Bakgrund: Ett för tidigt fött barns tarmar och matsmältningsapparat är inte färdigutvecklade och de kan drabbas i större utsträckning av mag-tarmproblem. Att vårdpersonal har kunskap om upplevelser och stöd kring för tidigt födda barns magbesvär är viktigt. Syfte: Att beskriva för tidigt födda barns mag-tarmbesvär ur föräldrarnas perspektiv samt beskriva vilket stöd som gavs av vårdgivaren. Metod: Denna studie genomfördes med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deskriptiv ansats. Data analyserades med en tematisk nätverksanalys. Data bestod av loggboksblad samt skriftliga kommentarer från mödrar. Totalt antal mödrar som inkluderades i denna studie var 148, totalt antal loggboksblad var 133 och 56 skriftliga kommentarer. Resultat: Ett globalt tema, två organisationsteman samt åtta basteman identifierades. De två organisationsteman som framkom var: föräldrarnas upplevelser kring sitt för tidigt födda barn med magbesvär samt Vårdgivarens stöd och föräldrarnas upplevelse och effekt av detta stöd. Det globala temat som framkom var: Vikten av att bli lyssnad på, få stöd, och rätt information i en utsatt situation. Slutsats: Det finns ett behov av individuellt anpassat stöd hos föräldrar till för tidigt födda barn med magbesvär. Trygghet skapades då det upplevdes att vårdgivarna hade god tillgänglighet, var kunniga inom området och gav adekvata rekommendationer. Den stress och oro hos föräldrarna som barnets magbesvär medförde kunde minskas med hjälp av att bli lyssnad på, få individuellt stöd och rätt information. / Background: A prematurely born infant’s intestines and digestive system is not fully developed and may suffer of gastrointestinal problems. It is important that health care staff have knowledge of experiences and support regarding premature born infants. Purpose: To describe preterm infant’s gastrointestinal problems from a parents perspective as well as the type of support provided by medical provider. Method: The study was carried out with a qualitative/descriptive analysis of collected data. Data comprised of 133 logbook notes as well as 56 written comments from the mothers. In total 148 mothers were included in the study. Result: One global theme, two organisational themes and eight base themes were identified. The two organisational themes emerged: Parents experience of their prematurely born infant’s stomach problems and Medical providers support and parents experience and the effect of that support. The global theme emerged: The importance of being listened to, receive support and the correct information in a compromised situation. Conclusion: There is a need for individually tailored support for parents of premature infants with stomach problems. Security was created when parents experienced that the medical providers provided good accessibility, were knowledgeable in the area and made adequate recommendations. The stress and anxiety of the parents caused by the infants stomach problems could be alleviated by being listened to, receive individual support and correct information.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is a popular measure of psychosocial functioning and psychopathology in the assessment of individuals in a variety of settings. However, the method of construction employed with the MMPI more than 60 years ago with psychiatric patients challenges the applicability of the scales for determining the psychosocial functioning of individuals from different settings. The restandardisation conducted in 1987 made no effort to eradicate the item overlap that was a result of the criterion keying method with contrasted groups. Although restandardized and updated with more contemporary language and content, the original psychiatric constructs were retained in order to maintain continuity with its predecessor. The aims of this investigation were to develop a new structure for the MMPI-2 constructed at the item-level, empirically derived and which specifically represents the dimensions that are relevant and appropriate in evaluating the psychosocial functioning of personal injury claimants. This task included comparisons with a comparable scale-level analysis and developing optimal scoring strategies where items in components and facets are allocated weightings based upon their strength of association. Study 1 was conducted using a sample of 2989 personal injury claimants assessed in Australia and the United States of America. The final sample of 3230, included 241 normal individuals, was utilized to develop a scale-level structure from 79 standard MMPI-2 scales and subscales. A nine-component solution consisting of General Maladjustment /Emotional Distress, Asocial Beliefs, Social Vulnerability, Somatic Complaints, Psychological Disturbance, Impulsive Expression, Antisocial Practices, Stereotypic Fears and Family Difficulties was derived using principal component analysis. However, intercorrelation between components in the structure signaled the need to develop a structure that would eradicate problems that were perpetuated by item overlap. The second study was conducted with a set of best practice procedures with the same clinical sample of 2989 personal injury claimants as Study 1. Forty-one components were derived through principal component analysis. Through the application of a set of criteria, a 35-component solution was retained. The pattern coefficients from the allocation of items to components determined the weightings to be applied to each item. Further analysis of the 35 components derived a substructure of 37 facets. The 35 components included only 442 of the 567 items, with the reliability coefficients of the first 25 components that ranged between .5 and .97, and the remaining 10 components that ranged from .29 to .49. The latter unreliable components were not included in the final Structural Summary, leaving 25 components (400 items) and their 33 facets for interpretation. Hence, in demonstrating the utility of the newly-derived structure, only 25 components and their 33 facets were interpreted. The 25 components were grouped conceptually into six domains. In the emotional domain were Psychological Distress (PsyDist), Anger, Fears, Psychotic Symptoms (PsyS), Paranoia (Par), Irritability (Irrit), Elation (Elat), Fear of the Dark (FD), and Financial Worry (FinWo). Somatic Complaints (SomC), Sexual Concerns (SexCon), and Gastrointestinal Problems (GasP) made up the measures in the physiological domain. In the behavioural domain were Cognitive Difficulties (CogDiff), Stimulus-Seeking (StimuS), Discipline (Dis), and Delinquency (Del) whilst the interpersonal domain was formed by Social Withdrawal (SoW), Negative Interpersonal Attitude (NIA), Timidity (Tim), Lie, Dissatisfaction with Self (DWS) and Family Relationship Difficulties (FReD). Alcoholism (Alco) was the only measure in the substance abuse domain, and the gender domain was comprised of Masculinity (Mas) and Femininity (Fem). The third study established preliminary normative means and standard deviations using a small opportunistic Australian university student sample (N = 219). No substantial gender differences were found but gender norms were maintained to facilitate comparisons with the traditional MMPI-2 approach. Comparisons of frequency of 'true' item response between the Australian university student sample and the U.S. restandardisation sample found relatively little differences and permitted evaluation of between sample differences on components and facets. The utility of the structure was demonstrated with the illustration of two clinical case examples, and a comparison was made with the standard MMPI-2 scales and subscales. The Structural Summary for the MMPI-2 demonstrated discriminative measures of psychosocial functioning that were a result of no item overlap, and the ability to attend to the different levels of intensity of self-report items because of differential weightings.