SUMMARY: The diploma thesis is focused on application of natural science methods - geophysics and above all geochemistry - in archaeology. Geophysical and geochemical techniques have become an integral part of non-destructive archaeology over time. While geophysical methods have been practiced in a wide array of archaeological surveys for many decades, geochemical methods have been used to a greater extent up to in recent years. In addition, the application of geochemistry in archaeology is, in most cases, limited only to the analysis of phosphates in soil applied to small spatial units. The potential of geochemistry in dealing with archaeological issues remains still unused due to the limited understanding of the context. This is also reflected in the absence of publications that would allow a good-quality interpretation of geochemical data in connection with archaeology. Geophysical and geochemical procedures were applied during the survey of the selected area in the locality of Hillfort Vinoř, located on the northeastern outskirts of Prague. The aim of this survey was to contribute to the widening of the existing knowledge of the locality with an emphasis on the wider context. Two methods were chosen for the geophysical survey - dipole electromagnetic profiling (DEMP) and electrical resistivity...

Reservoir history matching is becoming increasingly important with the growing demand for higher quality formation characterization and forecasting and the increased complexity and expenses for modern hydrocarbon exploration projects. History matching has long been dominated by adjusting reservoir parameters based solely on well data whose spatial sparse sampling has been a challenge for characterizing the flow properties in areas away from the wells. Geophysical data are widely collected nowadays for reservoir monitoring purposes, but has not yet been fully integrated into history matching and forecasting fluid flow. In this thesis, I present a pioneering approach towards incorporating different time-lapse geophysical data together for enhancing reservoir history matching and uncertainty quantification. The thesis provides several approaches to efficiently integrate multiple geophysical data, analyze the sensitivity of the history matches to observation noise, and examine the framework’s performance in several settings, such as the Norne field in Norway. The results demonstrate the significant improvements in reservoir forecasting and characterization and the synergy effects encountered between the different geophysical data. In particular, the joint use of electromagnetic and seismic data improves the accuracy of forecasting fluid properties, and the usage of electromagnetic data has led to considerably better estimates of hydrocarbon fluid components. For volatile oil and gas reservoirs the joint integration of gravimetric and InSAR data has shown to be beneficial in detecting the influx of water and thereby improving the recovery rate. Summarizing, this thesis makes an important contribution towards integrated reservoir management and multiphysics integration for reservoir history matching.

Declining groundwater tables threatens several municipalities in Sweden which drinking water is collected from. To ensure a sound drinking water supply, the Geological Survey of Sweden has initiated a groundwater exploration plan. Airborne electromagnetic measurements have seen an uprise in hydrogeophysical projects and have a great potential to achieve high-quality models, especially when combined with drilling data. In 2018, the Geological Survey of Sweden conducted an airborne electromagnetic survey, using the SkyTEM system, in the outskirts of Örebro, Sweden. SkyTEM is a time-domain system and is the most favoured system in hydrogeophysical investigations and was developed especially with hydrogeophysical applications in mind. It is unique by being able to measure interleaved low and high moment current pulses which enables for both high resolution close to surface and increased depth of investigation. During 2019, further drilling in the area including both lithological, and geophysical logging including natural gamma and normal resistivity were carried out. High natural gamma radiation typically indicates content of clay in the rocks. The geology in the area is well explored since the 1940’s when oil was extracted from alum shale in Kvarntorp, located in the survey area. Rocks of sedimentary origin reaches approximately 80 m down until contact with bedrock. Well preserved layers of limestone, shale, alum shale and sandstone are common throughout the area. Combining SkyTEM data with borehole data increases the confidence and generates a model better reflecting the geology in the area. The AarhusInv inversion code was used to perform the modelling, developed by the HydroGeophysical Group (HGG) at Aarhus University, Denmark. Four different models along one single line were generated by using 3, 4, 6 and 30 layers for the reference model in the inversion. Horizontal constraints were applied to all models. Vertical constraints were only applied to the 30 layer model. The survey flight altitude is considered high and in combination with removal of data points being affected by noise, the maximum number of layers in the final model is limited to three. This suggests that the 3 layer model is the most representative model for this survey. The conductive shale seen in the geophysical log is visible in all models at a depth of roughly 40-60 m which is consistent with the geophysical log. No information is retrieved below the shale which concludes that the contact between the sandstone and crystalline rock is not resolved. The lack of information below a highly conductive structure is expected due to shielding effects. This study recommend to carefully assess the flight altitude at quality-control analysis during survey design.

This paper presents new interpretations of two normal-slip, low-angle faults near Smithfield and Richmond, Utah. The faults have previously been interpreted as landslides, gravity slides, slide blocks, and depositional contacts. Recent work in the Basin and Range province allows new interpretations concerning the origins of the low­-angle faults. Working hypotheses used to interpret origins of the faults are classified as folded thrust fault, rotated high-angle normal fault, gravity slide, listric normal fault, and low-­angle normal fault Among these general categories are several subhypotheses. The evaluation of each hypothesis includes a description of the geologic requirements of the hypothesis, a comparison of field data to the requirements, and a conclusion regarding the hypothesis. Field maps, computer analyses of fault orientations, geophysical surveys, well logs, and published discussions of low-angle-fault origins provide the data base from which to derive conclusions. The data best fit a low-angle-normal-fault hypothesis which states that low-angle normal faults in the study area represent a pre-Basin and Range style of extensional tectonism in which principal stress axes were in a transitional state between compressional tectonism and modern Basin and Range extensional tectonism. The northern low-angle normal fault formed as early as the late Eocene, followed by the southern low-angle normal fault in the early to middle Miocene(?). Episodes of high­-angle normal faulting followed formation of the southern low-angle normal fault. The faulting history indicates that two distinct stress states existed resulting in two different styles of normal faults. Schematic cross-sectional reconstructions based on two other low-angle-normal­fault subhypotheses and the gravity-slide subhypothesis 2 indicated that these subhypotheses could be valid However, the two low-angle-normal-fault subhypotheses cannot account for transitional stress states, and the gravity-slide subhypothesis explains only the southern low-angle normal fault. On the basis of geologic simplicity, the best hypothesis should explain both low-angle faults because of their similarities in deformation, orientation, and age. The applicability of the low-angle-normal-fault model to the rest of the Basin and Range province is somewhat limited. Too many local variables are involved to allow one model to be regionally applied. (112 pages)

The geologic setting of the Portland Basin is ideal for gravity surveys because of the large density contrasts between geologic units. The Portland Basin consists of a north-northwest-trending syncline in the Columbia River basalt overlain by Pliocene to Recent alluvium. This study was undertaken to define structures in the Portland Basin which are obscured by the alluvium. An areal gravity survey of the Portland Basin covering approximately 450 square kilometers was conducted for this study.

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The Schlumberger array, or Schlumberger, was one of the first resistance arrays to be used to detect buried archaeological features. The early work used fixed probes and widely spaced traverses. Recent simulation work, ýhowever, suggested that the array should give improved resolution and depth penetration over the Twin-Probe array. This thesis is an attempt to operationalise the Schlumberger for use in archaeological prospection. This has been achieved via a co-ordinated use of laboratory simulation and-field studies. Initial fieldwork in England suggested. that the. - use of point electrodes created response patterns that were dependent upon the relative direction of linear targets. This was verified using a simulation tank modified to represent field procedure. The recognition of this response, therefore, required each survey area to be surveyed twice. The re-survey requires the two current probes to be positioned at right angles to the original survey points. The Schlumberger was then used in a battery of methods to investigate the problem of the archaeological interpretation of- small, discrete scatters of ceramic sherds that cover the landscape in Greece. The research has indicated a variation of intra-site patterning that may be significant to the function of these sites. Overall, the results suggest that the relationship between the 'site' and its environment is a complex one, one that can be oversimplified when the ceramic evidence is viewed in isolation. The Schlumberger indicated possible structural elements within some of these sites.

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