Contrairement aux parents de la population générale, ceux présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) sont plus à risque d’être référés à la protection de la jeunesse, ainsi que de perdre la garde de leur enfant. Malgré que plusieurs programmes d’intervention parentale soient disponibles pour soutenir les parents, la plupart ne sont pas adaptés au fonctionnement d’apprentissage des personnes présentant une DI. Le programme The Family Game est un outil conçu spécifiquement pour les parents présentant une DI dans le but d’enseigner des stratégies parentales positives et d’augmenter la coopération de l’enfant. Sous forme de jeu, le programme enseigne trois stratégies parentales : a) donner des consignes claires, b) renforcer les comportements coopératifs et c) corriger les comportements inappropriés de l’enfant. Une première étude expérimentale a évalué le programme The Family Game auprès de deux mères présentant une DI et ayant un enfant âgé de 10 et 14 ans (Tahir et al., 2015). Les résultats suggèrent une amélioration des stratégies parentales enseignées chez les mères et des résultats variables quant à la généralisation des apprentissages. Dans cette perspective, d’autres études expérimentales sont nécessaires afin de mesurer les effets de ce programme. Ce projet de mémoire visait à évaluer l’efficacité du programme The Family Game sur les stratégies parentales positives auprès de parents présentant une DI. Un couple de parents présentant une DI légère et une DI moyenne et ayant un enfant âgé de 3 ans ont complété l’étude. Un protocole à niveaux de base multiples en fonction des stratégies parentales à enseigner a été utilisé pour évaluer les effets du programme. Les résultats de cette étude sont similaires aux résultats de la recherche menée par Tahir et al. (2015). Ils indiquent une amélioration de l’utilisation des trois stratégies parentales chez le couple et un maintien des apprentissages un mois après le programme. La généralisation des apprentissages était toutefois variable chez les deux parents. En somme, le programme The Family Game montre des résultats encourageants auprès des parents présentant une DI. Cependant, des stratégies supplémentaires, comme la rétroaction par vidéo, devraient être intégrées au programme afin de favoriser la généralisation des apprentissages. / Unlike parents in the general population, parents with an intellectual disability (ID) are more at risk of being referred to youth protection as well as losing custody of their child. Although several parental intervention programs are available to support parents, most are not adapted to the learning functioning of individuals with ID. The Family Game is a training program designed specifically for parents with ID for improving the cooperation of the child by teaching positive behavior management strategies. The program uses a board game format to teach three parenting strategies: a) providing clear instructions, b) reinforcing cooperative behaviors, and c) correcting inappropriate behaviors. A first experimental study evaluated The Family Game program with two mothers with ID and children aged 10 and 14 (Tahir et al., 2015). The results suggest an improvement in the parenting strategies taught and variable results regarding the generalization of learning. Thus, further experimental studies are needed to measure the effects of this program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of The Family Game program on positive parenting strategies of parents with an ID. A couple of parents with mild and moderate ID with a 3-year-old child participated in the study. A multiple baseline design across skills was used to assess program effects. The results of the study are similar to those reported by Tahir et al. (2015). We observed improvements in the use of the three parenting strategies by the father and the mother as well as maintenance of learning one month after the program. However, the generalization of learning remained variable for both parents. In sum, The Family Game program shows promising results with parents with ID. However, additional strategies, such as video feedback, should be integrated into the program to support generalization.

[pt] Critérios de fadiga multiaxial para vida infinita tinham por objetivo apenas avaliar a ocorrência de fratura em um componente mecânico quando submetido a carregamentos multiaxiais totalmente reversíveis. Carpinteri e Spagnoli propuseram uma modificação em seu próprio modelo, substituindo por outros parâmetros os limites de resistência à fadiga em flexão f−1 e torção t−1 para ensaios totalmente reversíveis, introduzindo na equação uma variável nf que permitiu realizar uma previsão de vida em fadiga finita. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar experimentalmente a consistência dessa modificação. A metodologia consistiu em obter experimentalmente curvas de Wohler para tração e torção referentes ao aço DIN 42CrMo4 a fim de obter os parâmetros m e m(asterisco), que são os coeficientes angulares das mesmas em escala log-log, produzindo meios para a aplicação do critério. Como o equacionamento do modelo não apresenta solução analítica, foi desenvolvido uma solução numérica para obter junto ao critério uma previsão teórica de vida em fadiga. Adicionalmente, o estudo busca discutir acerca de uma possível relação direta entre amplitude de tensão normal, amplitude de tensão cisalhante e número de ciclos para falha. O modelo em si apresentou consistência parcial com os experimentos, tendo sido assertivo nos ensaios de torção pura, mas discrepante em ensaios de tração pura. Para carregamentos combinados, houve razoável precisão em dois casos e grande dispersão em outra, mas a avaliação final depende de mais pontos experimentais. / [en] Infinite-life multiaxial fatigue criteria had only the ability to evaluate whether or not fatigue failure is to occur to a mechanical componente once subjected to multiaxial fatigue loadings. Carpinteri e Spagnoli proposed a modification to their own model, substituting both fully reversed bending and torsion fatigue endurance limits, f1 and t−1 respectively, introducing into the equation a new variable nf, allowing the model to predict the fatigue-life of the mechanical component. The main goal of the presente study is to assess the accuracy of the modified model via experiments. The research methodology consisted in determining m and m (asterisk), which are the slopes of the S-N curves for fully reversed bending and torsion experiments on regards to DIN 42CrMo4 steel when plotted into a log-log scale, providing means to apply the model. Since there is no analytic solution to the model, the criterion s equation has to be solved numerically. Furthermore, the present study discusses the possibility of a direct relation between amplitude of normal stress, amplitude of shear stress and number of cycles to failure. The modified Carpinteri & Spagnoli s criterion proved itself to be partially consistent, presenting both accurate predictions of torsional fatigue-life and discrepant results for axial loadings. For combined loadings, the model provided two consistent results while another experimental point was proved far off. The final assessment on regards to the model s accuracy depends on more experimental points.

La démence à corps de Lewy (DCL) et la maladie de Parkinson (MP) sont des maladies neurodégénératives touchant des milliers de Canadiens et leur prévalence croît avec l’âge. La MP et la DCL partagent la même pathophysiologie, mais se distinguent par l’ordre de manifestation des symptômes : la DCL se caractérise d’abord par l’apparition d’un trouble neurocognitif majeur (démence), tandis que la MP se manifeste initialement par un parkinsonisme. De plus, jusqu’à 80% des patients avec la MP développeront une démence (MPD). Il est désormais établi que le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal idiopathique (TCSPi) constitue un puissant prédicteur de la DCL et la MP. En effet, cette parasomnie, marquée par des comportements indésirables durant le sommeil, est considérée comme un stade prodromal des synucléinopathies, telles que la MP, la DCL et l'atrophie multisystémique (AMS). Ainsi, la majorité des patients atteints d’un TCSPi développeront une synucléinopathie. Malgré les avancées scientifiques, les causes du TCSPi, de la MP et de la DCL demeurent inconnues et aucun traitement ne parvient à freiner ou à arrêter la neurodégénérescence. De plus, ces pathologies présentent une grande hétérogénéité dans l’apparition et la progression des divers symptômes. Face à ces défis, la recherche vise à mieux cerner les phases précoces/initiales et les trajectoires évolutives de ces maladies neurodégénératives afin d’intervenir le plus précocement possible dans leur développement. C’est pourquoi le TCSPi suscite un intérêt majeur en tant que fenêtre d'opportunités pour tester l’efficacité des thérapies neuroprotectrices contre les synucléinopathies, permettant d'agir avant que la perte neuronale ne devienne irréversible. Le TCSPi offre ainsi une occasion unique d'améliorer la détection de la démence et le suivi des individus à haut risque de déclin cognitif. D'où l'importance cruciale de pouvoir généraliser les résultats issus de la recherche sur de petites cohortes à l'ensemble de la population. Sur le plan de la cognition, les études longitudinales sur le TCSPi ont montré que les atteintes des fonctions exécutives, de la mémoire verbale et de l'attention sont les plus discriminantes pour différencier les individus qui développeront une démence de ceux qui resteront idiopathiques. De plus, un grand nombre de patients TCSPi souffrent d’un trouble neurocognitif mineur ou trouble cognitif léger (TCL), généralement considéré comme un stade précurseur de la démence. Les recherches actuelles sur les données cognitives chez cette population offrent des perspectives prometteuses, mais reposent sur des approches statistiques classiques qui limitent leur validation et généralisation. Bien qu'elles offrent une précision élevée (80 à 85%) pour détecter les patients à risque de déclin cognitif, une amélioration est nécessaire pour étendre l'utilisation de ces marqueurs à une plus large échelle. Depuis les années 2000, l'accroissement de la puissance de calcul et l'accès à davantage de ressources de mémoire ont suscité un intérêt accru pour les algorithmes d'apprentissage machine (AM). Ces derniers visent à généraliser les résultats à une population plus vaste en entraînant des modèles sur une partie des données et en les testant sur une autre, validant ainsi leur application clinique. Jusqu'à présent, aucune étude n'a évalué les apports de l'AM pour la prédiction de l'évolution des synucléinopathies en se penchant sur le potentiel de généralisation, et donc d'application clinique, à travers l'usage d'outils non invasifs et accessibles ainsi que de techniques de validation de modèles (model validation). De plus, aucune étude n'a exploré l'utilisation de l'AM associée à des méthodes de généralisation sur des données neuropsychologiques longitudinales pour élaborer un modèle prédictif de la progression des déficits cognitifs dans le TCSPi. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier l’apport de l’AM pour analyser l’évolution du profil cognitif de patients atteints d’un TCSPi. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse présente le cadre théorique qui a guidé l’élaboration des objectifs et hypothèses de recherche. Le deuxième chapitre est à deux volets (articles). Le premier vise à fournir une vue d'ensemble de la littérature des études ayant utilisé l'AM (avec des méthodes de généralisation) pour prédire l'évolution des synucléinopathies vers une démence, ainsi que les lacunes à combler. Le deuxième volet vise à explorer et utiliser pour la première fois l'AM sur des données cliniques et cognitifs pour prédire la progression vers la démence dans le TCSPi, dans un devis longitudinal. Enfin, le dernier chapitre de la thèse présente une discussion et une conclusion générale, comprenant un résumé des deux articles, ainsi que les implications théoriques, les forces, les limites et les orientations futures. / Lewy body dementia (LBD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are neurodegenerative diseases affecting thousands of Canadians, and their prevalence increases with age. PD and DLB share the same pathophysiology, but differ in the order of symptom manifestation: DLB is characterized first by the onset of a major neurocognitive disorder (dementia), whereas PD initially manifests as parkinsonism. Moreover, up to 80% of PD patients will go on to develop dementia (PDD). It is established that idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a powerful predictor of DLB and PD. Indeed, this parasomnia, marked by undesirable behaviors during sleep, is considered a prodromal stage of synucleinopathies, such as PD, DLB and multisystem atrophy (MSA). Therefore, the majority of patients with iRBD will develop synucleinopathy. Despite scientific advancements, the causes of iRBD, PD, and DLB remain unknown and no treatment has been able to slow or halt neurodegeneration. Furthermore, these pathologies display great heterogeneity in the onset and progression of various symptoms. Faced with these challenges, research aims to better understand the early/initial stages and the progressive trajectories of these neurodegenerative diseases in order to intervene as early as possible in their development. This is why iRBD garners major interest as a window of opportunities to test the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapies against synucleinopathies, enabling action to be taken before neuronal loss becomes irreversible. iRBD thus provides a unique opportunity to improve dementia detection and monitoring of individuals at high risk of cognitive decline. Hence the crucial importance of being able to generalize results of research on small cohorts to the entire population. In terms of cognition, longitudinal studies on iRBD have shown that impairments in executive functions, verbal memory, and attention are the most discriminating in differencing between individuals who will develop dementia from those who will remain idiopathic. In addition, many iRBD patients suffer from a mild neurocognitive disorder or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), generally considered as a precursor stage of dementia. Current research on cognitive data in this population offers promising prospects, but relies on traditional statistical approaches that limit their validation and generalizability. While they provide high accuracy (80 to 85%) for detecting patients at risk of cognitive decline, improvement is needed to extend the use of these markers to a larger scale. Since the 2000s, increased computational power and access to more memory resources have sparked growing interest in machine learning (ML) algorithms. These aim to generalize results to a broader population by training models on a subset of data and testing them on another, thus validating their clinical application. To date, no study has assessed the contributions of ML for predicting the progression of synucleinopathies, focusing on the potential for generalization, and hence clinical application, through the use of non-invasive, accessible tools and model validation techniques. Moreover, no study has explored the use of ML in conjunction with generalization methods on longitudinal neuropsychological data to develop a predictive model of cognitive deficit progression in iRBD. The general objective of this thesis is to study the contribution of ML in analyzing the evolution of the cognitive profile of patients with iRBD. The first chapter of this thesis presents the theoretical framework that guided the formulation of the research objectives and hypotheses. The second chapter is in two parts (articles). The first aims to provide an overview of the literature of studies that have used ML (with generalization methods) to predict the progression of synucleinopathies to dementia, as well as the gaps that need to be filled. The second part aims to explore and use for the first time ML on clinical and cognitive data to predict progression to dementia in iRBD, in a longitudinal design. Finally, the last chapter of the thesis presents a discussion and a general conclusion, including a summary of the two articles, as well as theoretical implications, strengths, limitations, and future directions.

Based on the examiners’ reports of the University of Cambridge on the shortcomings of the students of form V (school certificate level) in Arabic language in the international examinations of year 2008 and 2009 and on the proposals and recommendations therein, the researcher started this research work to address the difficulties faced by students in Arabic language in the grammatical rules when writing essays and in translation from Arabic to English and vice versa in form V (school certificate level) and chose Doha Academy (secondary department) in Mauritius as model. The research work in fact confirmed the errors of students in the grammatical rules after analyzing the examination scripts of the mock examinations run at the school during the year 2009 and 2010 and the researcher came to know about the causes of errors which were also confirmed by means of a questionnaire distributed to the students at this level. The researcher’s interviews with the male and female teachers of Arabic language at School certificate level on the issue were of great benefits and they in fact made mention of the grammatical errors which the researcher came across in the mock examinations’ scripts after close study and analysis. The researcher also considered the importance of the contrastive analysis between Arabic and English due to its effect in learning Arabic as a second language. ط After analysis of the questionnaire and interviews, the researcher came across a number of important issues which he mentioned in details among the results which he concluded. The researcher concluded that most of the errors in grammar are due to the influence of the English language on the Arabic language through linguistic interference, transfer of experience, generalization, as well as errors related to the target language itself like hypercorrection and intralingual phenomenon etc. And that the errors found in translation are caused mainly because of lack of Arabic vocabularies as well as literal translation and a lack of fluency and confidence in using Arabic structures and grammar. Finally, the researcher mentioned a number of recommendations and suggestions which he considers to be a priority and should be executed if we really wish to eliminate difficulties and problems in the process of teaching and learning of the Arabic language at this level and to see the progress of this language in this island. / على (university of Cambridge) بناء على ما قدمّت جامعة كمبرج قصور الطلبة في اللغة العربية في امتحانات كمبرج الدولية للصف الخامس الثانوية للعامين 8002 8002 م، ومن اقتراحات وتوصيات انطلق الباحث في هذا البحث ليتناول الصعوبات التي – يواجهها طلاب اللغة العربية فيما يتعلق بالقواعد عند كتابة المقالات وفي الترجمة من العربية إلى الانجليزية والعكس وذلك في الصف الخامس الثانوي في جمهورية موريشيوس م اختيار أكاديمية الدوحة في موريشيوس نموذجا. لقد أشار البحث فعلا إلى أخطاء الطلاب والطالبات بعد تحليل أوراق إجابات لامتحانين 8000 م كما - في اللغة العربية أُجرِيا في الأكاديمية في العامين 8002 (mock exams) تجريبيين تعرّف الباحث على أسباب الأخطاء التي أكّدها الاستبيان الموزّع على طلاب هذا المستوى. وكانت لمقابلات الباحث م مدرسي ومدرسات هذا المستوى حول القضية ثمراتها حيث أكّدت كذلك ما وجدها الباحث من الأخطاء في النحو والصرف في أوراق إجابات الأمتحان بعد الدراسة والتحليل. رأى الباحث كذلك أهمية التحليل التقابلي بين العربية والانجليزية لتأثير هذه الأخيرة في تعلّم الطلبة اللغة العربية كلغة ثانية. بعد تحليل الاستبيان والمقابلات وصل الباحث إلى عدد من القضايا المهمة وذكرها بالتفصيل في النتائج في آخر البحث. وصل الباحث إلى أن اكثر الأخطاء ترج إلى تأثير اللغة الانجليزية على اللغة العربية تتمثل في التداخل اللغوي ونقل الخبرة والتعميم السلبي كما أن هناك أخطاء تتعلق باللغة اهمدف كالمبالغة في التصويب وتداخل اللغة نفسها. وترج الأخطاء في الترجمة أساسا إلى النقص في المفردات العربية، فضلا عن الترجمة الحرفية وعدم الطلاقة والثقة في استخدام التراكيب العربية والتدقيق النحوي. وأخيرا ذكر الباحث عددا من التوصيات والاقتراحات التي يعتبرها من الأولويات والضروريات ا ولتي يوصي بتنفيذها إذا أُريد بالفعل القضاء على الصعوبات والمشكلات في تعليم اللغة العربية وتعلمه وتقدم هذه اللغة في هذه الجزيرة. / Religious Sudies & Arabic / D.Litt. et Phil. (Arabic)

Für die Simulation technischer Bauteile mit Hilfe der Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) werden tensorielle Stoffgesetze benötigt, die zu einem beliebigen dreidimensionalen Verzerrungszustand und gegebenenfalls der Belastungsvorgeschichte und -geschwindigkeit des Materials die zugehörige Spannungsantwort liefern. Die Entwicklung derart komplexer Materialmodelle verläuft oftmals über Zwischenstufen, die zunächst nur Vorhersagen für den einachsigen Zug-/Druckversuch erlauben. Zur automatischen Verallgemeinerung solcher eindimensionaler Materialbeschreibungen zu vollständig dreidimensionalen Stoffgesetzen für die Finite-Elemente-Methode wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit das Konzept repräsentativer Raumrichtungen vorgeschlagen, welches auf der Integration einachsiger Spannungszustände über eine diskrete Anzahl gleichmäßig verteilter (repräsentativer) Raumrichtungen basiert. Zur Untersuchung der grundlegenden Eigenschaften des Algorithmus wurden verschiedene inelastische tensorielle Beispielstoffgesetze herangezogen, deren eindimensionale Formulierung als Eingangsmodell für die repräsentativen Raumrichtungen dient. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass die wesentlichen Materialeigenschaften des jeweiligen uniaxialen Eingangsmodells bei der Verallgemeinerung vollständig erhalten bleiben. Weiterhin werden einige wichtige Effekte vom Konzept automatisch generiert, wie z. B. die anisotrope Entfestigung technischer Gummiwerkstoffe oder die formative Verfestigung metallischer Werkstoffe, was eine realitätsnahe Simulation dieser Materialklassen ohne zusätzlichen Arbeitsaufwand erlaubt. Das Konzept wurde zusätzlich auf Stoffgesetze angewendet, die ausschließlich in Form einer eindimensionalen Materialbeschreibung vorliegen und somit konkrete Anwendungsfällle darstellen. Darüber hinaus wurden für einige ausgewählte Stoffgesetze in repräsentativen Raumrichtungen Vergleiche mit Ergebnissen aus experimentellen Versuchen vorgenommen, wobei sich stets eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Simulation ergibt. Das Konzept repräsentativer Raumrichtungen wurde in die zwei kommerziellen Finite-Elemente-Programme MSC.Marc und ABAQUS implementiert. Hiermit können Simulationen inhomogener Verzerrungs- und Spannungsverteilungen durchgeführt werden, obwohl das zugrunde liegende Stoffgesetz lediglich einachsige Spannungszustände beschreibt. In diesem Zusammenhang werden verschiedene Methoden vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe die Effizienz einer FEM-Simulation erheblich gesteigert werden kann. Dies betrifft zum einen die Generierung einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung von repräsentativen Raumrichtungen mit Hilfe eines numerischen Algorithmus zur Simulation sich abstoßender elektrischer Punktladungen auf der Kugeloberfläche. Zum anderen besteht die Möglichkeit, die einzelnen Sätze von repräsentativen Raumrichungen in den Gaußpunkten eines finiten Elementes unterschiedlich zueinander auszurichten, was bei gleichbleibendem Rechenaufwand eine beträchtliche Erhöhung der Rechengenauigkeit erlaubt. / The simulation of technical components using the finite element method (FEM) requires tensorial constitutive models which describe the complete relation between a given three-dimensional state of strain (in some cases also the loading history and strain rate) and the corresponding state of stress. The development of such complex material models often leads to an intermediate stage that enables the prediction of uniaxial tension and compression only. The automatic generalization of those one-dimensional material descriptions to complete three-dimensional constitutive models for the finite element method can be accomplished by using the concept of representative directions which is based on the integration of uniaxial stresses over a discrete number of uniformly distributed (representative) directions in space. In order to investigate the fundamental characteristics of the algorithm several inelastic tensorial constitutive models were used, whose one-dimensional formulation serves as the input model for the use within the representative directions. In this context it becomes evident that the essential material properties of the respective uniaxial input model are completely preserved during the process of generalization. Furthermore, some important effects are produced automatically by the concept such as the anisotropic stress softening of technical rubber materials or the distortional hardening of metallic materials, which enables a realistic simulation of those material classes without spending additional effort. The concept was also applied to material models that are available in form of a one-dimensional material description only, so that these can be regarded as concrete applications. In addition, some of the material models in representative directions were compared to experimental data, whereas a good agreement between measurement and simulation can be noticed. The concept of representative directions has been implemented into the commercial finite element programs MSC.Marc and ABAQUS. This enables simulations of inhomogeneous strain and stress distributions even though the underlying material model describes uniaxial loading processes only. In this context, several methods are introduced which can be applied to increase the efficiency of a finite element simulation to a great extent. On the one hand this affects the generation of a uniform distribution of representative directions using a numerical algorithm simulating the repulsion of electric charges on the surface of a sphere. On the other hand, it is possible to adjust the sets of representative directions at the integration points of a finite element differently, which leads to an increasing computational accuracy at constant computational effort.

S’approvisionner en nourriture est essentiel à la survie et au succès reproducteur. Lorsque les animaux font face à des changements environnementaux brutaux, ils doivent s’ajuster rapidement à leur nouvel environnement et parfois même innover dans leur façon de s’approvisionner. Des processus comportementaux et cognitifs, tels que l’innovation et l’apprentissage, permettent aux animaux d'intégrer de nouveaux comportements à leur répertoire comportemental afin de s'adapter de façon optimale. Les performances cognitives varient entre les individus d’une même population et bien que des études récentes se soient intéressées aux causes de ce phénomène, de convaincantes évidences sont manquantes afin d’expliquer pourquoi ces variations sont maintenues. Au cours de ce mémoire, les questions des pressions de sélection s'exerçant sur les performances d’alimentation par une tâche motrice nouvelle sont abordées afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des capacités cognitives au sein d'une population captive de diamants mandarins (Taeniopygia guttata). Nous avons tout d'abord testé si les femelles diamants mandarins modifient leurs préférences d'accouplement après avoir observé la performance d'alimentation par une tâche motrice nouvelle des mâles. Afin de déterminer si les femelles sont capables de discriminer entre les mâles sur la base de leur capacité cognitive, nous avons également évalué les performances d’apprentissage de chacune d’elles. En effet, des études ont suggéré qu’il peut être coûteux, spécialement en terme de temps, de discriminer entre des partenaires potentiels sur cette base. La généralisation d’une préférence pour un mâle performant à d’autres mâles possédant le même phénotype permettrait la réduction de ces coûts. Nous avons donc finalement testé si les femelles diamants mandarins peuvent généraliser leur préférence après avoir observé les performances d’alimentation pour une tâche motrice nouvelle d’un mâle. Nos résultats suggèrent que les femelles diamants mandarins ne peuvent évaluer les capacités cognitives d’un mâle par l’intermédiaire de traits indicateurs. Toutefois, nous avons démontré qu’une observation directe des performances d’alimentation d’un mâle guide le choix d’appariement des femelles. Également, nous avons montré que les femelles peuvent généraliser l’apparence du mâle le plus performant et utiliser cette information lors de l’évaluation de nouveaux mâles. La relation entre les performances cognitives et le choix de partenaire pourraient s’expliquer par exemple par une meilleure exploitation de l’habitat, mais nécessite des études plus approfondies. / Successful foraging is essential for survival and reproductive success. When animals face rapidly change due to climate change or anthropogenic habitat destruction, they are force to quickly adjust their behaviour such as foraging. Innovation and learning, two processes related to cognitive functions, are know to allow animals to incorporate novel behaviours into their behavioural repertoires and thus to facilitate optimal responses to environmental change. Cognitive performance vary between and within individuals and although several studies have rencently addressed the causes, convicing evidences for why inter-individual variations in cognitive performance are maintained in a population are still lacking. During my Masters, I investigated different selective pressures acting on foraging performance on a novel motor task to better understand the evolution of cognitive abilities in a captive population of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Firstly, we investigated whether female zebra finches modify their mating preferences after having observed the foraging performance of males on a novel motor task. We also assessed each bird’s learning performance in a color associative task in order to check whether females could discriminate between the two males based on their learning performance. Discriminating among mates based on their cognitive ability might be very costly for females, especially in terms of time. Therefore, one way to reduce the cost of assessing mate would be to generalize their preferences to any male with the same phenotype as the most efficient observed individual. We finaly investigated whether female zebra finches can generalize their mating preferences after having observed a male’s foraging performance on a novel motor task. Our findings suggest that female zebra finches would be unable to assess male cognitive ability indirectly via morphological traits. However our results demonstrate that direct observation of the males’ performance on a foraging task can guide female mating preferences. We also demonstrates that female zebra finches can generalize the appearance of the male that is the most efficient at solving a motor task and then use this information to assessing new males. The relationship between cognitive performance and mating preference might be mediated throught habitat exploitation for example, but requires further investigation.

Dans ce mémoire, nous avons proposé une méthode basée sur l'utilisation de la généralisation du lemme de Gronwall-Bellman pour garantir des conditions suffisantes de stabilisation asymptotique pour une classe de systèmes non linéaires fractionnaires. Nous avons étendu ces résultats dans la stabilisation asymptotique des systèmes non linéaires singuliers fractionnaires et proposé des conditions suffisantes de stabilité asymptotique de l'erreur d'observation dans le cas de l'étude des observateurs pour les systèmes non linéaires fractionnaires et singuliers fractionnaires.Pour les systèmes non linéaires à dérivée d'ordre entier, nous avons proposé par l'application de la généralisation du lemme de Gronwall-Bellman des conditions suffisantes pour :- la stabilisation exponentielle par retour d'état statique et par retour de sortie statique,- la stabilisation exponentielle robuste en présence d'incertitudes paramétriques,- la commande basée sur un observateur.Nous avons étudié la stabilisation des systèmes linéaires fractionnaires avec les lois de commande suivantes~: retour d'état statique, retour de sortie statique et retour de sortie basé sur un observateur. Puis, nous avons proposé des conditions suffisantes de stabilisation lorsque le système linéaire fractionnaire est affecté par des incertitudes non linéaires paramétriques. Enfin, nous avons traité la synthèse d'un observateur pour ces systèmes. Les résultats proposés pour les systèmes linéaires fractionnaires ont été étendus au cas où ces systèmes fractionnaires sont singuliers.La technique de stabilisation basée sur l'utilisation de la généralisation du lemme de Gronwall-Bellman est étendue aux systèmes non linéaires fractionnaires et aux systèmes non linéaires singuliers fractionnaires. Des conditions suffisantes de stabilisation asymptotique, de stabilisation asymptotique robuste et de commande basée sur un observateur ont été obtenues pour les classes de systèmes non linéaires fractionnaires et non linéaires singuliers fractionnaires.Par ailleurs, une méthode de synthèse d'observateurs pour ces systèmes non linéaires fractionnaires et non linéaires singuliers fractionnaires est proposée. Cette approche est basée sur la résolution d'un système d'équations de Sylvester. L'avantage de cette méthode est que, d'une part, l'erreur d'observation ne dépend pas explicitement de l'état et de la commande du système et, d'autre part, qu'elle unifie la synthèse d'observateurs de différents ordres (observateurs d'ordre réduit, d'ordre plein et d'ordre minimal). / In this dissertation, we proposed sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stabilization of a class of nonlinear fractional-order systems based on the generalization of Gronwall-Bellman lemma. We extended these results for the asymptotical stabilization of nonlinear singular fractional-order systems and proposed sufficient conditions for the existence and asymptotic stability of the observation error for the nonlinear fractional-order systems and nonlinear singular fractional-order systems.For the nonlinear integer-order systems, the proposed generalization of Gronwall-Bellman lemma allowed us to obtain sufficient conditions for :- the static state feedback and the static output feedback exponential stabilizations,- the robust exponential stabilization with regards to parameter uncertainties,- the observer-based control.We treated three cases for the asymptotical stabilization of linear fractional-order systems : the static state feedback, the static output feedback and the observer-based output feedback. Then, we proposed sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stabilization of linear fractional-order systems with nonlinear uncertain parameters. Finally, we treated the observer design for the linear and nonlinear fractional-order systems and for the linear and nonlinear singular fractional-order systems.The stabilization technique based on the generalization of Gronwall-Bellman lemma is extended to nonlinear fractional-order systems and nonlinear singular fractional-order systems. Sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stabilization, the robust asymptotical stabilization and the observer-based control of a class of nonlinear fractional-order systems and nonlinear singular fractional-order systems were obtained.Furthermore, the observer design for the nonlinear fractional-order systems and nonlinear singular fractional-order systems is proposed. This approach is based on a parameterization of the solutions of generalized Sylvester equations. The conditions for the existence of these observers are given and sufficient conditions for their stability are derived using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) formulation and the generalization of Gronwall-Bellman lemma. The advantage of this method is that, firstly, the observation error does not depend explicitly on the state and control system and, secondly, this method unifies the design of full, reduced and minimal orders observers

Este trabalho tem dois objetivos principais. Primeiramente, estudamos as cópias complementadas de co(T) em espaços de Banach, onde T é um cardinal infinito. Estendemos ao caso não-enumerável um resultado clássico obtido por T. Schlumprecht que caracteriza as cópias complementadas de co em um espaço de Banach X. Usamos esta nova caracterização para estender resultados de G. Emmanuele, F. Bombal, D. Leung e F. Räbiger envolvendo as cópias complementadas de co nos espaços de Banach clássicos `p(I,X), onde p T[1, &#8734 ] e I é um conjunto não-vazio. Nós também provamos um novo resultado sobre as cópias complementadas de co(T) nos espaços Co(K,X), onde K é um espaço de Hausdor localmente compacto. Em seguida, estudamos uma extensão vetorial do clássico Teorema de Banach-Stone obtida por K. Jarosz. Estudando várias constantes introduzidas por R. James, J. Schäer, M. Baronti, E. Casini e P. Pappini, nós provamos uma nova relação entre os módulos de convexidade dos espaços Xe X*, que possui interesse independente. Esta relação é usada para provar uma nova reneralização vetorial do Teorema de Banach-Stone que simultaneamente estende o Teorema de Jarosz e também mostra que este último resultado é, de fato, uma consequência de um teorema obtido recentemente por F. Cidral, E. Galego e M. RincónVillamizar. / The goal of this work is two-fold. First, we study the complemented copies of co(T) in Banach spaces, where T is an innite cardinal. We extend to the uncountable case a classical result by T. Schulmprecht that characterizes the complemented copies of co in a Banach space X. We use this new characterization to extend results by G. Emmanuele, F. Bombal, D. Leung and F. Räbiger concerning the complemented copies of co in the classical Banach spaces `p(I,X), where p T[1, &#8734 ] and I is a non-empty set. We also obtain a new result involving the complemented copies of co(T) in Co(K,X) spaces, where Kis a locally compact Hausdor space. Next, we turn our attention to a vector-valued extension of the classical Banach-Stone theorem obtained by K. Jarosz. Studying several constants introduced by R. James, J. Schäffer, M. Baronti, E. Casini and P. Pappini, we obtain a new relationship between the moduli of convexity of Xand X*, which has independent interest. We then apply this relationship to prove a new X-valued generalization of the Banach-Stone theorem that simultaneously extends the aforementioned result by Jarosz and also shows that this result is, in fact, a consequence of a theorem obtained recently by F. Cidral, E. Galego and M. Rincón-Villamizar.

Este trabalho tem dois objetivos principais. Primeiramente, estudamos as cópias complementadas de co(T) em espaços de Banach, onde T é um cardinal infinito. Estendemos ao caso não-enumerável um resultado clássico obtido por T. Schlumprecht que caracteriza as cópias complementadas de co em um espaço de Banach X. Usamos esta nova caracterização para estender resultados de G. Emmanuele, F. Bombal, D. Leung e F. Räbiger envolvendo as cópias complementadas de co nos espaços de Banach clássicos `p(I,X), onde p T[1, &#8734 ] e I é um conjunto não-vazio. Nós também provamos um novo resultado sobre as cópias complementadas de co(T) nos espaços Co(K,X), onde K é um espaço de Hausdor localmente compacto. Em seguida, estudamos uma extensão vetorial do clássico Teorema de Banach-Stone obtida por K. Jarosz. Estudando várias constantes introduzidas por R. James, J. Schäer, M. Baronti, E. Casini e P. Pappini, nós provamos uma nova relação entre os módulos de convexidade dos espaços Xe X*, que possui interesse independente. Esta relação é usada para provar uma nova reneralização vetorial do Teorema de Banach-Stone que simultaneamente estende o Teorema de Jarosz e também mostra que este último resultado é, de fato, uma consequência de um teorema obtido recentemente por F. Cidral, E. Galego e M. RincónVillamizar. / The goal of this work is two-fold. First, we study the complemented copies of co(T) in Banach spaces, where T is an innite cardinal. We extend to the uncountable case a classical result by T. Schulmprecht that characterizes the complemented copies of co in a Banach space X. We use this new characterization to extend results by G. Emmanuele, F. Bombal, D. Leung and F. Räbiger concerning the complemented copies of co in the classical Banach spaces `p(I,X), where p T[1, &#8734 ] and I is a non-empty set. We also obtain a new result involving the complemented copies of co(T) in Co(K,X) spaces, where Kis a locally compact Hausdor space. Next, we turn our attention to a vector-valued extension of the classical Banach-Stone theorem obtained by K. Jarosz. Studying several constants introduced by R. James, J. Schäffer, M. Baronti, E. Casini and P. Pappini, we obtain a new relationship between the moduli of convexity of Xand X*, which has independent interest. We then apply this relationship to prove a new X-valued generalization of the Banach-Stone theorem that simultaneously extends the aforementioned result by Jarosz and also shows that this result is, in fact, a consequence of a theorem obtained recently by F. Cidral, E. Galego and M. Rincón-Villamizar.

TITLE Spatial generalizations of the properties of the triangle AUTHOR Jirˇı' Sřubarˇ SUPERVISOR Prof. RNDr. Adolf Karger, DrSc. DEPARTMENT Department of mathematics education ABSTRACT The present thesis describes various interesting properties of a triangle. The aim is to find and prove similar properties of its spatial generalization - a tetrahedron. Even though both synthetic and computational methods are used for proving spatial relations, synthetic approach is preferred whenever possible. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, the properties of the tetrahedron analogous to the centroid and the orthocenter of the triangle are described. Also, conditions on the existence of the orthocenter of the tetrahedron are derived. Moreover, for tetrahedrons without an orthocenter, the so-called Monge point is introduced as its generalization. In the second part of the thesis, some further properties of the triangle are studied - - the Simson line, the de Longchamps point, the nine-point circle, the Euler line, the Lemoine point, the isodynamic points, the Lemoine axis and the Brocard axis. As the main contribution of the present thesis we define and prove the existence of spatial analogues of the above mentioned properties for the tetrahedron - the de Longchamps point, the twelve-point and...