Der Volksmund weiß: Geld regiert die Welt. Um so erstaunlicher ist das erkenntnistheoretisch schwächliche Bemühen, wie die Ökonomik das Wesen des Geldes zu erfassen trachtet. Denn in der gängigen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Literatur wird es lediglich funktionell bestimmt: "Money is, what money does", lautet oft die lapidare Formel. Freilich soll es Gentlemen geben, welche bei passender Gelegenheit gültige Banknoten als Fidibus verwenden. Eine "ökonomische" Einschränkung tut deshalb not. Zur Konkretisierung werden meist die Tauschmittel-, die Wertaufbewahrungs- und die Recheneinheitsfunktion genannt. Unklar ist bei dieser Charakterisierung allerdings, ob etwas diese Triade gleichzeitig erfüllen muß, um die Bezeichnung "Geld" zu rechtfertigen. Ferner bleibt offen, in welcher Beziehung die einzelnen Funktionen zueinander stehen. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen lohnt es sich, die Rolle des Geldes in der Bestände- sowie in der Produktionswirtschaft auseinanderzuhalten.

Zugl.: Erfurt, Univ., Diss., 2009

Habilitationsschrift--Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kunstwissenschaften--München, 1975. / Contient des documents en français relatifs aux électorats allemands et à la France, avril 1728-mai 1740. Bibliogr. p. 252-261. Index.

Zugl.: Erfurt, Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

4 mal im Jahr erscheinende Zeitschrift über aktuelle Themen der TU Chemnitz Der Zugriff auf das erste Bild in Artikel " Über Top und Flop entscheiden immer die Besucher" kann aus rechtlichen Gründen nicht gewährt werden.

Den 5 mars 2015 inträffade ett elfel i högspänningssidan av hjälpkraften mellan Häggvik och Arlanda C. Ett isolationsfel uppstod på denna sträcka, exakt mellan Upplands Väsby och Skavstaby och pågick under 18 s utan att skyddsutrustningen kopplade bort den felaktiga delen. Konsekvenserna blev att 22 st. kraftaggregat i Arlandas signalanläggning blev utslagna vilket orsakade totalstopp för tågtrafiken förbi Arlanda C. Problemet som detta examensarbete lade fokus på är varför skyddsutrustningarna inte kopplade bort elfelet snabbt och hur skyddsutrustningar samarbetar med varandra för att kunna utlösas selektivt. Trafikverkets övervakningssystem GELD (Gemensam Eldriftsystem) visade vilka skyddsutrustningar som var inblandade under felförloppet samt de viktigaste händelserna vid respektive tidpunkt och typ av fel. Genom att analysera data från GELD konstaterades orsaken till varför skyddsutrustningarna (jordfelsskyddet i Häggvik) inte reagerade i tid. För att säkerställa att inställningsvärdena för jordfelsbrytaren i Häggvik (SKBY:N) är korrekta, gjordes en teoretisk beräkning av dessa värdena. Resultatet blev att isolationsfelet orsakade intermittenta jordfel som medförde att jordfelsbrytarna (HGL:N) och (SKBY:N) i Häggvik inte kunde lösa ut i tid (inom 2 s) De intermittenta jordfelen har även gett överspänningar (transienter) som överbelastade de friska faserna och orsakade ytterligare jordfel på andra ställen. Analysen av händelserna visade att jordfelsbrytarna (HGL:N) och (SKBY:N) i Häggvik är felriktade, d.v.s. de löste ut oselektivt. Som åtgärd för att undvika upprepning av detta elfel bör nya kabelavslut på samtliga faser installeras. För att korrigera jordfelsbrytarnas funktion och säkerställa selektiv utlösning bör ett primärriktningsprov utföras av Trafikverket. En förebyggande åtgärd är att lokalisera det andra jordfelet som initierades efter det första intermittenta jordfelet. / Relayprotection, Earthfault protection, Arcing grounds, GELD

“Perhaps it is money that expresses the distinction between the two societies best.” This statement from Deleuze’s (1992: 5) famous “Postscript on the Societies of Control” (first published in French, cf. Deleuze 1990) should be taken seriously. Much has been made of the implications of this essay, especially for the description of contemporary digital culture: e.g., tracking as an example of the “control mechanism, giving the position of any element within an open environment at any given instant” (ibid.: 7). The central role of money and Deleuze’s specific ideas regarding the transformation of capitalism in (or as?) ‘societies of control’ have received comparatively little attention. Seb Franklin (2015: 3-10) has already discussed Deleuze’s famous essay in relation to questions of socio-economic order, but he did not explicitly discuss the role of money. This is all the more surprising if we consider that Deleuze called himself a Marxist: “I think Félix Guattari and I have remained Marxists, in our two different ways, perhaps, but both of us. You see, we think any political philosophy must turn on the analysis of capitalism and the ways it has developed” (Deleuze 1995: 171). Among others, Choat (2010: 125-55) has underlined that Deleuze’s thought was always very close to Marx (cf. also Thoburn 2003). It is therefore not surprising that Deleuze assigns money an important role in the description of control societies.

No description available.

This study examines the development of monetary theory and various policy frameworks as implemented at the time of writing. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of monetary policy on disintermediation and re–intermediation throughout the periods of the various monetary policy frameworks in South Africa, specifically between 1970 and 2010. In order to achieve the research objective given above, a review was firstly conducted of the literature on monetary theory and policy. This literature review gave attention to the various methods of evaluating the extent of disintermediation, elaborating on the various factors that influence the disintermediation process. The literature suggests that the occurrence of disintermediation can be determined by comparing income velocity data to real interest rate data. The second step in achieving the research objective was to examine the South African income velocity data in comparison to the South African real interest rate data over the period 1970 to 2010. The study found that disintermediation arises from the application of semi–direct or direct monetary controls, which in turn creates abnormal interest rate gaps. Despite the different monetary frameworks adopted in South Africa from 1970 to 2010, a uniform response can be noted. It is observed that whenever real interest rates trough, income velocity in turn peaks, indicating disintermediation. The opposite is true for a high real interest rate environment; income velocity declines, indicating re–intermediation, as returns are sought for in the banking sector. It is also observed that monetary policy implementation proves difficult owing to its forward–looking nature. Complications arise out of the elasticity of transmission mechanisms, the lag effect thereof and models that are backward looking based on historical data. In short, the study found that care should be taken by monetary authorities not to over–act in either direction, whether monetary tightening or easing. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study examines the development of monetary theory and various policy frameworks as implemented at the time of writing. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of monetary policy on disintermediation and re–intermediation throughout the periods of the various monetary policy frameworks in South Africa, specifically between 1970 and 2010. In order to achieve the research objective given above, a review was firstly conducted of the literature on monetary theory and policy. This literature review gave attention to the various methods of evaluating the extent of disintermediation, elaborating on the various factors that influence the disintermediation process. The literature suggests that the occurrence of disintermediation can be determined by comparing income velocity data to real interest rate data. The second step in achieving the research objective was to examine the South African income velocity data in comparison to the South African real interest rate data over the period 1970 to 2010. The study found that disintermediation arises from the application of semi–direct or direct monetary controls, which in turn creates abnormal interest rate gaps. Despite the different monetary frameworks adopted in South Africa from 1970 to 2010, a uniform response can be noted. It is observed that whenever real interest rates trough, income velocity in turn peaks, indicating disintermediation. The opposite is true for a high real interest rate environment; income velocity declines, indicating re–intermediation, as returns are sought for in the banking sector. It is also observed that monetary policy implementation proves difficult owing to its forward–looking nature. Complications arise out of the elasticity of transmission mechanisms, the lag effect thereof and models that are backward looking based on historical data. In short, the study found that care should be taken by monetary authorities not to over–act in either direction, whether monetary tightening or easing. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.