Orientador: Marcelo Moraes Guzzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_CesarPeixoto_M.pdf: 5430137 bytes, checksum: 52b53b619a2021426f948ae3c70beb98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho analisa-se uma das extensões do Modelo Padrão das Partículas Elementares, conhecida como Extensão 3-3-1\', e suas aplicações a Cosmologia. Esta classe de modelos constitui uma das mais enxutas extensões do Modelo Padrão, e possui entre as suas qualidades respostas a problemas deixados em aberto dentro do Modelo Padrão. Entre estes, lista-se o problema do numero de gerações e o problema da assimetria das massas dos quarks, respondidos através de um critério de consistência interna do modelo, a saber, o cancelamento das anomalias quirais. O modelo especifico escolhido para estudo foi o Modelo 3-3-1 com neutrinos de m~ao direita (3-3-1RH), e todas as suas principais características são analisadas. Para aplicações a Cosmologia, o 3-3-1 foi analisado em suas aplicações ao problema da Matéria Escura. Neste caso, analisar-se-~ao candidatos a Matéria Escura em uma extensão do 3-3-1, chamada Modelo 3-3-1 Left-Right (3L3R). Estes candidatos s~ao neutrinos estereis de massa na escala keV, e a eles s~ao aplicados os limites cosmológicos impostos por Decaimento em Raio-X, Neff e Abundância de matéria escura. 3 casos foram analisados: (1) Desacoplamento dos neutrinos estereis anterior a aniquilação dos múons. (2) Desacoplamento anterior a aniquilação dos pons; (3) Desacoplamento anterior a Hadronização. A aplicação dos limites supracitados revelou que estes neutrinos n~ao sofrem de restrições de decaimentos em Raio-X. Para cada um dos 3 casos, o valor de Neff por neutrino estéril foi de 3.69, 3.53 e 3.09, respectivamente. Como experimentalmente, Neff = 3:280:28, conclui-se que em 2 dos casos, apenas 1 neutrino novo e admitido, e no caso restante os 3 neutrinos novos do 3L3R s~ao possíveis. Por m, o calculo de abundância revelou um excesso destes neutrinos, usando-se o método para calculo de abundância de neutrinos ativos. A abundância calculada e maior que a medida experimentalmente em todos os casos posseis para o modelo, mesmo considerando-se um caso limite. Dessa forma, conclui-se que algum mecanismo alternativo de diluição de densidade destes neutrinos e necessário / Abstract: In this dissertation, one of the extensions of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles(SM), known as the '3-3-1 Extension\', and its aplication to Cosmology are analysed. This class of models constitutes one of the most economical extensions of the Standard Model, and have among its qualities answers to open problems within the SM. Among them, we mention the generation problem and the quark mass assymetry problem. Both of these problems are answered trough the use of a internal consistency criterion of the model: The cancelation of chiral anomalies. The model chosen for study was the 3-3-1 Model with right handed neutrinos (3- 3-1RH), and all its main caracteristics are analysed. To aplications to Cosmology, the 3-3-1 was studied within the Dark Matter problem. In this case, we analyse dark matter candidates in one extension of the 3-3-1, known as the Left-Right 3- 3-1 Model (3L3R). These candidates are sterile neutrinos with keV masses, and to them cosmological limits are applied. These limits are the decays into X-Rays, Neff and Dark Matter Abundance. 3 cases were analysed: (1) Decoupling of the sterile neutrinos before muon annihilation; (2) Decoupling before pion annihilation; (3) Decoupling before Hadronization. The application of the limits mentioned above revealed that these neutrinos do not, at the moment, have any restrictions coming from decays into X-Rays, because this kind of decay is forbidden in the 3L3R. For each of the 3 cases, Neff had the value of 3.69, 3.53 e 3.09, respectively. When this is compared with the experimental value, Neff = 3:28 0:28, we conclude that in two cases, only one sterile neutrino is roughly allowed. In the remaining case, all 3 new neutrinos of the 3L3R are possible. The calculation of abundance revelead an excess of these neutrinos, using the method that is used to calculate abundance of active neutrinos. The calculated abundance is bigger than the experimentally determined in all possible cases, even when we consider a limit case. We conclude that some alternative mechanism for density dilution is necessary / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

ABSTRACT(­^ ¤å ºK ­n) The mother of the industrial machinery industry, often regarded as a national benchmark assessment of industrial competitiveness, the traditional concept of the cutting and forming machine tools for the spindle, including optoelectronics, semiconductors, automobiles, 3C electronics and aerospace industries, the relevant production or processing equipment, all belong to this category. With the evolution of technology, increasingly stringent product quality requirements, such as the appearance of the size of the high precision requirements and the material surface, gradually the importance of testing equipment and manufacturing go hand in hand, on behalf of the state's technology industry is expected in the near The future will be an important assessment of industrial competitiveness indicators. On the other hand, the mainland market after ten years of cross-strait exchange, itself played a significant change, from the early to the extreme dependence on imported equipment to produce the world-famous cottage products, no matter how the people of Taiwan to the mainland products exclusion, in the free under the natural law of market competition, the consumer market in Taiwan has long been filled with many mainland-made products. Their number and variety of the broad, deep penetration, simply makes hard to detect, and many exclusive products in the mainland business executives, the factory uses a lot of their own system of equipment are still unaware of the mainland, and even know, but also not find to alternative products. Indeed, many products have to meet the continent needs, these needs is not only reflected in the consumer goods market, is also rapidly spreading to the industrial market. Most of the countries with advanced manufacturing technology in the world, more or less with metrology industry. Taiwan alone will not only have no metrology manufacturing base, and even the Taiwan metrology companies in , mainland China, the increasing decline in ability to survive, the market that introduced by the Taiwan factories in the past swallowed gradually and easily by the local vendors. Worry about the future of Taiwan metrology industry. If Taiwan metrology industry can not get a good position in the world, can we be famous just by create a brand? Case is a company with more than 30 years of metrology sales background, in southern Taiwan. Because the relatively small market, it is difficult to obtain the dominant position of advantage. However, with the rise in the mainland market, the case company is full of many opportunities. This paper will research the sale strategy during these changeable situations. Bisides, metrology includes wide range products, this paper choose Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) as the basis of the primary products, mainly because of higher prices, the level of broader considerations in business, relatively high barriers to entry, in addition, it also has many features quite representative of the industry's products. Key words: Metrology, Coordinate Measuring Machines, CMM, hardness, surface roughness measuring instrument, roundness measuring instrument, the contour profile instrument, caliper, height gauge, optical flatness gauge, indicating scale, micrometer , microscopes , projectors , block gauge

This thesis investigates the possibility that the gauge boson in a certain hypothetical SU(2) gauged sector can constitute all the non-baryonic dark matter. The gauge bosons acquire mass from the Higgs mechanism as in the Standard Model and scatter elastically among themselves non-gravitationally. It is expected that this self interaction of the dark gauge bosons would resolve the various discrepancies between the ΛCDM model and astrophysical observations on small (e.g. galactic or galaxy cluster) scales. Parameter space within the domain of validity of perturbation theory satisfying the constraints of dark matter abundance, the elastic self-scattering momentum transfer cross-section suggested by recent astrophysical observations, and consideration of the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis was found to be non-empty in the “forbidden” regime where the mass of the dark Higgs boson is greater than the mass of the dark gauge boson. / Graduate

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

Ultracold atomic systems have provided an ideal platform to study the physics of strongly interacting many body systems in an unprecedentedly controlled and clean environment. And, since fermions are the building blocks of visible matter, being naturally motivated we focus on the physics of ultracold fermionic systems in this thesis. There have been many recent experimental developments in these systems such as the creation of synthetic gauge fields, realization of dimensional crossover and realization of systems with synthetic dimensions. These developments pose many open theoretical questions, some of which we address in this thesis. We start the discussion by studying the spectral function of an ideal spin-12 Fermi gas in a harmonic trap in any dimensions. We discuss the performance of the local density approximation (LDA) in calculating the spectral function of the system by comparing it to exact numerical results. We show that the LDA gives better results for larger number of particles and in higher dimensions. Fermionic systems with quasi two dimensional geometry are of great importance because of their connections to the high-Tc superconducting cuprate materials. Keeping this in mind, we consider a spin-12 fermionic system in three dimensions interacting with a contact interaction and confined by a one dimensional optical potential in one direction. Using the Bogoliubov-de Gennes formalism, we show that with increasing the depth of the optical potential the three dimensional superfluid evolves into a two dimensional one by looking at the shifts in the radio-frequency spectrum of the system and the change in the binding energy of the pairs that are formed. The next topic of interest is studying the effect of synthetic gauge fields on the ultracold fermionic systems. We show that a synthetic non-Abelian Rashba type gauge field has experimentally observable signatures on the size and shape of a cloud of a system of non-interacting spin-12 Fermi system in a harmonic trap. Also, the synthetic gauge field in conjunction with the harmonic potential gives rise to ample possibilities of generating novel quantum Hamiltonians like the spherical geometry quantum Hall, magnetic monopoles etc. We then address the physics of fermions in “synthetic dimensions”. The hyperfine states of atoms loaded in a one dimensional optical lattice can be used as an extra dimension, called the synthetic dimension (SD), by using Raman coupling. This way a finite strip Hofstadter model is realized with a tunable flux per plaquette. The experimental realization of the SD system is most naturally possible in systems which also have SU(M) symmetric interactions between the fermions. The SU(M) symmetric interactions manifest as long-ranged along the synthetic dimension and is the root cause of all the novel physics in these systems. This rich physics is revealed by a mapping of the Hamiltonian of the system to a system of particles interacting via an SU(M) symmetric interaction under the influence of an SU(M) Zeeman field and a non-Abelian SU(M) gauge field. For example, this equivalence brings out the possibility of generating a non-local interaction between the particles at different sites; while the gauge filed mitigates the baryon (SU(M) singlet M-body bound states) breaking effect of the Zeeman field. As a result, the site localized SU(M) singlet baryon gets deformed and forms a “squished baryon”. Also, finite momentum dimers and resonance like states are formed in the system. Many body physics in the SD system is then studied using both analytical and numerical (Density Matrix Renormalization Group) techniques. This study reveals fascinating possibilities such as the formation of Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov states even without any “imbalance” and the possibility to evolve a “ferromagnet” to a “superfluid” by the application of a magnetic field. Other novel fermionic phases with quasi-condensates of squished baryons are also demonstrated. In summary, the topics addressed in this thesis demonstrate the possibilities and versatilities of the ultracold fermionic systems used in conjunction with synthetic gauge fields and dimensions

The Bondi-Metzner-Sachs-van der Burg (BMS) group is the asymptotic symmetry group of radiating asymptotically flat spacetimes. It has recently received renewed interest in the context of the flat holography and the infrared structure of gravity. In this thesis, we investigate the consequences of considering extensions of the BMS group in four dimensions with superrotations. In particular, we apply the covariant phase space methods on a class of first order gauge theories that includes the Cartan formulation of general relativity and specify this analysis to gravity in asymptotically flat spacetime. Furthermore, we renormalize the symplectic structure at null infinity to obtain the generalized BMS charge algebra associated with smooth superrotations. We then study the vacuum structure of the gravitational field, which allows us to relate the so-called superboost transformations to the velocity kick/refraction memory effect. Afterward, we propose a new set of boundary conditions in asymptotically locally (A)dS spacetime that leads to a version of the BMS group in the presence of a non-vanishing cosmological constant, called the Λ-BMS asymptotic symmetry group. Using the holographic renormalization procedure and a diffeomorphism between Bondi and Fefferman-Graham gauges, we construct the phase space of Λ-BMS and show that it reduces to the one of the generalized BMS group in the flat limit. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The United States Weather Bureau had published Technical Paper No. 40 (TP-40) in 1961 which provides a rainfall atlas for the United States. These rainfall frequencies have been used by engineers throughout the United States including Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Rainfall from Audubon and the New Orleans International Airport rain gauge stations were used with the Log Pearson Method to provide rainfall frequency for Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. The results from the frequency rainfall that were developed for this research along with the current Jefferson Parish design storm rainfall were applied to a typical urban development to evaluate the extent of flooding.

Bien que l'on ne sache pas (encore) quel phénomène unitarise la diffusion WLWL à l'échelle du TeV, les données indirecte actuelles favorise le boson de Higgs. Etant donné que cette particule scalaire pourrait être aussi lourde que la masse de Planck, comment peut-on expliquer sa légèreté ? La supersymmétrie (SUSY), brisée à l'échelle du TeV, peut effectuer cette stabilisation, et permettre du même coup l'existence de Théories de Grande Unifications (GUTs). Ces SUSY GUTs réalisées dans une dimension supplémentaire compactifiée, peuvent être particulièrement simples. De plus, elles peuvent être prises comme limite basse énergie d'une théorie de cordes. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de tels modèles de SUSY GUTs. Nous avons étudié, développé et étendu certains aspects de la classe de modèle d'Unification Jauge-Higgs, et de la classe de modèle d'Unification Holographique. Différents aspects de la physique basse-énergie ont été étudiés, incluant spectre de masses, physique des saveur, matière noire, et phénoménologie au LHC. / Although one does not know (yet) which phenomenon unitarizes WLWL scattering at the TeV scale, indirect data currently favors the Higgs boson. Since such a scalar particle is susceptible to become as heavy as the Planck mass, how can one explain its lightness ? Supersymmetry (SUSY), broken at the TeV scale, can do this stabilization, providing in the same time models of Grand Uni fied Theories (GUTs). These SUSY GUTs, combined with extra spatial dimensions compacti fied on an interval, can be particularly simple. Moreover they can be seen as the low energy limit of some string theory. This thesis is devoted to the study of such models of SUSY GUTs on flat and warped orbifolds, trying to cover the range from models to experimental constraints. We studied, developed and extended certain aspects of two interesting frameworks of this type: a framework with gauge-Higgs uni fication, and the framework of holographic grand uni fication. We investigated several aspects of the low-energy implications, including mass spectra, flavour constraints, dark matter and LHC phenomenology

A cromodinâmica quântica (QCD) é a teoria fundamental que rege as interações fortes, cujas partículas elementares são os quarks e gluons. Em termos de escala de energia, a QCD é caracterizada pela liberdade assintótica (quarks e glúons aproximadamente livres) e confinamento de cor (quarks e gluons confinados dentro de hádrons), sendo o primeiro tratado de maneira perturbativa e o último sendo um fenômeno intrinsicamente não-perturbativo. À temperatura finita, conforme se aumenta a temperatura, a matéria hadrônica sofre uma transição de fase do tipo crossover indo de um gás de hádrons ao plasma de quarks e glúons (QGP). Na vizinhança do crossover, onde os hádrons estão ``derretendo\'\' para formar o QGP, a QCD se encontra em uma região não perturbativa e portanto o QGP nessa região é fortemente acoplado, dificultando estudos analíticos. A chamada dualidade AdS/CFT, também conhecida como holografia, aparece para oferecer uma oportunidade única para o estudo do QGP ao prover um mapa entre teorias fortemente acopladas (muito difícil de serem resolvidas) e uma teoria de gravitação clássica. Na frente experimental, o estudo do QGP é feito em aceleradores de partículas colidindo íons pesados ultrarelativísticos. Nestes experimentos, o QGP criado sofre rápida expansão, com uma intrincada interação entre escalas duras e moles de energia, do estado inicial ao estado final. Tal cenário evidencia a necessidade de formular uma teoria para o QGP que inclua propriedades fora do equilíbrio. Afortunadamente, a dualidade holográfica encaixa-se bem para essa tarefa. Resolvendo-se as equações de Einstein dependentes do tempo, um problema da área da relatividade geral numérica, é possível estudar fenômenos fora do equilíbrio de plasmas fortemente acoplados. Ademais, o diagrama de fase da QCD no plano (T,mu_B), onde T é a temperatura e mu_B o potencial químico bariônico, permanece amplamente desconhecido devido a sua natureza não-perturbativa. Em particular, é conjecturada a existência de um ponto crítico delimitando o crossover de uma transição de fase de primeira ordem. Motivados por tais fatos, esta tese utiliza a dualidade holográfica para analisar o papel do ponto crítico na dinâmica fora do equilíbrio. Por exemplo, é apresentado aqui um estudo de como o ponto crítico afeta o tempo que leva para um plasma não-Abeliano fortemente acoplado adquirir comportamento hidrodinâmico partindo de um estado completamente fora do equilíbrio. / Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental theory that governs the strong interaction, whose fundamental particles are quarks and gluons. In terms of energy scales, QCD is characterized by asymptotic freedom (approximately free quarks and gluons) and color confinement (quarks and gluons confined inside hadrons), where the former can be treated perturbatively and the latter is an intrinsic non-perturbative phenomenon. At finite temperature, hadronic matter undergoes a crossover phase transition from a gas of hadrons to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) as the temperature increases. Near the crossover, where hadrons ``melt\'\' to release quarks and gluons, QCD is in its non-perturbative regime and the QGP is strongly coupled, posing great challenges for analytical studies. The so-called AdS/CFT duality, also known as holography, comes to offer a unique opportunity to study the QGP by providing a map between strongly coupled theories (which are generally very hard to solve) and a classical theory of gravity. On the experimental front, the study of the QGP is carried out in particle accelerators by colliding ultrarelativistic heavy ions. In these experiments, the QGP created undergoes rapid expansion and there is a very intricate interplay between soft and hard scales, from initial conditions to final the stream of particles. This scenario makes it evident that one must understand the QGP also out of equilibrium. Fortunately, holography is well suited for this task. By solving the time dependent Einstein\'s equations, using general techniques previously employed in numerical general relativity, one can study non-equilibrium phenomena of strongly coupled plasmas. Furthermore, the QCD phase diagram on the (T,mu_B) plane, where T is the temperature and mu_B the baryon chemical potential, remains largely unknown due to its non-perturbative aspects. In particular, it is conjectured the existence of a critical point delimiting the crossover region from the first order phase transition. Motivated by these facts, this thesis employs holography to analyze the role of the critical point on far-from-equilibrium dynamics. For instance, it is investigated how the critical point affects the time that it takes for a strongly coupled plasma to display hydrodynamic behavior starting from a far-from-equilibrium initial state.