Icebergs calved from tidewater glaciers represent significant portions of freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet to the ocean. Using satellite data sets we quantify properties and distributions of icebergs in three fjords with varied properties: Sermilk, Rink Isbræ, and Kangerdlugssûp Sermerssua. Total iceberg volumes in summer in the three fjords average 6.43, 1.69, and 0.19 km^3, respectively, and we calculate cumulative submerged surface areas of iceberg faces to be 213, 55.2, and 7.57 km^2, respectively. We calculate a freshwater flux from iceberg melt of 0.009 – 0.083 m^3 d^-1 in Sermilik Fjord, suggesting a strong potential of iceberg melt water to influence water properties. Properties of icebergs and size distributions are influenced by calving style and grounding line depths of parent glaciers. Variations are represented in the coefficients of generalized Pareto distributions which best describe size distributions in the fjords.

Concerns regarding the issue of climate change and, in particular, the rapid retreat of glaciers around the world, have placed great importance on glacial monitoring. Some of the methods most commonly used to observe glacial change--direct mass balance measurements and remote sensing--provide valuable information about glacier change. However, these methods do not address the englacial and subglacial environments. Surface meltwater that enters englacial and subglacial hydrological networks can contribute to acceleration of ice flow, increased calving on marine-terminating glaciers, surges or outburst floods, and greater overall ablation rates. Because subsurface drainage systems often freeze during the winter and re-form each summer, examining the seasonal evolution of these networks is crucial for assessing the impact that internal drainage may have on the behavior of a glacier each year. The goal of this study is to determine the role englacial and subglacial drainage system evolution plays in influencing summer ablation and discharge at the terminus of Exit Glacier, a small valley glacier located in South-central Alaska. During the summers of 2010 and 2011, we used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to locate internal drainage features on the lower 100 meters of the glacier. GPR surveys were conducted in June and August of each year in an effort to observe the evolution of the drainage systems over the course of an ablation season. Three antenna frequencies--250, 500, and 800 MHz--were used on a dual frequency GPR so that various resolutions and depths in the ice could be viewed simultaneously. Stream monitoring was conducted to document discharge in the proglacial stream throughout the 2011 season. These data were compared with weather records to differentiate noticeable meltwater releases from precipitation events. Additionally, morphological changes in the glacier were observed through photographic documentation. Throughout the observation period, significant subglacial tunnels appeared, followed by the collapse of terminal ice above the tunnels. This phenomenon was most noticeable in 2011. These observations indicate that the internal drainage systems near the terminus of Exit Glacier became very well-developed each summer, and contributed approximately 75 meters of ice loss between June, 2010 and August, 2011.

C'est dans le contexte spatio-temporel du dernier cycle glaciaire würmien que ce travail a été réalisé, le cadre paléogéographique correspondant à la zone intra-würmienne de Bourdier (1961). La reconstitution des flux glaciaires des Alpes nord-occidentales pendant le maximum d'englacement würmien en constitue l'objectif principal. L'acquisition de nouvelles observations géomorphologiques a permis, dans un premier temps, la réalisation d'une cartographie paléogéographique cohérente du système glaciaire au maximum würmien, tant pour les bassins versants amont (zones d'alimentation) que pour le domaine aval (lobes de piémont). Dans un second temps, l'étude s'est attachée à déterminer l'origine des différents flux glaciaires ayant alimenté les lobes de piémont des Alpes nord-occidentales (lobe suisse du glacier du Rhône, lobe lyonnais et lobe de Moirans). Pour mener à terme ce travail, le croisement de différentes méthodes d'analyse a été nécessaire : (i) une approche glacio-morphologique permettant de déterminer l'altitude de la ligne d'équilibre glaciaire ; (ii) des analyses pétrographiques des blocs erratiques permettant d'identifier les bassins versant sources des blocs erratiques (iii) ; et des analyses des minéraux lourds contenus dans la fraction fine des tills d'ablation, complétant et confirmant les analyses pétrographiques. Les premières étapes de la déglaciation correspondant à l'individualisation des flux issus des quatre principaux appareils du Rhône, de l'Arve de l'Isère et de la Romanche ont été reconstituées. Elles sont suivies des premiers stades du Tardiglaciaire ancien des vallées de l'Arve et du Rhône. Enfin, une approche chronologique a été menée et notamment la datation du maximum d'englacement würmien. Elle s'appuie sur l'analyse des données disponibles et tente de dégager les grandes tendances. Les résultats acquis apportent une importante contribution aux reconstitutions paléogéographiques et à l'étude de l'organisation des flux glaciaires lors du maximum würmien. Ces nouveaux éléments permettent une interprétation nouvelle de l'organisation du réseau glaciaire dans les Alpes nord-occidentales et remettent en cause, en particulier, la vision traditionnelle du glacier du Rhône atteignant le «complexe des moraines internes». En effet, les analyses démontrent que la totalité des glaces du lobe de piémont lyonnais provenait des zones d'accumulation de la partie interne des Alpes du nord françaises (sens géographique) : sud du massif du Mont-Blanc, Beaufortin, Tarentaise et une partie de la Maurienne. De plus, elles confirment la puissance des appareilsglaciaires ayant occupé les grandes cluses des massifs subalpins (cluses d'Annecy-Faverges et de Chambéry) et soulignent le rôle essentiel des glaciers transversaux originaires de la zone centrale des Alpes dans l'alimentation du lobe de piémont lyonnais. Quant à l'alimentation du lobe de Moirans, les analyses pétrographiques et les comptages de minéraux lourds apportent la preuve d'une contribution majeure du glacier de la Romanche. Ces résultats accréditent les hypothèses esquissées au XIXe siècle par certains auteurs (Lory, 1860 ; Falsan et Chantre, 1879). L'étude des étapes de la déglaciation souligne l'importance relative des différents appareils. Elle met notamment en évidence L'influence prépondérante et tardive du glacier isérois, dont l'importance à été bien souvent sous estimée par les auteurs. Enfin, l'approche chronologique a été abordée et une tentative de datation du WGM a été proposée. Sans pour autant apporter de nouveaux éléments déterminants, elle permet d'envisager un diachronisme entre les extensions des appareils du nord des Alpes (maximum tardif) et les appareils occidentaux (maximum ancien).

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Rock glaciers are common features in high alpine settings of the southeastern British Columbia Coast Mountains. The spatial distribution and characteristics of these periglacial features have not previously been documented. The goal of this research was to determine the distribution and activity of these rock glaciers in order to characterize their periglacial response to climatic variability. A high-resolution aerial inventory documented the presence of 187 rock glaciers between Lat. 50° 10’ - 52° 08’ N. These rock glaciers occur at sites located between 1900 m and 2400 m above sea level, where rain shadow effects and continental air masses result in persistent dry cold conditions. Intact rock glaciers were the most prevalent form and accounted for almost 90% of the rock glaciers included in the inventory. Glacier-derived features outnumbered talus-derived features by a ratio of 4:1 and only 22 relict rock glaciers were identified. Rock glaciers in this region occupy predominately northwest- to northeast-facing slopes, with talus-derived rock glaciers largely restricted to north-facing slopes. All rock glaciers were found at locations above presumed Younger Dryas terminal moraines, suggesting that they began to form after 9390 BP. Rock glacier activity during the Late Holocene was characterized using lichenometric methods to establish the relative surface age of three talus-derived features at Perkins Peak. Sustained periods of cool-wet climates activated pulses of rock glacier surface instability and movement, while a shift to warmer, drier conditions resulted in the loss of internal ice and increased surface stability. Varying degrees of present-day activity highlight a local topoclimatic control on talus-derived rock glacier behaviour. A dendrogeomorphological investigation at nearby Hellraving rock glacier indicated that it has been steadily advancing into surrounding forest since the beginning of the late Little Ice Age. Its continued advance in the face of warming temperatures suggests the internal thermodynamics of this rock glacier may be out of equilibrium with the contemporary climate. This research is the first to document and characterize rock glaciers in the Coast Mountains and challenges previous understandings of permafrost distribution in the southwestern Canadian Cordillera. / Graduate

High-resolution regional climate simulations of the Karakoram, Himalaya have been performed for investigation into the atmospheric dynamics in this region, and their role in the Karakorams snowfall accumulation and glacial evolution. It has been seen through a combination of field measurements and satellite observations that a large number of glaciers in this region are static or advancing whilst other glaciers in the central and eastern Himalaya, as well as around the world, are nearly all retreating. By performing time slice calculations for the Karakoram region through the 21st century, it is found that, despite region wide simulated temperature changes, the highly elevated regions of the Karakoram mountain range experience positive snow mass balance through the 21st century. This result arises from a strong positive correlation between snow mass balance and simulated increases in regional precipitation, which outweighs the negative correlation between snow mass balance and simulated increases in temperature. / None