Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-05-20T12:43:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Tatiane.pdf: 2400927 bytes, checksum: e91e3e168b7881ff6ab88a037e3529ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T12:43:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Tatiane.pdf: 2400927 bytes, checksum: e91e3e168b7881ff6ab88a037e3529ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / CNPq / O lixiviado é definido como a mistura do líquido gerado na decomposição anaeróbia da matéria orgânica (MO) juntamente com a umidade natural e a água que constitui a MO presente dentro da massa de resíduos sólidos urbanos, além da água de infiltração proveniente das precipitações. No Brasil, um dos processos mais utilizados para o tratamento de lixiviados é os sistema de lagoas. Todavia, com o passar do tempo, irá se acumular em no fundo das lagoas, reduzindo seu volume útil e, consequentemente, o tempo de detenção hidráulica e a eficiência do sistema. Neste contexto, o lodo gerado do tratamento do lixiviado é um problema atual para o meio ambiente, dado a sua forma semi-sólido e elevada concentração de MO resultar em um fator complicador para o transporte e disposição final. Nesse caso é necessário reduzir o volume de água do lodo por meio de técnicas como a secagem natural ou térmica, filtro prensa, adensador, centrífugas e as geomembranas. Essas são confeccionadas em tecido de polipropileno de alta resistência e desempenha a função de reter as partículas sólidas, assim como permitir a drenagem do líquido. Neste estudo foi avaliado o desague do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado do Aterro da Muribeca por geomembranas. O lodo foi coletado e acondicionado em 3 bags (sem coagulante, com coagulante e com coagulante na 1ª semana) durante um período de 3 meses. Foram realizadas análises para caracterização do lodo e do líquido drenado. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o uso do polímero foi eficaz para a remoção da cor e da turbidez. Porém o drenado apresentou elevada concentração de MO, havendo a necessidade de um tratamento. O balanço de massa realizado apresentou uma eficiência de 94,92%, 96% e 96,93% na remoção de sólidos totais (ST) para os bags sem polímero, com polímero e com polímero na 1ª alimentação, respectivamente. Para a análise do material interno contido no bag, foi realizado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade para os parâmetros ph, ST, sólidos totais voláteis e carbono orgânico total. Com isso observou que para nenhum dos três tratamentos houve diferença significativa estatisticamente. Para estas variáveis tanto faz fazer o uso do polímero ou não. / Leachate is defined as a mixture of the liquid generated from organic matter (OM) anaerobic decomposition along with natural moisture and water, which composes the OM present within the urban solid waste, apart from the infiltration of rainfall water. One of the most used process for leachate treatment in Brazil is the lagoon system. However, over time, the leachate will accumulate at the lagoon’s bottom, thus decreasing its useful volume and, consequently, the hydraulic detention time and system efficiency. Therefore, sludge generated from the leachate treatment is a current issue for the environment, given its semi-solid form and elevated OM concentration result in a complicating factor for transport and final disposal. In this case, it is necessary to reduce sludge’s water volume through techniques, such as natural or thermal drying, filter press, concentrator, centrifuge and geomembranes. The latter are made of high-resistance polypropylene fabric and performs the function of retaining solid particles, as well as allowing liquid drainage. In the present study, it was evaluated the drainage of the sludge derived from the leachate treatment plant of Aterro da Muribeca through geomembranes. Sludge samples were collect and stored in 3 bags (without coagulant, with coagulant and with coagulant in the first week) during 3 months. Analyses to characterize the sludge and the drained liquid were performed. The results indicated that the use of polymer was efficient to remove color and turbidity. On the other hand, the drained liquid presented high OM concentration, thus needing further treatment. The performed mass balance showed an efficiency of 94.92%, 96% and 96.93% on the removal of total solids (TS) for the bags without polymer, with polymer and with polymer in the first week, respectively. Regarding the material within the bag, Tukey’s test at the level of 5% of probability was performed for the following attributes: ph, TS, total volatile solids and total organic carbon. There was no significant difference among the three treatments, indicating that, for those variables, the use of the polymer is optional.

O presente trabalho investiga o desempenho de geotêxteis e de solos como elementos de proteção para geomembranas de polivinil clorado (PVC) e de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD). Foram utilizadas geomembranas de PVC com espessuras de 1,0 e 2,0 mm e de PEAD com espessuras de 1,5 e 2,0 mm. Como camadas de proteção utilizaram-se geotêxteis não tecidos de poliéster (PET), com gramaturas de 130, 300, 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\', e de polipropileno (PP), com gramatura de 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\', além de uma areia de granulometria fina a média e uma areia argilosa típica da região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi conduzido através da construção de um aterro experimental para simulação dos danos de instalação em campo e da realização de ensaios índice e de desempenho em laboratório. A eficiência dos materiais de proteção foi avaliada através da análise qualitativa e quantitativa das amostras de geomembranas danificadas. Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório índice mostraram que a introdução do geotêxtil aumenta a resistência à punção da geomembrana, e que o acréscimo de resistência é função das características de resistência à tração do geotêxtil e da geomembrana. O maior incremento de resistência à punção foi observado na geomembrana com menor resistência à tração. Os resultados dos ensaios de campo mostraram que a introdução do elemento de proteção reduz os danos mecânicos apesar da alteração de algumas das propriedades físicas e de desempenho nas geomembranas. Da análise dos resultados, verificou-se que a eficiência dos geotêxteis no campo não é função de suas características de tração, conforme constatado nos ensaios índices. A análise também sugere que os danos mecânicos no campo foram mais intensos do que nos ensaios de desempenho em laboratório. / The performance of non-woven geotextiles and soils as protection elements of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes is studied. The materials used comprised PVC geomembranes of 1,0 and 2,0 mm thickness and HDPE geomembranes of 1,5 and 2,0 mm thickness while the protective layers were of non-woven polyester (PET) geotextiles with mass per unit area of 130, 300, 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\' and polypropylene (PP) with mass per unit area of 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\'. It was also used protective layers made of a fine to medium sand and a typical clayey sand of central area of the State of São Paulo. The study was based on an experimental landfill built to simulate the damage associated to construction procedures and on index and performance laboratory tests. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of damaged geomembranes, the behavior of each protective element was evaluated. Index laboratory test results have shown that the geotextile is able to increase the geomembrane puncture strength and that the strength increase is related to the tensile strength of geotextile and geomembrane. For similar geotextiles, the larger increase in puncture strength was observed for the geomembrane that presented the lower tensile strength. Visual observation of field tests has shown that the introduction of protective layers reduces the mechanical damage; however some physical and performance properties of geomembrane have changed. It was also observed that the performance of geotextiles in the experimental landfill does not depend on the tensile strength, as observed in laboratory index tests. Test results also suggest that field damage associated to the landfill construction are more intense than that observed in laboratory tests such as the dynamic puncture test.

Landfill facilities are required to have a barrier system that will limit escape of contaminants to groundwater and surface water for the contaminating lifespan of landfill. Heat generated by the biodegradation of waste and chemical reactions in landfills reduces the service-life of geomembranes by accelerating the ageing process of high-density polyethylene. It may also lead to the desiccation of clay components of the liners. Four considerations with respect to the evaluation of the potential effects of liner temperature on the service-life of liners and the potential control of liner temperature are examined. For the first time, the likely temperature and service-life of a secondary geomembrane in a double composite lining system is predicted. It is shown that, in some cases, the temperature is likely to be high enough to substantially reduce the service-life of the secondary geomembrane. The possible effectiveness of using tire chips as passive thermal insulation between the primary and secondary liners, as well as traditional soil materials, is then explored. For the barrier system and contaminant examined, the results show that tire chips could potentially lower the temperature of the secondary geomembrane sufficiently to significantly extend its service-life. However, the use of tire chips brings about other practical issues, which are also discussed in this study. An active alternative method of controlling the increase in the landfill liner temperature is then examined. This approach, which is inspired by geothermal heat pumps, involves an array of cooling pipes beneath the waste. Numerical modelling showed that the hypotetical introduction of the cooling pipes resulted in a reasonable decrease in liner temperature. It is suggested that the proposed technique warrants further consideration. Finally the conditions that may lead to the desiccation of geosynthetic clay liners used in composite liners due to waste generated heat are examined and recommendations regarding possible means of mitigating the effects of heat on the performance of GCLs are presented. For example, numerical modelling shows that the hydration of GCL prior to waste placement, liner temperature, overburden stress, depth to aquifer and moisture content and grain size of subsoil affect desiccation. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-07-31 07:34:33.165

O presente trabalho investiga o desempenho de geotêxteis e de solos como elementos de proteção para geomembranas de polivinil clorado (PVC) e de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD). Foram utilizadas geomembranas de PVC com espessuras de 1,0 e 2,0 mm e de PEAD com espessuras de 1,5 e 2,0 mm. Como camadas de proteção utilizaram-se geotêxteis não tecidos de poliéster (PET), com gramaturas de 130, 300, 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\', e de polipropileno (PP), com gramatura de 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\', além de uma areia de granulometria fina a média e uma areia argilosa típica da região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi conduzido através da construção de um aterro experimental para simulação dos danos de instalação em campo e da realização de ensaios índice e de desempenho em laboratório. A eficiência dos materiais de proteção foi avaliada através da análise qualitativa e quantitativa das amostras de geomembranas danificadas. Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório índice mostraram que a introdução do geotêxtil aumenta a resistência à punção da geomembrana, e que o acréscimo de resistência é função das características de resistência à tração do geotêxtil e da geomembrana. O maior incremento de resistência à punção foi observado na geomembrana com menor resistência à tração. Os resultados dos ensaios de campo mostraram que a introdução do elemento de proteção reduz os danos mecânicos apesar da alteração de algumas das propriedades físicas e de desempenho nas geomembranas. Da análise dos resultados, verificou-se que a eficiência dos geotêxteis no campo não é função de suas características de tração, conforme constatado nos ensaios índices. A análise também sugere que os danos mecânicos no campo foram mais intensos do que nos ensaios de desempenho em laboratório. / The performance of non-woven geotextiles and soils as protection elements of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes is studied. The materials used comprised PVC geomembranes of 1,0 and 2,0 mm thickness and HDPE geomembranes of 1,5 and 2,0 mm thickness while the protective layers were of non-woven polyester (PET) geotextiles with mass per unit area of 130, 300, 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\' and polypropylene (PP) with mass per unit area of 400 e 600 g/\'M POT.2\'. It was also used protective layers made of a fine to medium sand and a typical clayey sand of central area of the State of São Paulo. The study was based on an experimental landfill built to simulate the damage associated to construction procedures and on index and performance laboratory tests. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of damaged geomembranes, the behavior of each protective element was evaluated. Index laboratory test results have shown that the geotextile is able to increase the geomembrane puncture strength and that the strength increase is related to the tensile strength of geotextile and geomembrane. For similar geotextiles, the larger increase in puncture strength was observed for the geomembrane that presented the lower tensile strength. Visual observation of field tests has shown that the introduction of protective layers reduces the mechanical damage; however some physical and performance properties of geomembrane have changed. It was also observed that the performance of geotextiles in the experimental landfill does not depend on the tensile strength, as observed in laboratory index tests. Test results also suggest that field damage associated to the landfill construction are more intense than that observed in laboratory tests such as the dynamic puncture test.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de ensaios de fissuramento sob tensão (FST) realizados em geomembranas de polietileno (PE) virgens e degradadas em laboratório. As geomembranas foram degradadas pela exposição à radiação ultravioleta, por envelhecimento térmico em estufa com circulação de ar, e pela compatibilidade química com soda cáustica e com vinhaça. Os resultados destes ensaios demonstram que os processos de degradação a que as geomembranas foram submetidas podem ser considerados catalisadores do fenômeno de FST, pois ocorreram reduções de resistência ao FST da ordem de 50 a 60%, com exceção para a amostra em compatibilidade química com vinhaça, que obteve aumento de 17% na resistência ao FST / This work presents results of stress cracking tests (SC) accomplished in virgin and degraded polyethylene (PE) geomembranes at laboratory. Geomembranes were degraded by exposition to ultraviolet radiation, by thermal aging in oven with circulation of air, and by chemical compatibility with sodium hydroxide and with leachate of alcohol production. The results of these tests demonstrate that the degradation processes of the geomembranes were submitted can be considered catalysts of the phenomenon of SC, because they happened resistance reductions to stress crack resistance of the order from 50 to 60%, with exception for the sample in chemical compatibility with leachate of alcohol production, that had an increase of 17% in the stress crack resistance

Improvements in quality of life, population growth, and environmental restrictions associated with the burning of fossil fuels will accentuate the need for renewable energy and energy geo-storage. A salient characteristic of these systems is that they impose numerous cycles of effective stress, temperature, and humidity on the surrounding geomaterials. This thesis quantifies future energy consumption based on realizable scenarios and explores the behavior of geomaterials subjected to mechanical and thermal cycles in view of energy-related applications. The long-term behavior of geotechnical systems subjected to a large number of mechanical load cycles is studied with a new numerical scheme based on a hybrid finite element formulation. The numerical scheme satisfies initial conditions as well as fundamental characteristics of soil behavior, such as threshold strain, terminal density, and long-term ratcheting. Numerical results show that shallow foundations subjected to repetitive loading experience strain accumulation and stress redistribution. On the other hand, the long-term behavior of energy piles, exposed geomembranes on slopes, and jointed rock masses subjected to cyclic thermal changes is studied using a combination of numerical, analytical, and experimental methods. Results show that thermal cycles lead to the gradual accumulation of plastic displacements, which may be amplified by thermally-induced wedging in jointed rock masses. In general, cumulative effects caused by repetitive loads increase with the number of cycles, the static factor of safety, the amplitude of the cyclic excitation, and the magnitude of the cyclically-induced displacement with respect to the critical elastic displacement.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de ensaios de fissuramento sob tensão (FST) realizados em geomembranas de polietileno (PE) virgens e degradadas em laboratório. As geomembranas foram degradadas pela exposição à radiação ultravioleta, por envelhecimento térmico em estufa com circulação de ar, e pela compatibilidade química com soda cáustica e com vinhaça. Os resultados destes ensaios demonstram que os processos de degradação a que as geomembranas foram submetidas podem ser considerados catalisadores do fenômeno de FST, pois ocorreram reduções de resistência ao FST da ordem de 50 a 60%, com exceção para a amostra em compatibilidade química com vinhaça, que obteve aumento de 17% na resistência ao FST / This work presents results of stress cracking tests (SC) accomplished in virgin and degraded polyethylene (PE) geomembranes at laboratory. Geomembranes were degraded by exposition to ultraviolet radiation, by thermal aging in oven with circulation of air, and by chemical compatibility with sodium hydroxide and with leachate of alcohol production. The results of these tests demonstrate that the degradation processes of the geomembranes were submitted can be considered catalysts of the phenomenon of SC, because they happened resistance reductions to stress crack resistance of the order from 50 to 60%, with exception for the sample in chemical compatibility with leachate of alcohol production, that had an increase of 17% in the stress crack resistance

Geosynthetics are used in conjunction with soil/particulate materials to serve various functions like reinforcement, drainage, filtration and containment. The shear behavior of soil-geosynthetic interfaces hugely depends upon on the morphological properties of particulate materials and surface characteristics of geosynthetics. However, many researchers have ignored the effects of morphology, owing to the difficulty in finding the morphological characteristics of sand particles. Few of them used visual, manual and imaged based quantifications, which are not very effective. Also, the effects of particle size and morphology are often combined and the individual effect of these parameters cannot be easily separated. In addition to this, there are very few studies which have given importance to quantitative understanding of surface features/roughness of geosynthetics and almost all of them are limited to 2D surface measurements. The objective of this thesis is to understand the interface shear mechanisms of sand-geosynthetic systems through modified large interface direct shear tests coupled with morphological characterization of sands using advanced image based and optical techniques and surface topographical analysis of geosynthetics using 3D interferometry. The individual effects of particle size and morphology on interface shear mechanism are investigated by carefully selecting the sands having specific size fractions and different morphological characteristics. A new computational method based on image analysis is proposed in this study to quantify the morphology of sands (roundness, sphericity and roughness) more accurately by writing several algorithms and implementing them in MATLAB. The roundness and sphericity of sand particles in this method are quantified as per Wadell (1932) and Krumbein and Sloss (1963) respectively and the root mean square roughness is used as a measure of surface roughness. Out of total four sands, namely coarse sand (CS), medium sand (MS), fine sand (FS) and angular coarse sand (ACS) used in this study, CS, MS and FS have similar morphology and different particle sizes, whereas CS and ACS have same size and dissimilar morphology. The effects of size and morphology of sand particles on the interface shear behavior are examined through direct shear tests on dilative and non-dilative interfaces. After examining the boundary effects on deformation patterns analyzed using shear bands in conventional, fixed box and symmetric interface direct shear tests, symmetric interface direct shear test is observed to show uniformity in stresses and deformations across the shear box and hence the same is adopted in this thesis. Test results revealed that the peak interface friction and dilation angles in case of dilative interfaces are hugely dependent upon the interlocking between the sand particles and the asperities of geosynthetic material, which in turn depend on the relative size of sand particles and asperities. Highest interface shear strength is observed when the asperity size of the geosynthetic material matches with the mean particle size of sand, which is also manifested in terms of highest shear band thickness. Direct shear tests on non-dilative interfaces (sand-smooth geomembrane) revealed that interface friction angle depends on the number of effective contacts rather than the particle size. Morphology of sands is found to have major influence on the interface shear strength among all the parameters investigated. Results from interface shear tests are examined in the light of topographical analysis of sand particles and shear induced surface changes in geomembrane. Possible shearing mechanisms at the interface and the influence of particle size, morphology and normal stress on sliding or plowing are brought out from 3D surface roughness measurements using 3D optical profilometer. The stress-shear displacement response of sand-geomembrane interfaces are correlated to the surface changes on sheared geomembranes through visual observations and roughness quantifications. Medium sand used in this study could make more number of effective contacts with deeper grooves, resulting in highest interface friction. The number of grooves are less in case of coarse sand and the depth of grooves is less in case of fine sand, resulting in lesser interface friction for these two sands compared to medium sand, supporting the results of interface shear tests.

This thesis documents the development of a simulation strategy to model the behavior of geomembranes at large deformations using the explicit finite difference code FLAC3D. The geomembrane is represented by special shell elements and interfaces at both sides of the geomembrane duplicating the interaction with the overlying and underlying materials. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to geotextiles and geomembranes, and their use in geotechnical engineering. Special attention is paid to pull-out tests because of their importance to describe the behavior at large deformations. Chapter 2 describes the proposed ‘liner’ model concept to simulate the interaction of a geomembrane with the over- and underlying material. Furthermore, this chapter documents in detail the simulation of uniaxial pull-out tests for validation of the proposed ‘liner’ model concept and compares it with the FLAC3D built-in geogrid element. To clarify more clearly the potential failure (crack propagation and rupture process) of the geomembrane, the ‘liner’ model under biaxial loading was investigated in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 documents a detailed parameter study with a special focus on the stiffness and frictional behavior of the ‘liner’ element using a simplified waste dump. In chapter 5 a new constitutive model (“Femesalz”) is proposed to describe the visco-elasto-plastic behavior of crushed salt and waste rock salt, respectively. The “Femesalz” constitutive model together with the ‘liner’ model is applied to simulate the behavior of a rock salt waste dump (2.5-dimensional) to validate both, the new constitutive model “Femesalz” as well as the ‘liner’ model. Chapter 6 documents the use of the ‘liner’ element and the “Femesalz” constitutive model to simulate salt dump models in 2D and 3D on different terrain types (mountain, valley, plain) for a time of 100 years to generate large deformations. Chapter 7 contains the main conclusions and recommendations.:ABSTRACT AND STRUCTURE OF THESIS 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4 CONTENTS 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 10 NOMENCLATURE 16 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND STATE-OF-THE-ART 22 1.1 Geosynthetic for geoengineering projects (overview) 22 1.2 Pull-out tests (overview) 29 CHAPTER 2: “LINER” CONCEPT AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF UNIAXIAL PULL-OUT TESTS 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Numerical calculations 39 2.2.1 General considerations 39 2.2.2 Concept of the 'liner' element 40 2.2.3 'Geogrid' versus 'liner' element 41 2.2.4 Verification of ‘liner’ element 42 2.2.5 Conclusions 58 CHAPTER 3: BIAXIAL LOADING OF “LINER” MODEL 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Model set-up 61 3.3 Results of biaxial pull-out test simulation 63 3.4 Summary and Conclusions 71 CHAPTER 4: PARAMETER STUDY OF EMBEDDED GEOMEMBRANE 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Model set-up 74 4.3 Results 77 4.3.1 Influence of interface stiffness 80 4.3.2 Influence of interface friction 87 4.4 Conclusions 93 CHAPTER 5: CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR SALT DUMP 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.1.1 Overview of constitutive models for rock salt 97 5.1.2 Overview of constitutive models for crushed salt 104 5.2 ‘Femesalz’ constitutive model for crushed salt 106 5.2.1 Introduction 106 5.2.2 Compaction test 111 5.2.3 Triaxial test and realistic waste dump simulation 114 5.2.4 Numerical salt dump simulations 115 5.3 Summary 122 CHAPTER 6: SIMULATIONS CONSIDERING TOPOGRAPHY OF UNDERLYING MATERIAL 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Model set-up 123 6.3 Model parameters and calculation sequence 131 6.4 Calculation results 132 6.5 Discussion of results and conclusions 139 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS 141 REFERENCE 143