–, ZrF3–, S– and SO– + NO2 in the ISA analyzed by AMS are described, and some interesting reactants are identified.
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A Radio Frequency Quadrupole Instrument for use with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Application to Low Kinetic Energy Reactive Isobar Suppression and Gas–phase Anion Reaction StudiesEliades, John Alexander 21 August 2012 (has links)
A radio frequency (rf) quadrupole instrument, currently known as an Isobar Separator for Anions (ISA), has been integrated into an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system to facilitate anion–gas reactions before the tandem accelerator. An AMS Cs+ sputter source provided > 15 keV ions that were decelerated in the prototype ISA to < 20 eV for reaction in a single collision cell and re-accelerated for AMS analysis. Reaction based isobar suppression capabilities were assessed for smaller AMS systems and a new technique for gas–phase reaction studies was developed.
Isobar suppression of 36S– and 12C3– for 36Cl analysis, and YF3– and ZrF3– for 90Sr analysis were studied in NO2 with deceleration to < 12 eV. Observed attenuation cross sections, σ [x 10^–15 cm^2], were σ(S– + NO2) = 6.6, σ(C3– + NO2) = 4.2, σ(YF3– + NO2) = 7.6, σ(ZrF3– + NO2) = 19. With 8 mTorr NO2, relative attenuations of S–/Cl– ~ 10^–6, C3–/Cl– ~ 10^–7, YF3–/SrF3– ~ 5 x 10^–5 and ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 4 x 10^–6 were observed with Cl– ~ 30% and SrF3– > 90% transmission. Current isobar attenuation limits with < 1.75 MV accelerator terminal voltage and ppm impurity levels were calculated to be 36S–/Cl– ~ 4 x 10^–16, 12C3–/Cl– ~ 1.2 x 10^–16, 90YF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–15 and 90ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–16.
Using 1.75 MV, four 36Cl reference standards in the range 4 x 10^–13 < 36Cl/Cl < 4 x 10^–11 were analyzed with 8 mTorr NO2. The measured 36Cl/Cl ratios plotted very well against the accepted values. A sample impurity content S/Cl < 6 x 10^–5 was measured and a background level of 36S–/Cl < 9 x 10^–15 was determined.
Useful currents of a wide variety of anions are produced in AMS sputter sources and molecules can be identified relatively unambiguously by stripping fragments from tandem accelerators. Reactions involving YF3–, ZrF3–, S– and SO– + NO2 in the ISA analyzed by AMS are described, and some interesting reactants are identified.
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