Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Millennium Development Goal 7 was to ensure environmental sustainability by aiming to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water by the year 2015. The 2015-MDG Report estimated that the use of improved sanitation rose from 54% to 68% globally, but the target of 77% was not met, and that implies slowing the progress in the health and education sectors. Although Malawi has made significant progress in increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation in comparison to other Sub-Saharan African countries, disparities in improved water supply and sanitation within Malawi remains a challenge. In Malawi, only about a quarter of all schools have improved latrines with a ratio of one latrine for every sixty learners. While the water and sanitation situation in primary schools of Malawi is reported to be making progress, such progress remains unreported in secondary schools. Aim: The purpose of this qualitative study was to provide insight on the water and sanitation situation in secondary schools by understanding factors that influence learners' use of the water and sanitation facilities and personal hygiene practices in a girls' boarding secondary school in Zomba District, Malawi. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive qualitative study design using individual interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. A purposive sample consisting of 12 learners participated in two FGDs, while individual interviews were conducted with 6 prefects, 2 teachers responsible for sanitation at the school and 1 matron. The FGDs and individual interviews were targeted at exploring these participants' perceptions, experiences, challenges faced in the use of water and santation facilities and perceptions of appropriate interventions to improve hygiene practices and utilization of sanitation services. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings indicate that there were several factors that influenced learners' use of water and sanitation and their hygiene practices at the school. One of the main challenges was the irregular supply of safe water by the Southern Region Water Board which meant that alternate sources of water, which was not always potable, had to be used instead. Poor water and sanitation infrastructure and facilities including lack of privacy in shower cubicles and the poor condition of the incinerator that is meant for disposal of sanitary pads were other challenges facing the learners. There were also insufficient toilets and shower cubicles for the number of learners at the school. A good number of learners knew the importance of hand washing for their personal health at school, but limited accessibility to running water compromised their hand washing practices and personal hygiene including menstrual hygiene. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the challenging factors occur at the macro, meso and micro levels but more importantly that these levels are interrelated and impact on one another, emphasising the complexity of the water and sanitation situation in the study school, but could most likely also be the situation at other schools in Malawi. Therefore multi-level interventions will have to be put in place to address these challenges. Recommendations: The present study recommends that at macro level the Department of Education should provide an enabling environment and political will to facilitate development of a multi-sectoral approach that would complement the school operation rules to improve the adequacy of the water and sanitation facilities and hygiene practices. In addition, the Southern Region Water Board should ensure a reliable supply of safe water to the school and provide better infrastructure of piped water. At meso level (school organisational level), the school management should take more responsibility for maintaining the infratstructure. In addition, the school-board, the school management and parents'-teachers' association and learners should form a committee to discuss and implement strategies that would enhance the learner's use of water and sanitation facilities at the school and ensure their privacy and dignity. At micro level, the school, the communities including families and religious leaders should encourage personal hygiene practices repeatedly amongst everybody.

Girls’ opportunity to attend and stay in school is a worldwide issue especially for secondary education predominantly experienced in Sub-Saharan Africa where poverty is particularly high. This issue is caused by gender inequality as most children who is not able to attend to school are female. This thesis investigates how the NGO Dandelion Africa attempts to tackle cultural obstacles for girls’ access to education in Kenya, where girls face a plethora of problems e.g. cultural norms. Through a qualitative case study comprising of online interviews with the staff, the data gathered presented the main initiatives that DA implement to improve girls’ access to education. The interviews are thematically analysed through combined theories; capability approach, cultural relativism, and feminist theory to examine the initiatives DA implements to provide girls with capabilities to gain access and completion of education defying cultural and societal norms e.g. preferences to boys, early pregnancy, menstrual stigma. The conclusion showed the need for all-inclusive development and education that teaches both children and parents about basic rights, gender equality and health.

No description available.

街舞圈中，有一群特別的男舞者，他們擅長各種在台灣偏女性意象的風格。妖、騷、婊，是大家最常用來形容他們舞蹈肢體的詞彙。這群Girl’s Style男舞者帶給觀眾對於性別的不安全感，是這份研究的出發點，並且提出兩個研究問題，第一，他們性別越界特質的舞蹈實踐為何，反映了什麼性╱別意涵；第二，他們如何從舞蹈實踐中形塑自我。 為了解舞者的舞蹈實踐，本研究採取了參與觀察與深度訪談兩種資料收集方法，在校內熱舞社與校外街舞教室兩個田野點，集結近六個月的參與觀察筆記、近一年的相處經驗，以及四位受訪者的訪談內容，組成了可供分析的資料。研究者以舞蹈實踐、跨性別與舞蹈取向的自我，作為資料分析的三大概念，讓可見的舞蹈與舞者成為資料分析的對象。並且將舞者的自我等同於舞者的身體，其支持了舞者的吸收與抵抗，是舞者能動的基礎。 研究發現，這群特別的男舞者在街舞圈中，透過服裝、話語、性別腳本等多重文本的實踐，構成Bitch-Style這個新的意義系統，並且在實踐中翻轉了妖、騷、婊等污名話語，亦形塑跨性別的自我。舞者亦會在不同的情境中會自動調校性化的位置，以自我保護、展演符合社會期待的性別角色。未來期望更舞蹈與性/別的相關研究，能和本文的婊子們彼此激盪、對話。 / There’s a group of male street dancers call themselves “bitches”. Started with the uncertain feeling toward their sex/gender dancing image, the study tried to figure out what are their transgender dance practices, what kinds of meaning it contains with sex/gender, and how they fashion themselves by dancing. To understand their dance practices, the researcher took " Participant Observation" and "In-Depth Interview" as the two ways of data-collecting. After gathering with them for one year, I take dance practice, transgender performances and dance orientation of self as three approaches to analyze data. Self in this study is treated as dancers’ dancing body. In conclusion, the researcher argue that Girl’s Style male street dancers should be named as Bitch-Style male dancers. They form themselves by multi-textual practices such as discourses, dressing and gender script. Those insulting phrases like 妖、騷、婊 are transformed into positive words to them by dance practicing. Also, researcher found that they change sexed position quickly and well whenever they change scenarios. In the future,I hope there could be more researches about dance and sexuality which can support and dialogize with Bitches in my study.

The diploma thesis titled The Magazines for Adolescent Girls as a Risk Factor of Negative Body Image and Eating Disorders discusses a possible influence of the girl's magazines on adolescent girls' body satisfaction. The thesis is divided into two parts theoretical and practical. The theoretical part focuses on theoretical definition of the main issue and further it presents the results and findings that were the starting point of the overall focus of the thesis. This part is divided into five chapters when each chapter focuses on the theoretical definition of the specific area. These areas are the period of adolescence, self-concept, body image, factors that may influence adolescents' body image and finally girls' magazines which are considered as a risk factor of adolescents' body dissatisfaction due to its contents. The diploma thesis reflects the important findings related to the main issue which are served as the basis for the following practical part. The second, practical part of this diploma thesis, is presented as an empirical investigation focuses on a possible influence of the girl's magazines on adolescent girls' body satisfaction and on the overall body satisfaction with adolescent girls' bodies. Within this empirical investigation are set questions that the investigation tries to answered. The results of the empirical investigation are divided into three parts according to the method that was used in a particular part of investigation. In thesis was used these methods: Silhouette Test, questionnaire and analysis of the text and image content of the most popular girl's magazines in connection with the theoretical focus of the thesis.

Master thesis called "The roles of leading articles in present Czech magazines illustrated on monthly published CosmoGIRL! and Cosmopolitan." aims through stylistic analysis to describe the transformation of the journalistic genre of newspapers editorial into the current magazines editorial. Typical editorial, which was published in the Czech Republic before 1989, presents an administrative official text without using of any attractive language forms, contemporary magazine editorial uses more attractive language expressions ant it tries to gain the personal contact with reader. Thesis characterise typical features of newspaper editorial. The most important is analytical part, which analyses texts of Cosmopolitan and CosmoGIRL! editorials. On the basis of this stylistic analysis we can describe common and divers forms of newspaper and magazine editorials. We placed emphasis also on content and formal form, language form, and included ideology. Common and diverse forms were also characterized in case of two analysed periodicals. The outcome is a comprehensive picture of development of editorials and they role in contemporary Czech magazines.

The present dissertation Female students of the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague in the academic year 1920/21 and 1938/39 is concerned with the comparison of the profile of female listeners from the various of perspectives. The discussed topics are among others: the increasing number of female listeners and their social, geographical and religious profile as well as their age, nationality and later in their life achieved success. The dissertation also reconsideres the development of female education in 19th and early 20th century, namely until the end of the First Republic. It also characterizes the development of women's feminist movement which since the 19th century sought primarily on women's right to education and career opportunities in areas that were previously defined only by men. One of the chapters is devoted to the issue of the penetration of women into the scientific area. An important part of work shows the approach in the organization of girls' High-school education in Bohemia in the second half of the 19th century and in the interwar period. The detailed analysis of studies at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University during the 20's and 30's of the 20th century has been done. The results of empirical research have been supplemented with data illustrating the overall...

Name of the work: Religious Teaching Institute in Chrudim and its contribution to the girl's education in the years 1894-1942 This work describes girl's education in the Czech lands during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century with emphasis on teachers' education and girl schools conducted by religious orders. The work contains a brief outline of the history of the Congregation of the School Sisters of St. Francis and its educational activities. Special attention is paid to one of its institutions, Teacher Training School in Chrudim, including its history, teachers and educational methods.

The theme of my thesis is the patriotic pedagogue Josef Věnceslav Soukup (1819-1882) whose life was full of feverish activity in the educational system. Moreover he was a prolific author of textbooks (one of his famous is The Technological Natural History) and musical works - we can mention his Wreath of fine songs which includes the song Wayfarer that is known for today. In music he paid attention to carols and Christmas songs and plays as well (the most famous is The Young Shephers of Bethlehem). J. V. Soukup excelled in almost every field, not only in pedagogy and music but also in drawing (he even taught Mikoláš Aleš, the well-known Czech painter), chemistry, technology and cultivation of plants. Moreover he contributed to many pedagogical magazines. The beginnins of his teacher's career were not easy, he strained for an appropriate position and during that time he had hardly anything to eat. He gave private lessons for food and played in pubs with the band of musicians to earn some money. However, as really hardworking and diligent student he got stipendium and thus he had not have any financial problems since that time. He knew K. S. Amerling (a great pedagogue who participated in the efforts of a higher girls' education) whose lectures he attended and was influenced by his philosophy. Josef Věnceslav...

Feministische Mädchenarbeit fungiert als selbstkritisches, pädagogisch-politisches Angebot, das der Jugendarbeit zugeordnet wird und aus historischer Perspektive einen starken Bezug zur Frauenbewegung aufweist. Ursprünglich als geschlechtshomogener Schutzraum gedacht, hat sich feministische Mädchenarbeit seit ihrer Entstehung Ende der 1970er Jahr durch die Rezeption (queer-)feministischer und rassismuskritischer Theorien bzw. Konzepte weiterentwickelt: entstanden sind Trans*-Räume und Empowermenträume sowie das Konzept der heteronormativitätskritischen Mädchen_arbeit.