The relationships between gender and the environment have been explored most fully throughout the field of ecofeminism, which examines environmental problems through the lens of gender, revealing the ways that the oppression of women and the exploitation of nature are conjoined and mutually reinforcing. However, ecofeminism has often been ignored, re-named, or subjected to critiques of gender essentialism. As a result, I return to the 1993 Clayoquot Sound protests on Vancouver Island, British Columbia to re-examine the theory and praxis of ecofeminism. I argue that the main environmental organization, the Friends of Clayoquot Sound (FOCS), consciously invoked ecofeminist principles of equality, consensus and non-violence to direct the camp and campaign. Ecofeminism within Clayoquot Sound kept gender equality at the forefront of the environmental movement while challenging traditional hierarchical power relations and systems of dominance that many social movements experience. Clayoquot Sound was therefore a watershed social movement that integrated a gendered perspective into environmental discourse, analysis, and action. I urge further research and reflection among both activists and academics regarding the intersections between environmentalism and feminism, especially in today’s worsening climate crisis. / Graduate

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With a population of around 40 million people, Kurds are considered the largest nation without an independent state. Indeed, since the geographical division of Kurdistan in 1923, Kurds have been the victims of various forms of discrimination and oppression by the nation states of Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. They deprived Kurds of their legitimate political, social and cultural rights and they oppressed their demands for political and cultural freedom through violent means. With the eruption of civil war in Syria, the regime decided to withdraw its army from the Kurdish region of Rojava. The Kurds seized the opportunity and used the power vacuum to establish their interests and agenda through establishing a democratic structure in northern parts of the country. However, instead of building a Kurdish nation-state, the people of Rojava developed a hybrid political structure known as Democratic Confederalism. Today, this system functions through hundreds of councils and assemblies in northern Syria. In the course of my study, I conducted a content analysis to see whether the structure of Rojava’s political structure corresponds to a democratic model that can facilitate the development of human rights in general and the empowerment of women in particular.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zululand, 2001. / In the context of social development, the developmental perspective on Social Welfare, and gender equality (gender theory and gender analysis), an extensive literature and empirical study was undertaken, to explore the contribution of Social Work to the social and economic development of women as a special population of the poor in rural communities. Exploratory and descriptive research, using documents, interviews and direct observation, was used to study the rural neighbourhood, the demographic profiles of the general public and decision making participation of a sample of household heads and community leaders. From both the theoretical and empirical studies, it was evident that women's contribution to development was being systematically undervalued in the rural communities, and within households. Essential to this analysis was that there was an overall socio-cultural framework for stereotyping women's roles in rural communities. Not only were they overburdened by the multiple roles, their practical and strategic gender needs were marginalised, leading to their further subordination. In addition, as an institution of society, the way both the department of social welfare and population or department of social development and the social service system functioned, was influenced by institutionalized gender in equality actually many considerations of gender in relation to welfare and health tended to remain focussed on women as users or service providers (volunteers), rather than assessing how health and welfare or social services, reinforced gender in equalities and, in doing so undermined social justice while also at times undermining women's and family welfare. k At the local level, it was very apparent that all important decisions were made by men, especially those determining access and allocation of productive resources needed to survive. This study also revealed that local government and other service providers in rural areas often developed projects in a top-down fashion, where local people were informed or consulted, but were not expected to make decisions that would be acted upon. Local economic development (large scale government or heavily funded public works projects) were often treated as technical and administrative issues, with very marginal, if any, political and socio-economic considerations from the viewpoint of the disadvantaged majority, the women and the poor, in particular. In the latter even the tribal leaders were essentially marginalized. Based on the findings of the study, the thesis proposes a model, which provides a framework that is inclusive enough to serve both the clinical and community - work orientated social workers and generalist social workers. The polarization, where either the personal (individual) or the social (institutional) are emphasized at the expense of a holistic integrated consideration, is rejected. Instead, the feminist perspectives involving the reconceptualization of power, viewing the 'personal' as 'social' and the validation of people's experiences, interalia, are emphasized. Project planners should ensure the inclusion of multi-disciplinary teams with both males and females at all stages of the research process, that is, the problem identification, the design, the implementation and evaluation. Data must be disaggregated by socio-economic strata and gender, and there must be an examination of inter-household and intra-household processes, particularly in the spheres of decision making, responsibility and labour input. This is important because of the importance of empowerment of the individuals and groups to access resources they need, and to have a role in the production of personal and public services in order to improve the quality of their lives and that of their communities.

The aim of the thesis is to study and compare how gender equality is treated in transportplanning in regional transport initiatives at different planning levels. The background to thechoice of aim is that gender equality is a topic that is often forgotten in transport planning. Byconsciously planning and developing the built environment, it is possible to influence the dailylives of many people, among other things by enabling equality. Gender equality work is ademocratic work that strengthens human values and equal conditions, which shows theimportance of working to achieve a society where men and women have equal value. Moreover,gender equality has a direct connection in taking part in sustainable development. In terms oftraffic policy goals, gender equality is an area that has been raised strongly in recent times andinterest in gender equality in the transport sector is increasing. In 2001, the gender equalityperspective was strengthened with the transport policy goals. The Swedish Parliament and theGovernment's transport policy goals are the starting point in the thesis when regional andmunicipal documents are examined, more specifically Mittstråket project and all the reportsincluded within the project to see how they treat the transport policy goals from a gender equalityperspective. The review shows that gender equality, and above all gender equality in trafficplanning, is not an issue that has a particularly high priority at regional or municipality level. Inthe case study Mittstråket gender equality has only been included partially. Several of thedocuments present a vision that can be seen as good on paper but have no concrete strategies forhow gender equality should be integrated in the Mittstråket project. One of the reasons for this isprobably that gender equality is a soft, abstract value that is difficult to measure. The genderequality aspect is therefore easily forgotten, and no one reacts if this happens. The chosen casestudy is directly being affected by traffic planning by municipalities and on a regional level dueto the participants of that project being from different regions all over Sweden. Thus, whentalking about regional and municipal levels, strategies for the entire municipality, which is oftentraffic planning, do not deal with gender equality. One conclusion is also that there is a lack ofindicators, competence and tools to measure how the regions and municipalities treat the goalsand implementing results so the work with gender equality can be led in the right direction. / <p>2021-09-15</p>

In conflict-affected and divided societies, citizenship education has gained considerable attention for its potential to promote democratic peace and address issues of identity and societal divisions. This study demonstrates the vital role of gender equality for social cohesion by illustrating how aspects of inclusive democratic citizenship needed for social cohesion are undermined by hierarchical social relations and harmful masculinities fostered through the patriarchal aspects of education and schooling. This inquiry examines if and how policies for social cohesion through education, specifically citizenship education, contribute to peace in conflict-affected Sri Lanka, a county plagued by 30 years of war. Through a document analysis of the grade 6-9 citizenship textbooks, interviews and surveys with teachers and students, and classroom and school observations, this study explores how policies related to education for social cohesion are appropriated and enacted within schools and classrooms and how students consequently understand their role as citizens in a conflict-affected society. The study design is a transformative design mixed methods study of 13 schools across four provinces in post-war Sri Lanka. Using a post-colonial feminist approach, this study draws conclusions on how gender roles and relations intersect with citizenship education and its potential to contribute to gender transformative peacebuilding. Qualitative and quantitative findings reveal that attitudes on gender equality are closely related to attitudes on social cohesion. Many of the factors associated with patriarchy, including harmful masculinities, not only reduced gender equality, but they also undermined the egalitarian foundations of democracy needed for peace and social cohesion. However, when educators were able to engage in practices that fostered the knowledge and skills to empathize across differences (gender, ethnic, and religious) and build egalitarian relationships, they fostered inclusive democratic citizenship among students and contributed to social cohesion. At the same time, results indicate that education’s capacity to promote social cohesion, through the formal and informal curriculum, is limited due to a state-centric belligerent approach to citizenship and citizenship education, which is primarily focused on developing a personally responsible citizen.

Gender equality has long been a part of the curriculum for the Swedish school system. The subject is meant to permeate all aspects of school operation and teachers' education in the classroom. History as a subject is no exception. Although it is part of the school curriculum and practice, there is a lack of studies concerning the topic. Moreover, there is a lack of studies concerning how students perceive and think about these practices and subjects.  This study examines how Swedish students experience and express thoughts about gender equality in an historical, contemporary and future perspective. The method in hand has been a content analysis, used on 110 student-answers from the Swedish National test within the history-subject of 2015. Within this method, narrative theories constructed by Jörn Rüsen have been used to study and categorize students' historical consciousness in the form of their temporal orientation. In order to examine how students perceive gender equality, we have primarily made use of the political definition provided by the Swedish government and the separation between quantitative and qualitative gender equality described by Victoria Wahlgren.   Results of this study shows that students' attitudes regarding gender equality today are often linked to their identification within the subject of history. The same is also true for their thoughts about the future. Differences between boys and girls are identified, with girls being more nuanced about modern gender equality. This difference underlines the connection and importance of knowledge about the past in order to understand questions at hand. Differences regarding gender can be seen in how students define gender equality. In general, all students seem more focused on quantitative gender equality questions. Nevertheless, girls tend to discuss the subject in a more qualitative way.  Finally, there is a discussion of how these results influence history teachers' practices. Aspects such as the consequences these practices may have on students of different genders is also discussed. Furthermore, we want to highlight the need for additional research about gender equality in school operation and historical education.

Background: A movement to improve women’s healthcare was started in 1885. Since then a lot of improvements have been made, but in order to provide all genders with equal healthcare, society has to pay more attention to gender disparity. Purpose: The aim of this study was to get an understanding of whether employees of The Tibetan settlement experience that a patient’s gender is affecting how they and/or their colleagues treat a patient.  Method: The data were collected by eight semi-structured interviews and semi-structured observations. The collected data were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis and three themes and five sub-themes were identified. Result: The result showed that there are experiences of gender-based approach in healthcare in the form of a more polite approach towards women. These differences were explained by the experiences that women and men need different approaches because of culture, gender inequality in society and because women are more sensitive than men. The participants experienced that except for the approach they treat all patients the same regardless of gender and they think this is because of their culture and training in awareness. Conclusion: The study showed experiences of differences in the approach depending on gender. Some health care workers approach female patients more gently and politely than they approach male patients. From the study’s result it is also concluded that except for how they approach patient’s there are no experienced gender differences in healthcare.

The study investigates the impact of Covid-19 on employment in Sweden, it focuses on how men and women have been affected during the pandemic. Despite Sweden being one of the top countries in terms of gender equality, we want to see if the effects of the crisis differ for each of them, and to help us with our research we will go through different industries in the Swedish labor market to examine the impact on men and female workers in those industries during the pandemic.The results show that Female workers in Sweden have been more negatively impacted during COVID-19 than men, also we find out that the employment situation of men and women may also have different effects within the same industry

Yes / This document outlines a set of guidelines for universities and research organisations that are in the process of, or considering, implementing: measures for gender equality in selection processes relating to recruitment, promotion and progression of academics and researchers; measures aimed at strengthening the presence of women in leadership and senior positions, including gender targets; and measures to support women in accessing opportunities for career progression. The term ‘career transitions’ is used as shorthand in the document for all processes relating to recruitment, promotion, progression, career support and gender targets in academic and research careers. / FP7