Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 protegidoJacqueline_dissertacao.pdf: 3012964 bytes, checksum: 337f371fa8c665bb4fdfdc22709938da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-02 / The soil spatial variability s studies are based in geostatistics which appears as a method whose data comes from natural phenomena and consider the geographical location of the phenomenon. If in an area under study the researcher has interest in searching the variability of variables and has evidence that the steps which describe the spatial structure of this variables aren t independent a geostatistical bivariate model study can be proposed. This work concentrates on evaluating the variation s influence of the bivariate Gaussian common component model (BGCCM) parameters in calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient and analyzing the influence that sizes and sampling settings may present at the BGCCM s estimation and at spatial prediction variables in non-sampled locations. Moreover, for co-placed samples, crossed semivariograms were built and compared with univariate model and BGCCM, in relation to estimates of the model and the sizes associated with the spatial prediction. In order to do it, these methodologies were applied in simulated data sets and experimental data, from an agricultural property. The simulation study of the parameters variation influence s analysis of the bivariate model BGCCM in calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient between described variables of bivariate model BGCCM revealed that the Pearson s linear correlation coefficient can t be considered in decision-making about the presence of joint spatial dependence between pairs of variables. In the study with simulations, it was observed that the biggest differences of accuracy measures and the square sum of the spatial prediction s difference occurred when the univariate models and crossed semivariogram were compared to the BGCCM. Moreover, the simulation s study observed that for balanced data the regular and irregular meshes showed better efficiency as the spatial prediction. The study with real data showed that under the BGCCM approach, spatial dependence was observed, mainly between pH and Mn for co-placed and balanced data of the agriculture year 2010/2011; and between the variable inside of the next pairs: (Prod, RSP0-10), (Prod, RSP11-20), (Prod, RSP21-30) and (Prod, Mn) for co-placed and balanced data of the agriculture year 2013/2014; and (Prod, RSP11-20) and (Prod, RSP21-30) for co-placed and unbalanced data of the agriculture year 2013/2014. Still considering the real data study comparing the univariated models, crossed semivariogram and BGCCM, differences could be observed in the square sum of prediction s difference and in the accuracy measures, both for balanced and unbalanced data. However, considering the real data and the control sample, the spatial prediction s quality using the BGCCM model was inefficient when compared to the quality resulted from the spatial prediction using the univariate model. Nevertheless, this result may have been influenced by the choice of sample configuration. / Estudos da variabilidade espacial do solo estão baseados na geoestatística, que se apresenta como um método cujos dados provêm de fenômenos naturais e que consideram a localização geográfica do fenômeno. Se numa área em estudo o pesquisador tem interesse em pesquisar a variabilidade das variáveis e se há evidências que os passos que descrevem a estrutura espacial dessas variáveis não são independentes pode-se propor o estudo de um modelo geoestatístico bivariado. Este trabalho concentrou-se em avaliar a influência da variação dos parâmetros do modelo bivariado com componente de correlação parcialmente comum (bivariate Gaussian common component model BGCCM) no cálculo do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson e analisar a influência que tamanhos e configurações amostrais podem apresentar na estimação do modelo BGCCM e na predição espacial de variáveis em localizações não amostradas. Além disso, para amostras co-locadas, construíram-se os semivariogramas cruzados e comparou-se com o modelo univariado e BGCCM, em relação às estimativas do modelo e as medidas associadas à predição espacial. Para isso, essas metodologias foram aplicadas em conjuntos de dados simulados e dados experimentais, provenientes de uma propriedade agrícola. O estudo de simulação da análise da influência da variação dos parâmetros do modelo bivariado BGCCM no cálculo do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre as variáveis descritas do modelo bivariado BGCCM revelou que o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson não pode ser considerado na tomada de decisão quanto à presença de dependência espacial conjunta entre pares de variáveis. No estudo com simulações observou-se que as maiores diferenças das medidas de acurácia e da soma quadrada da diferença entre as predições espaciais ocorreram quando se comparou os modelos univariado e semivariograma cruzado com o BGCCM. Ainda no estudo de simulação observou-se que para os dados balanceados as malhas regular e irregular apresentaram melhor eficiência quanto à predição espacial. O estudo com dados reais mostrou que, sob a abordagem do modelo BGCCM, observou-se a presença de dependência espacial principalmente entre pH e Mn para dados co-locados e balanceados do ano agrícola 2010/2011; e entre as variáveis dentro dos seguintes pares: (Prod, RSP0-10), (Prod, RSP11-20), (Prod, RSP21-30) e (Prod, Mn) para dados co-locados e balanceados do ano agrícola 2013/2014; e (Prod, RSP11-20) e (Prod, RSP21-30) para dados co-locados e desbalanceados do ano agrícola 2013/2014. Ainda considerando o estudo com dados reais comparando os modelos univariado, semivariograma cruzado e BGCCM, mostraram diferenças na soma quadrada da diferença da predição e nas medidas acurácia, tanto para dados balanceados como para os desbalanceados. No entanto, considerando os dados reais e a amostra controle, a qualidade da predição espacial usando o modelo BGCCM se mostrou ineficiente quando comparada com a qualidade obtida na predição espacial usando o modelo univariado. Porém, esse resultado pode ter sido influenciado pela escolha da configuração amostral utilizada.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ademir Natal Correa.pdf: 1505539 bytes, checksum: fd8e294f5766bf4043789d75eba28f1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-16 / The objective of this study was to assess the relationship among soil physical attributes and their influences on wheat yield. For this purpose an estimating method, called State-Space Model or dynamic linear regression model, was used and compared to simple and multiple regression models of classical statistics. Experimental data were obtained at a Rhodic Ferralsol, originated from UNIOESTE Agricultural Engineering Experimental Nucleus Cascavel Campus, in an area where wheat was grown. In this area, 3 equally spaced transects, with 97 sampling points, 3.0 meters away from each other, were delimited. The State-Space approach was used to assess wheat yield estimate on position i, influenced by wheat yield, bulk density, soil compaction degree and soil resistance to penetration on position i-1 in different combination between data series of these variables. Applying the State-Space approach, all the response variables presented significant correlation with the dependent variable: soil resistance to penetration was the attribute with the best correlation, presenting R2 coefficient equal to 0.849. The other attributes had R2 coefficient of around 0.800. Comparing to conventional static models, soil resistance to penetration attribute had R2 coefficient equal to 0.102. The other attributes had R2 coefficient equal or less than 0.087, in conventional regression. Utilizing the State-Space approach, the two combinations that indicated the best results were: 1) between wheat yield and soil resistance to penetration that showed the best estimate to wheat yield with R2 coefficient equal to 0.849, while the same combination in conventional regression presented R2 equal to 0.102; 2) between wheat yield, soil compaction degree and soil resistance to penetration, with R2 coefficient equal to 0.836, while the same combination in classical regression presented R2 equal to 0.217. Thus, it is possible to show the advantage of the State-Space approach in relation to other more conventional regression methods for estimating and forecasting in soil-plant system relationship. / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar o relacionamento entre os atributos físicos do solo e a influência destes na produtividade de trigo. Para isso, utilizou-se o método de estimação chamado de Modelo de Espaço de Estados ou modelo de regressão linear dinâmico, comparando-o aos modelos de regressão simples e múltipla da estatística clássica. Os dados experimentais foram obtidos em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro pertencente ao Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Campus de Cascavel, em uma área cultivada com trigo. Foram demarcadas 3 transeções com 97 pontos de amostragem espaçados de 3 m entre si. A abordagem de Espaço de Estados foi usada para avaliar a estimativa da produtividade do trigo na posição i, influenciada por medidas da produtividade do trigo, da densidade do solo, do grau de compactação do solo e da resistência do solo à penetração na posição i-1, em diferentes combinações entre as séries de dados dessas variáveis. Com a aplicação da abordagem de Espaço de Estados, todas as variáveis explicativas utilizadas apresentaram correlação significativa com a variável dependente: a resistência do solo à penetração foi o atributo com a melhor correlação, apresentando o coeficiente de ajuste R2 igual a 0,849. Os demais atributos tiveram os coeficientes R2 em torno de 0,800. Comparando-se com os modelos estáticos convencionais, o atributo resistência do solo à penetração teve o coeficiente de ajuste R2 igual a 0,102 e os demais atributos tiveram os seus coeficientes R2 abaixo de 0,087, na regressão convencional. Utilizando a metodologia de Espaço de Estados, as duas combinações que indicaram os melhores resultados foram a combinação entre produtividade do trigo e resistência do solo à penetração, que apresentou a melhor estimativa para produtividade do trigo, com coeficiente R2 igual a 0,849. A mesma combinação na regressão convencional resultou em R2 igual a 0,102. A segunda melhor combinação ocorreu entre os atributos: produtividade do trigo, grau de compactação do solo e resistência do solo à penetração, com R2 igual a 0,836, sendo que a mesma combinação na regressão clássica teve o coeficiente R2 igual a 0,217. Com isso é possível mostrar-se a vantagem da abordagem de Espaço de Estados em relação a outros métodos de estimativa e previsão para o relacionamento no sistema solo-planta.

O presente trabalho resulta da aplicação de técnicas geoestatística de análise da variabilidade espacial e de estimativas de dados de sondagem de simples reconhecimento com standard penetration test (SPT) objetivando a caracterização geotécnica de uma área com 44 'KM POT.2', situada na porção nordeste do município de Fortaleza (CE). A caracterização geotécnica desta área compreendeu os seguintes processos: montagem de um banco de dados geotécnicos; aplicação de algoritmos de interpolação para elaboração do modelo digital de terreno (MDT); a aplicação de técnicas geoestatísticas de cokrigagem e krigagem ordinária na elaboração do mapa de superfície freática; a construção de um modelo geológico 3D de superfície; o mapeamento de uma superfície do impenetrável ao amostrador do SPT, auxiliado por geoestatística; a modelagem geoestatística 3D dos dados do índice de resistência à penetração (N) do amostrador do SPT, o que possibilitou a estimativa em bancadas por krigagem ordinária de blocos, do referido índice em diversos níveis altimétricos do terreno. Os dados estimados das bancadas foram tratados no programa ArcView 3.1 em ambiente de sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) na elaboração de mapas de uso sugerido de fundações, os quais derivam de uma reclassificação, com base em diversos limites de impenetrável ao SPT, dos dados estimados de N, que permitiu a identificação de áreas favoráveis ao uso de um número finito de elementos estruturais de fundação. / This work results from the application of geostatistical techniques on standard penetration test (SPT) data to the geotechnical characterisation of an area with 44 'KM POT.2' situated on the northeastern region of Fortaleza county, northeastern Brazil. The geotechnical characterization involved the following steps: the geotechnical databank development; the performance of the interpolation algorithms and application to the digital elevation model (DEM); estimation and mapping the water table level with ordinary kriging and cokriging techniques; generation of a 3D surface geological model; geostatistical mapping the SPT maximum hard penetration surface; application of 3D geostatistical modeling techniques to SPT database providing bench estimates on blocks. The SPT estimated data were inserted and reclassified on the geographical information system based on the software ESRI ArcView 3.1 in order to produce the suggested foundation maps with references to SPT penetration limits.

Orientador: Daniella Jorge de Moura / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medeiros_BrendaBatistaLemos_D.pdf: 3219138 bytes, checksum: 90e0adde72fcabc70a0f4008580b3f7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O "wean to finish" é um sistema de criação de suínos que ainda é novo no Brasil, e não existem muitos estudos a respeito do tamanho de grupos e área disponível/animal ideal para suínos criados numa mesma instalação, mas acredita-se que serão obtidos bons resultados, principalmente, no que se refere ao bem-estar e o desempenho dos animais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o bem-estar e o desempenho de suínos, criados em sistema "wean to finish", em diferentes números de animais/baia e em diferentes fases de vida dos animais. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1= avaliados 22 animais e área disponível de 1,12 m2/animal, T2= 24 animais e área disponível de 1,02 m2/animal, T3= 26 animais e área disponível de 0,94 m2/animal, T4= 28 animais e área disponível de 0,88 m2/animal e T5= 30 animais e área disponível de 0,82 m2/animal. Foram avaliados o ambiente térmico (temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do ar) e foi calculado o índice de temperatura e umidade; o ambiente aéreo (gases - NH3 e CO2). Foi utilizada a técnica de geoestatística para monitorar a homogeneidade da distribuição das variáveis térmicas e aéreas da instalação; o ambiente acústico; as variáveis comportamentais; temperatura superficial da pele; os níveis de cortisol salivar, monitoria sanitária (índice de tosse e espirro e escore de consistência de fezes), frequência respiratória, escore de lesão de pele e o desempenho dos animais (peso inicial e final, ganho de peso no período, ganho de peso médio diário e conversão alimentar). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, Teste de Tukey (P<0,05) para a comparação entre médias, pelo programa estatístico SAEG e para as análises não - paramétricas o Teste de Kruskall - Wallis (P<0,05), utilizado o programa estatístico Minitab 15. Os resultados de temperatura e umidade do ar estavam dentro do preconizado como adequado, conforme cada fase de criação estudada. As concentrações dos gases e a velocidade do ar estavam heterogêneas, devido o tipo de ventilação natural, dificultando o controle na instalação. Isso também foi observado em alguns mapas de geoestatística, sendo que apresentaram particularidades para serem justificados. A distribuição dos níveis de pressão sonora em todos os tratamentos de todas as fases estavam abaixo de 85 dB (A), considerado bom. Na avaliação dos comportamentos dos suínos foi nítida a maior frequência em todos os tratamentos dos comportamentos de fuçar e os animais permanecerem deitados e dormindo na fase 1. Já na fase 4, o comportamento que se destacou foi dos animais ficarem deitados. As temperaturas superficiais da pele e a monitoria fisiológica e sanitária também estavam de acordo com a literatura, levando em consideração os horários avaliados e a fase de criação. Para o desempenho foi observado que os melhores resultados foram obtidos no T5. De modo geral, pode-se concluir que os resultados encontrados tanto da monitoria do bem-estar dos animais como de desempenho se complementam, em todos os tratamentos e nas diferentes fases de criação. Como na maioria dos tratamentos e fases de criação, os animais estavam em bem estar, consequentemente verificaram-se no desempenho dos animais ganhos satisfatórios ou até superiores aos esperados / Abstract: The "wean to finish" system is a new way to raise piglets in Brazil. Studies about ideal group size or ideal stocking density for raising these animals in the same building are rarely seen in the literature. Nothing is known about the size of the piglets group or ideal densities to raise the piglets in relation to their performance and welfare. This study has the objective to evaluate the welfare and performance of piglets raised in system wean to finish in different group and in different raising phases. The treatments consist of different number of animals and space allowance per pig: T1 = 22 animals (1.12 m2/pig), T2= 24 animals (1.02 m2/pig), T3= 26 animals (0.94 m2/pig) T4= 28 animals (0.88 m2/pig) e T5= 30 animals (0.82 m2/pig). The environmental variables of the buildings and outside them were evaluated such as: temperature, relative humidity and air velocity the THI index was calculated. The NH3 and CO2 were collected. The geostatistics technique was used to study the homogeneity of the environmental conditions. The sound pressure of the buildings was also evaluated, such as the behavior of the piglets, the surfaces temperatures, the cortisol salivar levels, the health status of the piglets (index coughing and sneezing and consistency of stool), respiratory frequency, frequency of skin injuries and their performance (initial and final weight, weight gain and feed conversion). The treatments was assigned in a completely randomized experimental design, a Tukey test (P <0.05) was performing for means comparison of each treatment using a statistical software for analysis (SAEG). For non-parametric analysis was used Kruskall - Wallis test (P <0.05) and the analysis was performed in the statistical software Minitab 15. The results of temperature and relative humidity of the air were within the expected data by the literature recommendations, in all phases of the piglets. The air velocity and the gases concentration showed an heterogeneous pattern in standard statistics results and in geostatistics, as expected in natural ventilated buildings. The sound pressure levels in all treatments and studied phases were below the recommended by the literature, 85 dB (A). For pig behavioral analysis, pigs spent more time rooting and lying down during phase 1. Lying down was also more frequent during phase 4. Analyzing the piglets behavior, it was observed that some behaviors showed up in a greater frequency depend on the piglet's age. The skin surface temperature and the health status were within the limits recommended by the literature. The results also showed that the best results were obtained in treatment 5, the group of the higher number of animals. Was concluded that all the treatments had the same welfare status, but the higher number of animals presented the best results of performance / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

La plaine de la Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) renferme une nappe phréatique alluviale qualifiée de « ressource patrimoniale ». Débutée il y a près de 500 ans par la création d’un réseau de canaux, la mise en culture de prairies, est encore aujourd’hui, pratiquée selon une technique d’irrigation traditionnelle par submersion. Provenant d’un autre bassin versant, les eaux d’irrigation ont un effet majeur sur la recharge de la nappe. Néanmoins l’urbanisation progressive du territoire, l’augmentation des prélèvements, et le changement climatique, menacent l’équilibre actuel de la nappe de la Crau. La préservation de cette ressource nécessite donc la production d’un outil de gestion performant prenant en compte la globalité de cet hydro-système, ainsi que sa complexité géométrique et hydrologique. Cette thèse présente une approche originale de modélisation hydrogéologique en estimant à chaque étape les variables et paramètres nécessaires de manière indépendante, réduisant ainsi un problème récurrent d’équifinalité. Constituant donc un outil prospectif fiable, ce nouveau modèle est alimenté par des scénarios réalistes permettant d’observer les impacts du changement climatique, de l’évolution de l’occupation des sols planifiée et de réductions occasionnelles de la dotation en eaux d’irrigation à l’horizon 2030. Sous les effets combinés de ces réductions de la recharge (jusqu’à -19%), la nappe phréatique de la Crau pourrait être soumise à une diminution de sa surface piézométrique allant jusqu’à 2 m entrainant l’assèchement de zones humides rares et protégées. / The Crau plain (Southern France) contains an alluvial aquifer described as a regional "heritage resource". Started nearly 500 years ago by creating a network of canals, the cultivation of grasslands is even today performed using a traditional technique of irrigation by flooding. Derived from another watershed, irrigation water has a major impact on the recharge of the aquifer. Nevertheless, urbanization of the territory, increase of uptakes, and climate change threaten the existing balance of the Crau aquifer. The preservation of this resource therefore requires the production of an efficient management tool accounting for the whole hydro-system in its hydrological and geometric complexity. This thesis presents an original approach of hydrogeological modeling by independently estimating, for each step, the necessary variables and parameters, reducing a recurring problem of equifinality. Providing a reliable forecasting tool, this new model is implemented by realistic scenarios to observe the impacts of climate change, the evolution of the planned land-use, and occasional reductions of irrigation input in 2030. Under the combined effects of these recharge reductions (up to -19%) the water table could be subjected to local decreases up to 2 m, leading to the drying up of rare and protected wetlands.

Les interactions entre la nappe phréatique peu profonde et les réseaux d’assainissement sont en général très complexes. Dans le but d’étudier l’impact des variations du niveau de la nappe phréatique sur les dégradations des conduites, un modèle hydrogéologique numérique tridimensionnel (3D) de la nappe phréatique ayant un aquifère multicouche au sein d’une zone de 83 km2 de l’agglomération bordelaise (Mérignac, Pessac, Talence) a été développé, calibré et validé. Pour ce faire, un modèle conceptuel de cet aquifère multicouche a dans un premier temps été défini sur la base des descriptions lithostratigraphiques des forages. Puis un travail géostatistique a été entrepris pour construire les limites des formations géologiques et les cartes piézométriques issues de campagnes de mesures de hauteurs d’eau de la nappe phréatique. Nous avons par la suite développé une méthodologie originale de transformation de l’information lithologique au droit des sondages en perméabilités, puis en champs de perméabilités en utilisant des méthodes géostatistiques. Dans un second temps, les conditions hydrogéologiques ont été simulées en utilisant le logiciel Visual Modflow ©. Les paramètres hydrogéologiques ont été calibrés manuellement et automatiquement sur la base des niveaux d’eau mesurés lors des campagnes de juillet 2010, octobre 2010 et mars 2011. La validation du modèle qui s’est effectuée en simulant les cotes piézométriques au pas mi-décadaire allant de juin 1993 à mai 2012 montre que les chroniques piézométriques observées sur les 35 piézomètres du domaine étudié sont correctement restituées et la dynamique de la nappe phréatique est reproduite. Dans un dernier temps, les distributions spatiales et temporelles des cotes piézométriques simulées ont permis d’identifier les zones d’ennoiement des réseaux d’assainissements en comparant les cotes piézométriques aux cotes des réseaux. Ces zones d’ennoiement ont été comparées aux principaux secteurs de casses de canalisations. Les secteurs de casses de canalisations sont localisés dans les zones à faible probabilité d’ennoiement des conduites. L’environnement naturel hydrogéologique pris comme paramètre isolé ne constitue donc pas un facteur explicatif au phénomène de casses des canalisations. / The interactions between shallow groundwater and sewer network are generally complex. The aim of this research is to study the impact of the water table level variation on the damages of the buried pipes. For this purpose, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical groundwater flow model of the shallow multi-aquifer of the Bordeaux urban area, within a 83 km2 area (Mérignac, Pessac, Talence), is developed, calibrated and validated. In order to do this, in a first step, a conceptual model was built based on stratigraphic descriptions of the boreholes. A geostastistical study was carried out to build the limits of the geological layers and the piezometrical maps from the measurement campaigns of water table levels. Then, an original methodology to transform the description of lithological units to local hydraulic conductivity values is proposed and the reconstruction of hydraulic conductivity fields at the urban scale was performed based on geostatistical methods. In a second step, hydrogeological conditions were simulated using the finite-difference groundwater flow model MODFLOW-2005 (Visual Modflow ©). The hydrogeological parameters were then calibrated manually and automatically based on water table elevation data measured in July 2010, October 2010 and March 2010. The model validation covered 6890 days, from June 1993 to may 2012. The results showed that the simulated heads are quite accurate and reproduce the main dynamics of the system at 35 piezometers. The spatial and temporal distribution of the heads of the piezometers simulated permitted to identify the flooding zones of the sewer network by comparing the piezometric head with the altitude of the networks. The sectors where the pipes are damaged were localized in the zone wherein there is low probability of flooding. Additionally, the natural hydrologic environment, taken as a sole factor, cannot explain the pipe breakage phenomena.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The georeferenced soil sampling using sampling grids is the main strategy of precision agriculture (PA) to recognize the spatial variability of soil attributes, allowing manage them in site-specific. In this context, the objective of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of using different sizes of sampling grids in the characterization of spatial variability of chemical attributes in Oxisols managed with PA in Southern Brazil. Therefore, the work consists of three studies. In studies one and two were used 60 areas (6,046.55 ha), located in 23 counties of North region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The areas were sampled using regular grids of 100 x 100 m (20 areas), 142 x 142 m (20 areas) and 173 x 173 m (20 areas), being that 10 areas of each grid were collected from 0.00-0.10 m and 10 areas from 0.00-0.15 m. The spatial variability of acidity attributes (pHwater and base saturation) and bases related (Ca and Mg) (study one) and the levels of P and K (study two) were analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics. In study three, was used an area of 41.96 ha, located in Boa Vista das Missões - RS, where was made the collect of soil in seven sizes of sample grids, 50 x 50 m, 75 m x 75, 100 x 100 m, 125 m x 125, 150 x 150 m, 175 m and 200 x 175 x 200 m, at depth of 0.00-0.10 m. The levels of P and K were analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics, and the similarity of thematic maps was compared by the coefficient of relative deviation (CRD) and by Pearson correlation matrix (p <0.05). The areas of Oxisols managed with PA in RS, show moderate acidity and high fertility, with the exception of subareas that presents limiting P levels. Independently of the depth sampled, the grid sample sizes used in RS state, in general, are not efficient in capturing the different scales of variability in soil chemical properties. According as increase the sample grid the thematic maps of P (CRD: 24.0 to 36.2%) and K (CRD: 11.7 to 19.4%) show more dissimilar to those obtained in smaller grid (50 x 50 m) considered as reference. Thus, the reduction of sampling grid sizes increases the accuracy of the information generated through thematic maps, allowing to do prescriptions of lime and fertilizers on site-specific with greater efficiency, and should be recommended in future sampling plans of soil adopted in PA areas in Southern Brazil. / A amostragem georreferenciada de solo utilizando malhas regulares é a principal estratégia da agricultura de precisão (AP) para reconhecer a variabilidade espacial dos atributos de solo, possibilitando manejá-los em sítio-específico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do uso de diferentes dimensões de malhas amostrais na caracterização da variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos em Latossolos Vermelhos manejados com AP no Sul do Brasil. Para tanto, o trabalho constitui-se de três estudos. Nos estudos um e dois utilizaram-se 60 áreas (6.046,55 ha), localizadas em 23 municípios da região Norte do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). As áreas foram amostradas utilizando malhas regulares de 100 x 100 m (20 áreas); 142 x 142 m (20 áreas) e 173 x 173 m (20 áreas), sendo que 10 áreas de cada malha foram coletadas de 0,00-0,10 m e 10 áreas de 0,00-0,15 m. A variabilidade espacial dos atributos de acidez (pHágua e saturação por bases) e bases relacionadas (Ca e Mg) (estudo um) e dos teores de P e K (estudo dois) foram analisadas por meio da estatística descritiva e geoestatística. No estudo três, utilizou-se uma área de 41,96 ha, localizada em Boa Vista das Missões RS, onde foi realizada a coleta de solo em sete dimensões de malha amostral, 50 x 50 m, 75 x 75 m, 100 x 100 m, 125 x 125 m, 150 x 150 m, 175 x 175 m e 200 x 200 m, na profundidade de 0,00-0,10 m. Os teores de P e K foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e da geoestatística, e a similaridade dos mapas temáticos foi comparada pelo coeficiente de desvio relativo (CDR) e pela matriz de correlação de Pearson (p <0,05). As áreas de Latossolos Vermelhos manejadas com AP no estado do RS apresentam moderada acidez e alta fertilidade, com exceção de locais que apresentam teores limitantes de P. Independente da profundidade amostrada, as dimensões das malhas amostrais utilizadas no RS, em geral, não são eficientes em captar as diferentes escalas de variabilidade dos atributos químicos do solo. À medida que aumenta a malha amostral os mapas temáticos de P (CDR: 24,0 a 36,2%) e K (CDR: 11,7 a 19,4%) mostram-se mais dissimilares aos obtidos na menor malha (50 x 50 m) considerada como referência. Desta forma, a redução da dimensão da malha amostral aumenta a acurácia das informações geradas por meio de mapas temáticos, permitindo realizar prescrições de corretivos e fertilizantes em sítio-específico com maior eficiência, e devem ser preconizadas em futuros planos de amostragem de solo adotados nas áreas de AP no Sul do Brasil.

Les ouvrages hydrauliques – barrages et digues – sont des ouvrages de génie civil à risque. Leur rupture engendre des conséquences humaines et matérielles souvent dramatiques. Parmi eux, les barrages en remblai représentent une part importante du parc de barrages au niveau national comme mondial, auxquels s’ajoutent d’importants linéaires de digues en remblai fluviales et maritimes. La sécurité structurale de ces ouvrages est traditionnellement évaluée par des méthodes déterministes ou semi-probabilistes aux états-limites. Cependant, la réglementation française en matière d’ouvrages hydrauliques a récemment évolué en préconisant pour les grands barrages la réalisation d’études de dangers (EDD) basées sur les méthodes d’analyse de risques et impliquant l’utilisation de démarches probabilistes. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif principal de la thèse est de développer une démarche probabiliste pour l’évaluation de la fiabilité structurale des ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai vis-à-vis du mécanisme de glissement, qui constitue l’état-limite conditionnant la géométrie de ces ouvrages. Le développement d’une telle démarche nécessite de traiter trois questions scientifiques principales : · l’élaboration d’un modèle hydromécanique pour l’évaluation déterministe de la stabilité de l’ouvrage vis-à-vis du mécanisme de glissement ; · la modélisation probabiliste de la variabilité spatiale des propriétés mécaniques et hydrauliques des matériaux constituant le remblai ; · le couplage mécano-fiabiliste intégrant les modèles de variabilité spatiale au modèle hydromécanique. De nombreux travaux de recherche ont été réalisés sur ces questions et sont disponibles dans la littérature scientifique. Cependant, ils ne traitent qu’une partie des aspects de la problématique globale d’évaluation de la fiabilité et l’absence de recherches intégratrices est à déplorer. Notre travail, propose une démarche méthodologique complète intégrant l’ensemble des questions scientifiques, en mettant en oeuvre des démarches de modélisation hydraulique et mécanique s’appuyant sur des données réelles disponibles sur un barrage en remblai. La démarche générale développée est appliquée à un barrage bien documenté servant de cas d’étude. Le modèle hydromécanique utilise la méthode des éléments finis et est développé avec le code élément finis Cast3M ouvert et compatible avec un usage en recherche scientifique. Le modèle développé permet le calcul du facteur de sécurité de l’ouvrage par la méthode de réduction de paramètres en intégrant un champ de pressions interstitielles calculé en régime transitoire. La variabilité spatiale des paramètres des matériaux du remblai est modélisée à partir d’une analyse géostatistique des mesures de contrôle de compactage sous forme de champs aléatoires qui sont intégrés au modèle éléments finis. Un couplage mécano-fiabiliste entre le code de calcul Cast3M et le logiciel de fiabilité OpenTURNS permet au final de propager les incertitudes et d’évaluer la fiabilité de l’ouvrage. / Hydraulic works – dams and dikes – are risky civil engineering structures. Dramatic consequences in terms of human and material losses may be induced by their failure. Embankment dams represent an important part of the whole dams in France and the majority of dams worldwide, without considering the important lengths of fluvial and coastal dikes. The structural safety of such structures is traditionally evaluated with limit-state deterministic or semi-probabilistic methods. Nevertheless, French regulations regarding hydraulic works has recently evolved and now impose for all large dams the realization of risk assessment studies based on probabilistic approach. In this purpose, the principal objective of this thesis work is to develop a probabilistic approach to evaluate earth dam reliability concerning the sliding mechanism, which is one of the designing limit-state of such structures. Three scientific issues have to be treated for developing such approach: · elaboration of an hydro-mechanical model for the dam deterministic evaluation towards sliding mechanism; · probabilistic modeling of hydraulic and mechanical soil properties spatial variability; · mechanical-reliability coupling with integration of the spatial variability representations in the hydro-mechanical model. Some research studies already exist on these issues. However these works concern generally only a part of the general issue: the lack of global work is to be deplored. Our work proposes a global methodologic approach taking into account the whole scientific issues and applying hydraulic and mechanical modeling approaches based on real data available in the earth dam. The developed approach is then applied on a dam case study. Hydro-mechanical model uses finite element method and is developed with the user-free code Cast3M which is compatible for a research use. This code allows the safety factor calculation through the strength reduction technique with integration of the pore pressures field estimated in transient condition. The spatial variability of embankment properties is represented with random fields based on a geostatistical analysis of construction controls data. These random fields are then integrated into the finite element model. A coupling between the physical finite element code Cast3M and the reliability software OpenTURNS finally allows assessing the uncertainties propagation and the reliability evaluation of the studied dam.

Le but de ce travail est de comprendre les relations entre la déformation et la diagenèse dans les carbonates. Pour cela, l’échelle du m au dam est adéquate car elle permet de séparer les effets matriciels, des fractures et des failles. Celle-ci est sous la résolution de la sismique, donc peu de données géophysiques et diagénétiques spatiale et quantitatives sont disponibles, le plus souvent limitées aux données 1D de puit.Nous avons choisi 4 affleurements présentant des hétérogénéités et des intensités de déformation et de diagenèse diverses. Un protocole multi-échelle et multidisciplinaire a été développé, comprenant de la géophysique à l’échelle du cm au dam, de la diagenèse structurale et de la géochimie sur les ciments de fracture. Nous montrons un fort effet d’échelle entre les Vp en laboratoire et à l’affleurement dû à des hétérogénéités sédimentaire, d’enfouissement et structurale, qui conduisent à différents motifs géostatistiques.Les fractures ont l’effet le plus fort sur les Vp, modulé par leur cimentation, et qui peut entièrement effacer la signature initiale du faciès. La réactivation des fractures induit une anisotropie directionnelle de 10% due à des changements dans le remplissage des fractures, caractérisés par de multiples phases de cimentation, broyage et dissolution.Dans les zones de faille, l’anisotropie sismique est amplifiée, conduisant à un fort affaiblissement de la roche au cisaillement et à une diminution de Vp autour de la faille. Les données géochimiques tracent plusieurs flux de fluides diagénétiques et soulignent les fortes interactions entre l’évolution de la perméabilité, la diagenèse structurale et la signature géophysique des carbonates. / The aim of this work was to understand the relationships between deformations and diagenesis in carbonates. The relevant scale to study it may be the m to dkm scale which allows individualizing fracture, fault and matrix effects. This scale is under the seismic resolution, so few quantitative diagenetic and geophysical spatial data are available, mainly constrained to 1D borehole.Therefore, we selected 4 dkm scale outcrops displaying various heterogeneities and intensities of deformation and diagenesis. We developed a multidisciplinary/multiscale protocol including geophysics from cm to dkm scale along with structural diagenesis study and geochemical measurements on fractures cements. We found a strong scale effect between laboratory and outcrop Vp due to sedimentary, burial and structural heterogeneities that lead to different geostatistical patterns. Fractures have the strongest effect on Vp, being modulated by their cementation and can erase the initial facies acoustic signature. The fracture reactivation induce a 10% Vp directional anisotropy due to microscale changes in the fractures infillings characterized by multiple cementation, crushing and dissolution phases. In fault-zones the seismic anisotropy magnitude is amplified, leading to a strong directional rock shear weakening and a Vp decrease around the fault, caused by higher discontinuities aperture and brecciation. Geochemical data indicate that the Vp signature evolution is linked to different diagenetic fluids flow origins occurring during each deformation phase. This underlines the strong interplay between permeability evolution, structural diagenesis and geophysical signature in carbonates.

La prospection géoélectrique est largement utilisée au Maroc pour des reconnaissances hydrogéologique. Le but de ce travail et de proposer de nouvelles techniques d’interprétation des sondages électriques verticaux en un temps réduit, et aussi de bien exploiter une base de données de sondages électriques, par l’établissement entre autre des images 2D horizontales et verticales de l’estimation de la distribution des résistivités électriques apparentes (modélisation géostatistique, inversion, etc.). Dans le but de caractériser électriquement le secteur d’étude (nord-est du Bassin de Saïss), une analyse statistique des résistivités apparentes de sondages électriques verticaux a été réalisée. Cette simple analyse descriptive est suivie par une étude statistique multidirectionnelle : analyse en composantes principales (ACP) et par une classification hiérarchique ascendante (CHA). (...) Les résultats des analyses statistiques et géostatistiques complétés par les inversions des sondages moyens pas classe, ont mis en évidence la fiabilité de ces techniques pour l’interprétation d’un nombre important de sondages électriques au lieu de la méthode ordinaire qui se base sur l’inversion des sondages un par un et les corréler ultérieurement pour construire la structure globale du domaine étudié. Avec les techniques utilisées, dans le cadre de ce travail, des résultats très satisfaisants en un temps plus réduit sont obtenus. Les profils étudiés et inversés à l’aide du logiciel RES2Dinv montrent tous les trois grandes structures définies auparavant (Résistant-Conductrice-Résistant), par contre on note des variations intra formations. De plus, l’organisation spatiale des formations permet de confirmer l’existence de failles cohérentes avec la structure en horst et graben du bassin. / The Geoelectric prospection is usually used in Morocco for hydrogeological recognition. The purpose of this work is to propose new techniques for interpreting vertical electric soundings in a reduced time, and also to fully exploit a database of stored electrical soundings by the establishment, amongst other things, of the horizontal and vertical 2D images, estimating the distribution of apparent electrical resistivity (geostatistic modeling, inversion, etc.). In order to characterize electrically the study area (north-east of the Saïss Basin), a statistical analysis of apparent resistivity of vertical electric soundings was performed. This simple descriptive analysis is followed by a statistical analysis (principal component analysis PCA and ascending hierarchical classification HAC.) (...)The results of statistical analysis and geostatistical supplemented by inversion of the average electric sounding per class, highlighted the reliability of these techniques to the interpretation of a large number of electrical soundings instead of the usual method which is based on the inversion of the electrical sounding one by one and correlate them later, to build the global structure of the area studied. With the techniques used in this work, very satisfactory results in a more reduced time, for interpreting vertical electric soundings, are obtained. VIThe studied profiles and inverted using the software RES2Dinv show all three structures defined previously (Resistant – Conductive - resistant), on the other hand, there are variations within the same formation. In addition, the spatial organization of the formation makes it possible to confirm the existence of faults coherent with the structure in horst and graben basin.