Equine gastric glandular mucosal ulceration can have a prevalence of 58%, yet its etiology is poorly understood. In man Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Helicobacter is uniquely able to colonize the stomach, via the action of cytoplasmic urease. Different Helicobacter species have been isolated from many mammals but none has yet been cultured from the horse. Three tests used to identify human Helicobacter infection were applied to the horse. Test 1: PCR amplification of Helicobacter specific DNA, n=12. Test 2: the Pyloritek™ rapid urease test (RUT), n=15. Test 3: the 13C-urea blood test, n=8. Gastroscopy and antral biopsy was performed in all horses. All horses demonstrated the presence of Helicobacter specific gene material by PCR. Biopsy specimens from 7/15 horses were urease positive by RUT. Significant 13C enrichment of the body CO2 pool was found in all horses after intragastric administration 13C-urea (p<0.05). As Helicobacter is currently the only known gastric urease positive microorganism, the demonstration of this activity in horses positive by PCR strongly supports the presence of an equine gastric Helicobacter species. Variations of 13C-urea blood test were further examined and a single protocol was found to be most applicable. As the horse is a hind gut fermenter, the effect of cecal urease on the test was examined by laparoscopic intracecal administration of 13C-urea. Significant cecal urease activity was demonstrated however the timing of peak 13C enrichment may limit any effect on the gastric test to 90 minutes onwards. / Master of Science

This study tested the hypothesis that administration of deracoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 specific (COX-2) inhibitor, would result in lower gastric lesion scores than administration of buffered aspirin and gastric lesion scores similar to placebo when administered to healthy dogs for 28 days. Twenty-four, healthy, random source dogs were divided into three groups. Group I received buffered aspirin, 23.6 mg/kg PO q 8h, group II received deracoxib, 1.6 mg/kg PO q 24h and placebo twice daily PO q 8h after deracoxib administration, and group III received placebo PO q 8h. Gastroscopy was performed on days -7, 6, 14, and 28 of treatment. Four regions of the stomach (pylorus, incisura, cardia, and body) were evaluated separately and lesions scored on a scale of 1 (mucosal hemorrhage) to 12 (perforating ulcer) by an observer unaware of which treatments the dogs received. Dogs were observed every 8 hours for vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia. Feces were scored from 1-5 (scores <4 were considered diarrhea). Lesion scores for each group, at each location, and total scores, at each time period, were evaluated for the effects of time and treatment using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Total dog days of vomiting and dog days of diarrhea in each group were compared using a Wilcoxon rank sums test. Significance was determined at p<0.05. Significantly higher median total gastric lesion scores were found in the aspirin group compared to the deracoxib or placebo groups on days 6, 14, and 28. There were no significant differences in median total gastric lesion scores between the deracoxib or placebo groups at any time during the study. There was no location effect on gastric lesion scores and there was no significant change in gastric lesion scores over time in any of the groups during treatment. Significantly more dog-days of vomiting occurred in the aspirin group as compared to the deracoxib group. No significant differences were found between groups for dog-days of diarrhea. In this study, the administration of deracoxib to healthy dogs resulted in significantly lower gastric lesion scores compared to dogs receiving aspirin and lesion scores similar to those receiving placebo. / Master of Science

A intolerância gástrica em recém-nascidos prematuros constitui um grande desafio no cuidado neonatal, levando ao uso prolongado de nutrição parenteral e cateteres venosos centrais, aumentando a taxa de infecções neonatais graves e o tempo internação hospitalar dessas crianças. O atraso na maturação da função motora é apontado com o fator determinante da intolerância alimentar dessa faixa etária e a presença de resíduos gástricos a sua principal manifestação clínica. Estudos em adultos mostraram que a velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico é volume dependente, mas em recém-nascidos prematuros este fator não foi adequadamente estudado. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico e volume gástrico (em recém-nascidos humanos e ratos), avaliar a influência de fatores pré, peri e pós-natais no esvaziamento gástrico (em recém-nascidos humanos) e estudar os mecanismos fisiológicos que poderiam explicar o efeito do volume na velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico (em ratos). No estudo em humanos, foi realizada a medida da velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico de 20 crianças com idade gestacional entre 28 e 32 semanas através de ultrassonografia, realizada antes e depois da infusão da dieta por sonda orogástrica no primeiro mês de vida. No estudo animal, foi avaliada a velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico de 89 ratos com idade entre 1 e 21 dias através em diferentes tempos de separação materna. Em ambos estudos foi utilizado método de ultrassonografia para estimativa dos valores de esvaziamento gástrico. No modelo animal foram realizadas também medidas de força de contração muscular para diferentes graus de estiramento da parede gástrica. A velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico mostrou correlação importante com o volume gástrico em humanos ((R2 = 0,66 p<0,01) e em ratos (R2 = 0,43 p<0,01) e as crianças com mais de uma semana de vida esvaziam em média 50% do volume oferecido nos primeiros 30 minutos após o término da mamada. As medidas in vitro em ratos mostraram que a contração muscular gástrica induzida por agonista foi diretamente proporcional ao grau do estiramento da parede gástrica e foram mediadas através da via ROCK-2. Em recém-nascidos humanos e ratos o volume gástrico é fator determinante da velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico. Nos ratos, o esvaziamento gástrico não é dependente da idade, mas sim do volume gástrico através da ativação da via ROCK-2, estimulada pelo estiramento da parede gástrica. Em humanos, tipo de leite, uso de ventilação mecânica, tipo de parto, uso de corticosteroide antenatal, uso de antibióticos e/ou antifúngicos, uso de fototerapia não influenciaram a velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico. / Feeding intolerance in preterm infants is a major challenge in neonatal care, leading to a prolonged use of parenteral nutrition and central venous catheters, increasing the rate of severe neonatal infections and the length of hospital stay of these infants. The delay in the maturation of motor function is indicated with the determinant factor of the feeding intolerance of this age group and the presence of gastric residuals its main clinical manifestation. Studies in adults have shown that the rate of gastric emptying is volume dependent. But in preterm infants, this factor has not been adequately addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between gastric emptying rate and gastric volume (in human and rat neonates), to evaluate the influence of pre, peri and postnatal factors on gastric emptying (in human newborns) and to study the physiological mechanisms that could explain the effect of volume on gastric emptying rate (in rats). In the human study, the gastric emptying rate of 20 children with gestational age between 28 and 32 weeks was measured by ultrasonography performed before and after infusion of the diet by gavage in the first month of life. In the animal study, the gastric emptying rate of 89 rats aged 1 to 21 days through at different times of maternal separation was evaluated. In both studies, an ultrasound method was used to estimate gastric emptying values. In the animal model muscle strength measurements were also performed for different degrees of gastric wall stretching. Gastric emptying rate showed a significant correlation with the gastric volume in humans ((R2 = 0.66 p <0.01) and in rats (R2 = 0.43 p <0.01) and in the 30 minutes after feeding 50% of the volume had been emptied. In vitro measurements in rats showed that gastric muscle contraction induced by agonist was directly proportional to the degree of gastric wall stretching and were mediated via upregulation of ROCK-2 activity. In human and rat neonates, the gastric volume is a determinant of gastric emptying rate. In rats, gastric emptying is unrelated to postnatal age but dependent on gastric volume, through the activation of the ROCK-2 pathway, wall strain-induced. In humans, milk type, use of mechanical ventilation, type of delivery, use of antenatal corticosteroids, use of antibiotics and/or antifungals, phototherapy use did not influence gastric emptying rate.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram, em indivíduos com câncer de coto gástrico: identificar o padrão de disseminação de linfonodos acometidos, quantificar a invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose, correlacionar a invasão da linha de anastomose com o comprometimento linfonodal e mesenterial, correlacionar o acometimento linfonodal com sobrevivência e correlacionar o acometimento da linha de anastomose com sobrevivência. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, peças cirúrgicas e exames anátomo-patológicos de 113 pacientes. O câncer de coto gástrico não tem um padrão de disseminação linfonodal específico; 75% dos pacientes apresentaram invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose; em 66,7% dos casos ocorreu invasão da linha anastomótica e linfonodal concomitantes; menos de 10% dos casos exibiam invasão mesenterial; houve óbito em 86,5% dos casos com invasão linfonodal e 64,7% com invasão da linha de anastomose e em 100% com invasão mesenterial. / The objectives of this study are to identify the metastatic pattern of lymph node for gastric stump cancer; to quantify the invasion of anastomotic site by tumor; to relate the invasion of anastomotic site with metastasis lymph node or mesenterial lymph node and these parameters with the survival of patients with gastric stump cancer. One hundred and thirteen patients with gastric stump cancer were retrospectively analyzed along with their medical records, surgical pieces and histopathologic exam. The metastatic pattern of lymph node isnt specific to gastric stump cancer. 75% of patients had tumoral invasion in the anastomotic site. In 66.7% of the cases there was an invasion of the anastomotic site with metastatic lymph nodes. 9% of patients had mesenterial lymph node invasion by tumor. Fatal cases occurred in 86,5% of the patients with metastatic lymph node, 64,7% with invasion of the anastomotic site and 100% with mesenterial lymph node invasion.

A intolerância gástrica em recém-nascidos prematuros constitui um grande desafio no cuidado neonatal, levando ao uso prolongado de nutrição parenteral e cateteres venosos centrais, aumentando a taxa de infecções neonatais graves e o tempo internação hospitalar dessas crianças. O atraso na maturação da função motora é apontado com o fator determinante da intolerância alimentar dessa faixa etária e a presença de resíduos gástricos a sua principal manifestação clínica. Estudos em adultos mostraram que a velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico é volume dependente, mas em recém-nascidos prematuros este fator não foi adequadamente estudado. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico e volume gástrico (em recém-nascidos humanos e ratos), avaliar a influência de fatores pré, peri e pós-natais no esvaziamento gástrico (em recém-nascidos humanos) e estudar os mecanismos fisiológicos que poderiam explicar o efeito do volume na velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico (em ratos). No estudo em humanos, foi realizada a medida da velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico de 20 crianças com idade gestacional entre 28 e 32 semanas através de ultrassonografia, realizada antes e depois da infusão da dieta por sonda orogástrica no primeiro mês de vida. No estudo animal, foi avaliada a velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico de 89 ratos com idade entre 1 e 21 dias através em diferentes tempos de separação materna. Em ambos estudos foi utilizado método de ultrassonografia para estimativa dos valores de esvaziamento gástrico. No modelo animal foram realizadas também medidas de força de contração muscular para diferentes graus de estiramento da parede gástrica. A velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico mostrou correlação importante com o volume gástrico em humanos ((R2 = 0,66 p<0,01) e em ratos (R2 = 0,43 p<0,01) e as crianças com mais de uma semana de vida esvaziam em média 50% do volume oferecido nos primeiros 30 minutos após o término da mamada. As medidas in vitro em ratos mostraram que a contração muscular gástrica induzida por agonista foi diretamente proporcional ao grau do estiramento da parede gástrica e foram mediadas através da via ROCK-2. Em recém-nascidos humanos e ratos o volume gástrico é fator determinante da velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico. Nos ratos, o esvaziamento gástrico não é dependente da idade, mas sim do volume gástrico através da ativação da via ROCK-2, estimulada pelo estiramento da parede gástrica. Em humanos, tipo de leite, uso de ventilação mecânica, tipo de parto, uso de corticosteroide antenatal, uso de antibióticos e/ou antifúngicos, uso de fototerapia não influenciaram a velocidade de esvaziamento gástrico. / Feeding intolerance in preterm infants is a major challenge in neonatal care, leading to a prolonged use of parenteral nutrition and central venous catheters, increasing the rate of severe neonatal infections and the length of hospital stay of these infants. The delay in the maturation of motor function is indicated with the determinant factor of the feeding intolerance of this age group and the presence of gastric residuals its main clinical manifestation. Studies in adults have shown that the rate of gastric emptying is volume dependent. But in preterm infants, this factor has not been adequately addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between gastric emptying rate and gastric volume (in human and rat neonates), to evaluate the influence of pre, peri and postnatal factors on gastric emptying (in human newborns) and to study the physiological mechanisms that could explain the effect of volume on gastric emptying rate (in rats). In the human study, the gastric emptying rate of 20 children with gestational age between 28 and 32 weeks was measured by ultrasonography performed before and after infusion of the diet by gavage in the first month of life. In the animal study, the gastric emptying rate of 89 rats aged 1 to 21 days through at different times of maternal separation was evaluated. In both studies, an ultrasound method was used to estimate gastric emptying values. In the animal model muscle strength measurements were also performed for different degrees of gastric wall stretching. Gastric emptying rate showed a significant correlation with the gastric volume in humans ((R2 = 0.66 p <0.01) and in rats (R2 = 0.43 p <0.01) and in the 30 minutes after feeding 50% of the volume had been emptied. In vitro measurements in rats showed that gastric muscle contraction induced by agonist was directly proportional to the degree of gastric wall stretching and were mediated via upregulation of ROCK-2 activity. In human and rat neonates, the gastric volume is a determinant of gastric emptying rate. In rats, gastric emptying is unrelated to postnatal age but dependent on gastric volume, through the activation of the ROCK-2 pathway, wall strain-induced. In humans, milk type, use of mechanical ventilation, type of delivery, use of antenatal corticosteroids, use of antibiotics and/or antifungals, phototherapy use did not influence gastric emptying rate.

<p>Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is still a clinical problem and its incidence is unacceptably high. After the introduction of propofol as an agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, it was reported that the incidence of PONV was lower. It was also proposed that propofol possesses antiemetic effects. Dopamine, serotonin and opioids may contribute to PONV. Therefore the purpose of these investigations was to evaluate if propofol has dopamine, serotonin or opioid antagonistic effects and if a subhypnotic infusion of propofol decreases the incidence of PONV. </p><p>Nausea and vomiting were induced in volunteers by a dopamine agonist, apomorphine, and by ipecacuanha which releases serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells in the gut. The effects of propofol on gastric emptying and orocecal transit time were evaluated in volunteers with the paracetamol method and by measuring the endtidal hydrogen concentration after ingestion of the trisaccharide raffinose. The effects of morphine on gastric emptying and gastric tone were studied in patients before surgery with the paracetamol method and with an electronic barostat, respectively. The effects of low dose propofol for prophylaxis of PONV were studied in 172 patients undergoing breast and abdominal surgery. Propofol prophylaxis was compared with a multidrug regimen consisting of dexamethasone and three antiemetic drugs, ondansetron, droperidol and metoclopramide. </p><p>Propofol did not abolish apomorphine-induced vomiting but reduced the number of retchings induced by ipecacuanha. Propofol sedation did not influence gastric emptying of liquids but it slightly prolonged orocecal transit time. Gastric relaxation induced by morphine was abolished by propofol but propofol did not abolish morphine-induced delay of gastric emptying. Propofol in a low dose infusion reduced the incidence of PONV but nausea and especially vomiting increased significantly after termination of the infusion. Pro- phylaxis with the multidrug regimen was very effective in preventing PONV. </p><p>These studies have shown that propofol does not have any dopamine antagonistic effect but may have a weak serotonin antagonistic effect. Propofol cannot abolish morphine-induced delay of gastric emptying. Low dose propofol infusion was effective in preventing PONV as long as the infusion was ongoing but after termination of the infusion nausea and especially vomiting substantially increased. The multidrug regimen (dexamethasone, ondansetron, droperidol, metoclopramide) was very effective in preventing PONV and can be recommended as prophylaxis in patient groups with a known high risk for PONV. </p>

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is still a clinical problem and its incidence is unacceptably high. After the introduction of propofol as an agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, it was reported that the incidence of PONV was lower. It was also proposed that propofol possesses antiemetic effects. Dopamine, serotonin and opioids may contribute to PONV. Therefore the purpose of these investigations was to evaluate if propofol has dopamine, serotonin or opioid antagonistic effects and if a subhypnotic infusion of propofol decreases the incidence of PONV. Nausea and vomiting were induced in volunteers by a dopamine agonist, apomorphine, and by ipecacuanha which releases serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells in the gut. The effects of propofol on gastric emptying and orocecal transit time were evaluated in volunteers with the paracetamol method and by measuring the endtidal hydrogen concentration after ingestion of the trisaccharide raffinose. The effects of morphine on gastric emptying and gastric tone were studied in patients before surgery with the paracetamol method and with an electronic barostat, respectively. The effects of low dose propofol for prophylaxis of PONV were studied in 172 patients undergoing breast and abdominal surgery. Propofol prophylaxis was compared with a multidrug regimen consisting of dexamethasone and three antiemetic drugs, ondansetron, droperidol and metoclopramide. Propofol did not abolish apomorphine-induced vomiting but reduced the number of retchings induced by ipecacuanha. Propofol sedation did not influence gastric emptying of liquids but it slightly prolonged orocecal transit time. Gastric relaxation induced by morphine was abolished by propofol but propofol did not abolish morphine-induced delay of gastric emptying. Propofol in a low dose infusion reduced the incidence of PONV but nausea and especially vomiting increased significantly after termination of the infusion. Pro- phylaxis with the multidrug regimen was very effective in preventing PONV. These studies have shown that propofol does not have any dopamine antagonistic effect but may have a weak serotonin antagonistic effect. Propofol cannot abolish morphine-induced delay of gastric emptying. Low dose propofol infusion was effective in preventing PONV as long as the infusion was ongoing but after termination of the infusion nausea and especially vomiting substantially increased. The multidrug regimen (dexamethasone, ondansetron, droperidol, metoclopramide) was very effective in preventing PONV and can be recommended as prophylaxis in patient groups with a known high risk for PONV.

Dagens samhälle kräver att varje enskild individ måste ta beslut över alla de val som vi ställs inför. När det gäller val som antingen gynnar eller missgynnar vår hälsa är möjligheterna idag oändliga. På grund av detta finns det många som ökar i vikt och därmed kan behöva hjälp med att göra en livsstilsförändring. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan ha påverkat och motiverat i valet av att göra en gastric bypass operation, samt att urskilja vilka förändringar som följer efter den typen av livsstilsförändring. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes där fyra informanter deltog och studiens data analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet skrevs fram med tre huvudkategorier: Livet innan operationen, Faktorer som påverkat och motiverat till att välja gastric bypass samt Livet efter operationen. Detta visade att informanterna motiverades av deras oro inför den framtida hälsan samt deras förhoppningar om en förändrad framtid, det visade också att deras val påverkades av omgivningen. Sinnesstämningen och den sociala tillhörigheten hade förbättrats efter operationen och livskvaliteten hade ökat. / Today's society requires that each individual has to take decisions on all the choices that we face. When it comes to choices that either benefit or disadvantage our health the possibilities are endless. As a result of this there is a large part of the population that has increased in weight and might need help in making lifestyle changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that may have influenced and motivated the choice of going through a gastric bypass surgery, and to discern which changes following that kind of lifestyle change. Semi-structured interviews with the four participants were conducted, data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The result was partitioned into three main categories: Life before surgery, Factors that influenced and motivated to choose gastric bypass and Life after surgery. The findings displayed that the participants were motivated by their concern for the future health and their hopes for a changed future, the findings also showed that their choice was influenced by the surroundings. The surgery led to an improvement in mood and social life as well as an increase in quality of life for the participants.

No description available.

Orientador: João Ernesto de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T21:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_MarinaGuimaraes_M.pdf: 5838271 bytes, checksum: eadd460f09cd690e055665072552dd2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini (Tiliaceae) geralmente é encontrada em alguns estados do Brasil como Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul. Trata-se de uma árvore de 16 metros de altura, com casca fina, de coloração pardo-acinzentada, com numerosos e pequenos sulcos longitudinais e que floresce de dezembro a fevereiro. Conhecida popularmente como "Açoita-cavalo", sua casca é empregada na medicina popular, na forma de decocto, como antiinflamatório, diurético e anti-reumático. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antiulcerogênica de extratos obtidos da Luehea divaricata, determinar o possível mecanismo de ação e identificar prováveis substâncias ativas. Para a obtenção do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico (EBH 70%), foram utilizadas as cascas secas e moídas da espécie acima, coletada na reserva florestal de Leme. Esse extrato foi avaliado em modelos de úlcera gástrica induzida por indometacina e etanol. Para estudo do mecanismo de ação avaliou-se a participação de grupos sulfidrila, prostaglandinas, inibição da secreção ácida gástrica e quantificação de muco gastroprotetor. Uma triagem fitoquímica foi realizada para identificar substâncias presentes no EBH 70% e placas de CCD também foram feitas para comparar os extratos testados e seus constituintes. O EBH 70% de L. divaricata reduziu o índice de lesões ulcerativas produzido por indometacina e etanol. Esse mecanismo de ação antiulcerogênico está parcialmente relacionado com a atividade de radicais sulfidrila e pela precipitação de proteínas produzida pela presença de polifenóis (flavonóides, catequinas, antocianinas, taninos), identificados entre os princípios ativos dessa espécie. Além de polifenóis a triagem fitoquímica identificou a presença saponinas, esteróides triterpênicos e antracenosídeos / Abstract: The Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini (Tiliaceae) is generally found in some States of Brazil such as Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, São Paulo, Minas Gerias, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It is a sixteen-metre-tall tree with fine bark and greyish colour which blossoms from December to February. It is popularly known as "açoita-cavalo" and its bark is used in popular medicine in the form of decoctation as an antiinfiamatory, diuretic and rheumatic drug. This work aimed at evaluating the anti-ulcerative activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract and the fractions obtained from the Luehea divaricata as well determine the probable mechanism of the action involved. Dried-milled bark was used in order to obtain the hydro-alcoholic extract of Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini (EBH 70%). The EBH 70% was evaluated in models of indomethacin and ethanol induced ulcer in a dose of lg/kg. For the study of the mechanism action participation of sulfhydryl, prostaglandin, acid gastric secretion and quantification of mucus protector was evaluated. A phytochemical screening was also carried out to identify the components present in EBH 70%. The result showed that the EBH 70% of Luehea divaricata performs an important anti-ulcerative action and that its mechanism of action may be related to the participation of the sulfhydrylic non-protein substances. Moreover, this protective action should be consequence to condensed tannins presents in this extract. These compounds have been described in the literature as responsible for this antioxidan and cicatrizing local action / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica