Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-22T12:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000469168-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 900393 bytes, checksum: 31ef33b5546e5fd2a1050b73227c2e0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This present study addresses the problem of assimilability between models of the physiological body and socio-polítical organization, based mainly on the homologous use of the concept of regulation in both the medical-scientific and polítical fields. The works of Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) in philosophy and the history of science permit an approach to the use of models in the life sciences and an analysis of informational transit between the socio-polítical and medicalbiological contexts, according to the structural, functional, and normative levels of each. From this, the "prosthetic" bias of life and biological bias of technique are discussed. Canguilhem's considerations converge to make his work an interaction between the four categories: politics, science, life, and technology. Organic individuality and the way human societies are organized are discussed by the author in the light of the sociology of Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, the physiology of Claude Bernard, René Leriche, François Broussais, and Xavier Bichat, and the technological philosophy of Alfred Espinas, A. A. Cournot, and other scientists and philosophers in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Georges Canguilhem is usually classified in what as known as historical epistemology, along with Michel Foucault, Gaston Bachelard, and Jean Cavaillès. In conclusion, here we call attention to the theoretical support extracted from Canguilhem's work as a contribution to the search for philosophical methods to consider the entanglement between art, politics, and life sciences, fields that are seen to interact in the production of knowledge and action. / O presente estudo aborda o problema da assimilabilidade entre modelos de organismo fisiológico e organização político-social, pautado principalmente pelo uso homólogo do conceito de regulação entre os domínios médico-científico e político. Os trabalhos em filosofia e história das ciências de Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) permitem abordar o uso de modelos no âmbito das ciências da vida e analisar o trânsito informacional entre o âmbito político-social e médico-biológico, segundo os níveis estrutural, funcional e normativo. Discute-se a partir disso o viés “protético” da vida e o viés biológico da técnica. As considerações de Canguilhem convergem para determinação de sua obra enquanto campo de interação entre as quatro categorias: política, científica, vital e tecnológica. A individualidade orgânica e o modo de organização das sociedades humanas são discutidas pelo filósofo à luz da sociologia de Auguste Comte e Emile Durkheim, da fisiologia de Claude Bernard, de René Leriche, de François Broussais, de Xavier Bichat, da filosofia tecnológica de Alfred Espinas, de A. A. Cournot e outros cientistas/filósofos ambientados na França dos séculos XIX e XX. Georges Canguilhem é habitualmente classificado no quadro da chamada Epistemologia Histórica, em conjunto com Michel Foucault, Gaston Bachelard e Jean Cavaillès. Em suma, apontamos aqui para um aporte teórico extraído da obra canguilhemeana enquanto contribuição à busca de métodos filosóficos para pensar o enredamento entre técnica, política, e ciências da vida, domínios que se mostram interagentes na produção de saber e de ação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T12:03:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000478123-Texto+Parcial-0.pdf: 1785022 bytes, checksum: d03a666af7b53f5454406d7c560f182e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle [Workshop of Potential Literature]) is a post-World War literary movement founded by mathematicians and writers amongst whom we find famous personalities such as Raymond Queneau, Italo Calvino, Georges Perec and Jacques Roubaud. The Oulipo is based on the formal constraint as a "machine" of artistic creation in two ways: on the one side, an analytical approach which studies "plagiats par anticipation [anticipatory plagiarism]", i. e., the writers who worked on the formal constraints before the Oulipo; on the other hand, a synthetic approach based on innovation and experimentation with new literary constraints. Firstly, this doctoral dissertation discusses concepts (implicitly or explicitly) presented in the manifestos of the group and in the critical texts and interviews with Georges Perec, concerning mainly the concept of constraint. Secondly, it discusses these notions in the work of Perec, including the lipogram novel La disparition (2009a [1969]). The heart of this part is to analyze the relationship between the discourse of the Oulipo and its immediate and visible effects in La disparition, therefore between constraint and aesthetic formalism. As theoretical basis, the concepts of metatextuality as proposed by Bernard Magné (1986; 1989), the death of the author as proposed by Roland Barthes (2004), intertextuality as proposed by Kristeva (2005) and reader as proposed by Wolfgang Iser (1996; 1999) and Umberto Eco (1991) are essentials, among others. At the end, extracts of La disparition translated into Portuguese by the author are presented, based on the theoretical work of Haroldo de Campos (2004), which considers translation as a device of critical appropriation. / O grupo literário Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle [Ateliê de Literatura Potencial]) surgiu na década de 1960, na França, e postulava, a partir da aproximação entre literatura e matemática, a utilização de contraintes para a criação literária e para os estudos sobre literatura. Conforme o Oulipo, que tinha entre seus integrantes Raymond Queneau, Italo Calvino, Jacques Roubaud e Georges Perec, toda a obra literária possui restrições formais, cabendo ao escritor ter consciência desse processo. Um dos romances que tornaram o grupo famoso foi La disparition, de 1969, escrito sem a vogal “e”, a mais utilizada em francês. Nessa obra, a restrição está intimamente ligada a um jogo metatextual, em que se alude constantemente à ausência da vogal. Partindo da hipótese de que nem um autor, grupo ou movimento literário tem controle sobre os sentidos ou interpretações dos textos a ele ligados, este estudo se propõe a debater os postulados oulipianos, sobretudo o conceito de contrainte, e suas consequências nos estudos literários. Além disso, apresenta-se uma análise da obra de Georges Perec, com destaque para o romance La disparition (2009a [1969]). Para efetivar tal análise, propõe-se também a tradução de extratos do livro, sendo a tradução aqui entendida como crítica (CAMPOS, 2004). A discussão teórica partirá de alguns conceitos da teoria literária, como os de morte do autor de Roland Barthes (2004), de intertextualidade de Julia Kristeva (2005), de metatextual de Bernard Magné (1986; 1989), de leitor de Wolfgang Iser (1996; 1999) e Umberto Eco (1991) e de jogo de Huizinga (2012) e Agamben (2007), dentre outros.

Saint Georges : “Un Saint “Partagé” en Méditerranée ? Approche historique et anthropologique du pèlerinage (Turquie et Liban)Résumé Les peuples du bassin méditerranéen partagent depuis multimillénaires des manières de vivre et de pratiquer leur foi, qui résistent aux divisions religieuses et aux manipulations politiques Le paysage religieux de la Méditerranée orientale est plus complexe et marqué par un foisonnement de formes de convergence interconfessionnelle moins éclatantes. Certains sanctuaires ambigus convoquent parfois les fidèles des trois religions monothéistes. Cette thèse souligne les transformations récentes du religieux et la conversion du regard anthropologique vers une lecture plus sensible aux changements économiques, politiques et culturels qui affectent rites et sanctuaires Bien que cette thèse porte sur deux études de cas particuliers, à savoir Aya Yorgi en Turquie et Mar Jirjes al Batiyeh au Liban, elle s’appuie sur une recherche multidisciplinaire pour définir un contexte plus large. Ces lieux sont explorés en profondeur grâce à une analyse qualitative, tout en prenant en compte des travaux parallèles concernant d’autres sites tels que Lod (Israël), Edirne (Turquie) et Athènes (Grèce). Partant de la recherche de la spiritualité autour des sites dédiés à saint Georges, mes découvertes révèlent des aspirations spirituelles et séculières et suggèrent une déconstruction de pôles de sens tels que sacré et profane, mouvement et lieu, religion et laïcité, communauté et individu. En s’appuyant sur diverses approches méthodologiques, cette étude arrive à la conclusion que, contrairement à la perception commune, les formes traditionnelles de rituels religieux ne sont pas nécessairement incompatibles avec la culture de consommation moderne. A travers celle-ci, les traditions religieuses sont en train de se revitaliser. La popularité renouvelée du pèlerinage aujourd'hui montre comment certains paysages et espaces religieux comme ceux d'Aya Yorgi et d'Al Batiye sont restés importants grâce aux mouvements politiques et religieux, à la littérature, aux médias, aux marchés touristiques spécialisés et à l'entreprise privée. Enfin, cette étude révèle une image d'une grande diversité de groupes et d'individus qui les visitent.Dans le monde universitaire occidental moderne, le sujet des saints et des pèlerinages « partagés » semble avoir été le plus clairement mis en évidence par un archéologue britannique vivant au début du siècle dernier et poursuivant des recherches à la British School d'Athènes, où il s'est concentré sur des sanctuaires ambigus dans les anciennes possessions ottomanes, principalement dans les Balkans et en Anatolie, avec un intérêt supplémentaire pour la Syrie et la Palestine. FW Hasluck (1878-1920) a étudié ces sites avec un regard particulier sur la religion populaire turque et le transfert de sanctuaires de tradition religieuse à une autre, en plus des cas de parrainage multi-religieux continu et fluide sur un même sanctuaire, comme c’est aussi le cas dans cette étude. Son œuvre, portant sur le christianisme et l'islam sous les sultans, est la plus complète de ce genre. / Saint Georges: "A Shared Saint" in the Mediterranean ? An Historical and Anthropological Approach to Pilgrimage (Turkey and Lebanon)Abstract The people of the Mediterranean basin share ways of living and practicing their faith, which resist religious divisions and political manipulations. The religious landscape of the Eastern Mediterranean is more complex and is marked by forms of inter-confessional convergence. This thesis is an anthropological gaze towards a reading of political and cultural changes that affect sanctuaries and recent transformations of rites around two ambiguous shrines. Although this thesis pays attention to two case studies in particular, namely Aya Yorgi in Turkey and Mar Jirjes al Batiyeh in Lebanon, it draws on multi–disciplinary research in order to set a broader context. These places are explored deeply through qualitative analysis, while at the same time taking note of parallel work concerned with other sites such as Lod, Edirne and Athens. Ranging from the search for spirituality around the sites dedicated to St George, my findings that include spiritual as well as secular aspirations suggest a deconstruction of poles of meaning such as sacred and profane, movement and place, religion and secularity, community and individual. This methodologically diverse study argues that, contrary to perception, traditional forms of religious rituals are not necessarily incompatible with late–modern consumer culture. Through consumer culture, religious traditions are being revitalized. Despite the “deep rooted kinship” of the territorial resemblances of modern Turkey and Lebanon, for almost one hundred years, they have been evolving in their own separate lines and pace. Turkey has almost managed to become a nation state after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, less heterogeneous in terms of religious confessions and growing prevalence of Sunni Islam in public and private sphere along with ambivalent secularism. However Lebanon on the other hand is a small country in the region with sectarian political structural system where the confessions sometimes act like different ethnical entities and creating a nation is still a goal matter. Therefore via this study I aim to clarify if the difference between two countries’ demographic, linguistic, and socio political constructions have impact on the attribution of meaning to recently popular anthropological research area: “shared sacred sites” The shared sacred sites that I am scrutinizing throughout this study are both dedicated to Saint George - an outstanding saintly figure all around Middle East, Europe and Balkans: Aya Yorgi is the Turco-Greek name for Saint George and Mar Jirjes (Jiryes, Gerges) is the name given to the same saint in Lebanese Arabic.

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In the latter half of the 20th-century and into the 21st, William Burroughs, Samuel Delany, and bioartists such as Oron Catts, Orlan, and Stelarc have all attempted to create works which respond to the increasing biopoliticization of contemporary society. The biopolitics of today seek to regularize life and structure it according to the imperatives of economic thought, a process by which the human becomes the Foucauldian homo oeconomicus. This restricted logic of biopolitics desperately tries to cover the explosive excess of the world today, what Bataille calls general economy. The artists under consideration in this work attempt to uncover this state of excess. While they are typically seen as exploring fantastic realms of the transgressive or, in the case of bioartists, attempting to emulate science fiction, in fact it is their realism which provokes. These artists reveal the heterological body, that which cannot be contained or described by the biopolitical regime. In so doing, they rewrite our standards of taste and point the way to understandings of the human that have been otherwise unavailable to us. William Burroughs in Naked Lunch highlights the manipulability of affect in contemporary society through the reduction of the human to bare life. He uses the figure of flesh/meat as a way of depicting the heterogeneous body and to generate a counter-affect, or free-floating affect, which unlike typical affect, is not worked up into emotion. Samuel Delany, too, describes the heterogeneous or destabilized body in the heterotopia of his novel Dhalgren. While Burroughs is unable or unwilling to gesture towards the potentially radical implications of the heterogeneous body, Delany proposes a new model of community that rests upon the revelation of the heterogeneous body, a community which acts as one informed by an affirmative biopolitics. Bioart, a somewhat vexed genre of art, attempts to construct artworks that both utilize and critique new science and technology of the body. The life sciences are complicit in the rise of the biopolitical state and further the view of the human as constrained by its material substrate. Fetishistic bioart problematically reproduces a fascination with the life sciences and advanced technology. However, the bioart which I call sacred has a demystifying effect and attempts to use the knowledge gained by the life sciences to expand our understanding of the human, going beyond the bounds of that very knowledge itself. / English

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