<p>Veiling glare has always existed in cars, but during the last years it has been brought up as a big problem. One reason is that glossier materials are being used in car interior design. Another reason is that the customers who buy the cars are getting more quality conscious. They demand to get top quality for the high price that they pay for a car, and veiling glare problems could be regarded as “low quality”.</p><p>Veiling glare is when light hits the car interior and reflects into the windshield, causing mirror-like images in the windshield (ghost images). This can impair the driving experience in two ways. It can lower the contrast of the road scene and it may be a cluttering for the driver.</p><p>This work handles daytime veiling glare from dashboard reflectance. The purpose was to investigate the area and to see if Saab can avoid the problem with veiling glare by using virtual prototyping (see chapter 3.3.1). This has been done by examining if the light</p><p>simulation software Speos can be used to simulate and predict veiling glare, and thereby be used as a tool for better design.</p><p>Key words: Veiling glare, dashboard, windshield, Speos, virtual prototyping.</p>

Glare is an important, but often overlooked parameter in lighting systems design. This parameter can significantly affect human biorhythm, causing a discomfort or in the worst cases it can dazzle drivers, which can lead to car accidents. Therefore, it´s necessary for lighting designers to consider glare in their designs, specifically threshold increment value. This thesis focuses on glare measurement caused by exterior lighting systems and comparison of usage different types of camera lens for threshold increment measurements with luminance analyser. For a better understanding of the whole issue, there is a part describing how human eye perceives light, which is followed by definition and division of the glare. Afterwards, there is part describing calculation procedure of the threshold increment, which serves as a basis for the practical part of the thesis. Practical part of the thesis is dedicated to experimental measurement of glare from exterior lighting system on Technická street, right behind VUT FEKT T12 building. The measurement is done using luminance analyser and the LumiDISP program, while 3 lenses are used for the measurements. The output of this thesis are values of threshold increment obtained by using 4 different methods (3 lenses) and subsequent comparison of the suitability of the lenses for the glare measurements. To supplement, a simulation of the measured lighting system in the Relux program and a subsequent comparison of the results with the measured values are performed.

Mexico has invested many resources in education ever since the enactment of the 1917 Constitution, where the government committed to providing quality education to every Mexican. Investment has increased over time (INEGI, 1994), but the results have not shown the level of commitment, since Mexico is ranked 32nd out of 34 members in the 2021 OECD Education indicators report (OECD, 2021) as well as falling behind in education level and quality (CONEVAL, 2022). This study focuses on the schools by Juan O’Gorman in 1932 and the Daylight conditions. Considering his methodology and theory adapted to the historical context around him, and the uses required for the building type. This thesis centers on two typical classrooms used in the schools built by Juan O’Gorman. The main goal of this thesis is to answer the question, Do the classrooms following the Functional Modular System by Juan O’Gorman perform as an efficient place to provide education? Does it fulfill the “basic daylight needs” of a primary school? How do the schools use the Functional Modular System performance in today’s context using current international lighting standards? The analysis of the 1933 schools by O’Gorman, showed that there is a need to adjust the codes to match the geographic location of Mexico. Since the results obtained showed that the minimum required levels in sDA, UDI and ASE are met with minimum effort, but the higher thresholds are exceeded. Special attention to glare and direct Sunlight is required to prevent the negative effects of daylight in work and study spaces such as eyestrain, and veiling reflections caused by reading surfaces (Dubois et al., 2019). Further studies are required to analyze the perception of the space, and the academic performance of the users to find the possible consequences of the high glare and contrast levels found in this thesis.

Light and architectural design are inseparable. Light plays a significant role in the perception of the place. One of the main reasons a good number of today's buildings are unsuccessful regarding visual conditions and comfort is because they are only focused on function and structure without considering the quality of the place. Design for spaces often does not fully consider the setting where the building is placed. This connection with the surrounding environment can turn the space into a place where an occupant feels his existence and sense of dwelling while being at peace. Daylight is one aspect that can enhance the sense of place and influence the personal interpretations and impressions that last long after leaving the place. Today, architects are being asked to consider low-energy design with daylighting in their designs. In response to this, there is growing interest in the study of visually disturbing effects such as glare and poor visual comfort that can adversely impact the sense of dwelling. While several studies on visual comfort have been conducted, very little research addressed movement through space and the time-dependency of daylighting. Concern for daylight control is needed in buildings especially museums and art galleries because of their exhibits' sensitivity to light. To address the dynamic daylight conditions, this research proposes a framework for an innovative approach to improving design decision-making by evaluating visual comfort during the early stages of design, which can alter the design process. A framework-based prototype has been designed for this research that uses Grasshopper and its sub-components to interface with Radiance and Daysim. In addition to quantitative outputs, special re-representation is used for qualitative analysis to support design decision-making. Through logical argumentation, prototyping, immersive case study, and member impressions via a Delphi panel, an interpretive approach is used to demonstrate the enhancement in design decision-making that occurs when one considers dynamic daylighting. The research outcomes are expected to provide researchers, designers, and decision makers with a new approach to designing and re-imagining spaces to improve visual comfort and the quality of the place. / Ph. D.

This research was designed to investigate the relationship between Trait-based Individual differences (neuroticism and extraversion) and glare subjective responses as well as the actual contrast sensitivity when exposed to the same manipulated glare condition. In addition, the relationship between the glare subjective responses and actual contrast sensitivity was investigated. To examine the trait-based individual differences, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) was used while the subjective glare experience was examined utilizing modified glare discomfort rating scale. The visual performance was measured through the contrast sensitivity level using adjustable contrast level of the Landolt's C target. This investigation compared 36 individuals (9 high neuroticism scorers, 9 low neuroticism scorers, 9 high extraversion scorers, and 9 low extraversion scorers) on subjective discomfort glare rating responses and visual contrast sensitivity. The study is directed toward improving our understanding of influencing factors on the experience of discomfort glare, which may eventually be applied to the design of glare measurement methods, and toward training and selection of drivers and workers who may work under conditions of glare. Results indicated significant effect of extraversion trait on rating response while insignificant effect on visual related performance was found. The relationships between rating response and visual performance were also found to be quite low in this study. In conclusion, the expected model was supported but only on the extraversion trait. / Master of Science

This thesis assessed the readability of CRT displays viewed under ambient lighting conditions and then evaluated the findings with respect to the ISO 9241-7 standard. More specifically, two phases of work were conducted in this thesis. In Phase 1, seven monitors were evaluated photometrically according to the ISO 9241-7 standard to determine whether they were Class I, II, or III in positive and negative polarity. Additionally, six filters were attached to each of the monitors and their ISO Class also was assessed. All monitor/filter combinations yielded either Class I or II in positive polarity and Class II, III or failed in negative polarity. In Phase 2, fourteen participants were asked to read Tinker passages from seven display/filter combinations (tested in Phase 1) under five lighting conditions and two screen polarities. The purpose of the Phase 2 was to determine if people perform differently for Class I, II, or III monitor/filter combinations. The dependent measures were the time to read the Tinker passage (reading time) and the ability to identify the out of context word in each passage (accuracy). An Analysis of Variance was used to determine the significant effects of reading time and accuracy. The ANOVA results indicate that specular glare interferes significantly more with reading time than does diffuse glare. Diffuse (200 lux) and Specular reading times also were correlated against two ISO metrics: screen image luminance ratio (Diffuse, 200 lux) and specular reflection luminance ratio. Reading times did not correlate with the screen image luminance ratio, but they did correlate with one of the ISO specular reflection luminance ratios. The results of this thesis indicate that the ISO standard should not equally weight the screen image and the specular reflection luminance ratios. Additionally, the results indicate that it is not necessary to have separate ISO Classes for positive and negative polarity. Furthermore, people did not read differently for Class I, II, or III monitor/filter combinations. Finally, the data of this investigation provide an initial human factors database for use in assessing the validity of ISO 9241-7. / Master of Science

Nighttime intersection crashes account for nearly half of all the intersection crashes, making them a major traffic safety concern. Although providing lighting at intersections has proven to be a successful countermeasure against these crashes, existing approaches to designing lighting at intersections are overly simplified. Current standards are based on recommending lighting levels, but do not account for the role of human vision or vehicle headlamps or the numerous pedestrian-vehicle conflict locations at intersections. For effective intersection lighting design, empirical evidence is required regarding the effects of lighting configuration (part of the intersection illuminated) and lighting levels on nighttime visibility. This research effort had three goals. The first was to identify an intersection lighting design that results in the best nighttime visibility. The second goal was to determine the effect of illuminance on visual performance at intersections. The third goal was to understand the relationships between object luminance, contrast, and visibility. To achieve these goals, three specific configurations were used, that illuminated the intersection approach (Approach), intersection box (Box), and both the intersection approach and box (Both). Each lighting configuration was evaluated under five levels of illumination. Visibility was assessed both objectively (visual performance) and subjectively (perceptions of visibility and glare). Illuminating the intersection box led to superior visual performance, higher perceived visibility, and lower perceived glare. For this same configuration, plateaus in visual performance and perceived visibility occurred between 8 and 12 lux illuminance levels. A photometric analysis revealed that the Box lighting configuration rendered targets in sufficient positive and negative contrasts to result in higher nighttime visibility. Negatively contrast targets aided visual performance, while for targets rendered in positive contrast visual performance was dependent on the magnitude of the contrast. The relationship between pedestrian contrast and perceived pedestrian visibility was more complex, as pedestrians were often rendered in multiple contrast polarities. These results indicate that Box illumination is an effective strategy to enhance nighttime visual performance and perceptions of visibility while reducing glare, and which may be an energy efficient solution as it requires fewer luminaires. / Ph. D.

In the field of lighting technology, glare evaluation is one of the basic parameters of determining the quality of lighting systems. Disturbing glare is most often evaluated by UGR in internal systems. The UGR method is well described and verified for uniform glare sources. With the development of LED, non-uniform sources of glare become involved in the lighting system. Thus verification of UGR suitability for non-uniform sources is necessary and possibly modification of the method or replacement it by another more appropriate method is required. This diploma thesis focuses on evaluation methods of disturbing glare from luminaires with non-uniform radiation surface. For this purpose, the thesis includes glare analysis, methods of glare calculation and glare evaluation. Furthermore, the UGR analysis and modification for the calculation of disturbing glare from non-uniform glare sources are included. The practical part is concentrated on measurement of glare from uniform and non-uniform glare sources. For the purpose of evaluating the suitability of the measurement method, the subjective evaluation of glare from a statically significant sample is included in the thesis.

Recent years have seen an increasing focus on electric energy consumption as well as ecology in relation to human health. It is crucial to maintain the so called lighting comfort which is influenced by a wide range of lighting parameters, including illuminance, brightness, balance of illuminance, and glare. Thanks to all these parameters we can design lighting systems in such a way as to prevent energy waste and far too rapid deterioration of eyesight. This study therefore focuses on glare evaluation of indoor and outdoor lighting systems. In order to comprehend the issue thoroughly, a detailed description of human eyes and their functions is provided, followed by definitions of glare and types of glare. An overview of different calculations for indoor and outdoor glare is provided, considering the evaluation of daylight glare in terms of complex lighting systems. The study mentions several options involving unconventional methods for measuring glare (brightness). In the analytical part of the study, outdoor glare on Kolejní Street and indoor glare at the Prof. Brauner Hall at VUT measurements were obtained using brightness analyzer (an unconventional method). The thesis is concluded with a comparison of the conventionally and unconventionally obtained measurements, considering their respective advantages.

Thesis (Magister Technologiae - Discipline Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering) -- Vaal University of Technology / Discomfort glare is a topic that has been investigated for many years without any reasonable explanation regarding its effect on the human visual system. Results of previous research concluded that established methods have a lot of similarities in implementation; but a number of differences when comparing the results of observer's evaluations with the mathematically calculated glare ratings. Therefore, an alternative method of evaluating the influence of exposure to an unshielded light source was investigated to establish a more reliable and realistic response from observers. In order to address the discrepancies of previous evaluation systems concerning observer's varying opinions regarding the level of discomfort experienced, it was decided to investigate the feasibility of evaluating the brain activity of the observers exposed to an unshielded incandescent lamp. This was done in order to facilitate the differences in each individual observer's sensitivity to bright light sources and the influence of personal taste therefore, eliminating the effect of personal interpretation. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether it would be possible to get any response regarding brain functions when an observer is exposed to a bare light source. In order to determine the pathway of visual stimuli it was necessary to investigate the operating principles of the human eye in detail. Because the eye is only an instrument that makes seeing possible; it was also important to investigate the brain and all its different functions. The part of the brain where visual interpretation takes place was indicated as the occipital lobe. This is the part of the brain monitored for any change of functional status by taking measurements with an electroencephalogram (EEG). Measurements were indeed possible; it was presented as a suppression of the alpha brain activity. During the testing procedure it was observed that the observers were not equally photosensitive. There was also a difference in the amount of alpha suppression with the observer's eyes open and closed respectively. Because the alpha rhythm has a tendency to increase with closed eyes it was much easier to notice the suppression.