Abstract not available

This study documents the evolution of a unique body of ceramic work which straddles the areas of science and art. The author establishes the framework and context for the development of a range of ceramics incorporating crystalline glazes and forms. A personal aesthetic sensibility for the work is defined with reference to ceramics in general and specifically to the historical and contemporary development of glazes within this genre. The study articulates the stages of contemplation, design and development in the creation of a unique body of work which is cognisant of the decorative qualities of crystalline glazes. The forms are simple and uncomplicated, and the work is concerned with the pinnacle of the craft of ceramics at every level. / Doctor of Creative Arts (DCA)

There is no abstract available for this thesis. / Department of Art

Electrochromic (EC) glazing has emerged as an alternative to traditional forms of glazing. It has the potential to enable occupants to control daylight ingress without the use of blinds, giving users more access to daylight with all its inherent benefits. Research efforts to date have been mainly focussed on the potential of EC glazing as an energy saving technology through the reduction of electric lighting and air conditioning energy loads, using scale models, computer simulations and full scale test rooms. Few studies have considered the user experience of the technology, and none of the studies that have included data from human participants have been carried out in a real-world research setting over a long-term period. Thus, there is a general lack of understanding regarding the performance and suitability of EC glazing in real-world working environments. To address this gap in research, a new study of EC glazing was undertaken, looking at the experience of occupants working in an office that had been retrofitted with EC-glazed windows. The retrofit was the first of its kind in the UK, and provided an opportunity to study the user experience of EC glazing in a real-world setting over a longitudinal period. The aims of the study were to gain new insights into the experience of users of EC glazing, and to learn about the practicalities of installing it. A number of research questions were defined, leading to a mixed methods data collection programme, carried out over a period of almost 18 months. The data collection encompassed data from the occupants as well as from the physical environment, and was designed in response to the constraints of the site and occupants, as well as the aims of the research enquiry. The resulting data set includes a valuable record of occupant experiences and behaviour, as well as detailed information about environmental conditions at key times. A number of contextual factors influencing the effectiveness of EC glazing were identified. The outcomes of this research provide a new understanding of the user experience of EC glazing, and thus can inform further technological development and benefit future installations.

Die flexible Anpassungsfähigkeit an Umgebungsbedingungen und äußere Einwirkungen ist der Schlüssel zur weiteren energetischen Optimierung der Gebäudehülle. Bisherige Glasfassaden mit statischem Eigenschaftsprofil können auf tages- und jahreszeitliche Änderungen von solarer Einstrahlung oder Temperaturverläufen nur unzureichend reagieren. Dynamische Verglasungen gewinnen daher im Fassadenbau immer stärker an Bedeutung. Neben bereits etablierten Systemen wie elektrochromen Gläsern werden in aktuellen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben diverse Konzepte für adaptive, multifunktionale Gebäudehüllen untersucht. Einen innovativen Ansatz bildet der Einsatz von Flüssigkeiten im Scheibenzwischenraum von Mehrscheiben-Isolierverglasungen. Diese können thermisch reguliert, mit speziellen Partikeln versetzt oder sogar zur Algenkultivierung verwendet werden und ebnen so den Weg für den Bau von Niedrigstenergiegebäuden. Neben Problemstellungen zur Bauphysik und Gebäudeautomation ergibt sich insbesondere bei der Verbindungstechnik für die einzelnen Glasscheiben aufgrund der direkten Flüssigkeitsexposition ein erheblicher Forschungsbedarf. In ersten, bereits realisierten Pilotprojekten wird der aus der Flüssigkeit resultierende hohe hydrostatische Druck, der auf die Verglasung und damit auch auf den Randverbund wirkt, durch aufgesetzte Klemmleisten abgetragen. Die mechanische Klemmung stellt sicher, dass die Randabdichtung in der Lage ist, ihre Funktion dauerhaft zu erfüllen. Diese aufgesetzte Haltekonstruktion durchbricht jedoch die ebenen Oberflächen, die den Reiz schlanker Glasfassaden ausmachen. Der hohe gestalterische Anspruch, der bei großen Bauprojekten von Architekten und Bauherren nachgefragt wird, kann nur mit einem strukturell geklebten Randverbundsystem erfüllt werden, das für den Einsatz im flüssigen Medium geeignet ist. Bisher sind keine geeigneten Klebverbindungen bekannt, die eine dauerhafte Dichtigkeit und ständigen Abtrag hoher mechanischer Lasten gleichzeitig gewährleisten können. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür ist, dass aus der eindiffundierenden Feuchtigkeit ein wesentlicher Schädigungsmechanismus für die geklebte Verbindung resultiert. Die Klebstoffsteifigkeit nimmt dadurch in der Regel ab; auch ein Haftverlust kann die Folge sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich der beschriebenen Herausforderung einer strukturellen Klebverbindung unter Einfluss einer dauerhaften Flüssigkeitsexposition. Durch ein zweistufig geklebtes Randverbundsystem sollen die wesentlichen Funktionen Dichten und Lastabtragen spezifisch auf separat wirksame Klebstoffe aufgeteilt werden und dadurch ein wesentlicher Vorteil gegenüber bisherigen Klebverbindungen geschaffen werden. Ausgehend von diesem Lösungsansatz werden für die Klebstoffauswahl und Materialcharakterisierung ein umfangreiches, maßgeschneidertes Versuchsprogramm sowie Bewertungskonzept entwickelt. Standardisierte Substanz- und Verbundprüfungen umfassen Zug- und Haft-Zugversuche sowie Versuche zur Materialverträglichkeit. In Anbetracht der speziellen Anforderungen der geplanten Anwendung lassen bis dato existierende Bewertungsgrundlagen und Nachweisverfahren jedoch keine hinreichend zuverlässige Aussage zu. Deshalb werden in dieser Arbeit speziell auf diese Anwendung abgestimmte Versuchsverfahren entwickelt, mit denen die Klebstoffdichtigkeit und Flüssigkeitsaufnahme sowie das Verhalten unter Dauerbeanspruchung analysiert werden. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Ergebnissen werden zwei geeignete Klebstoffsysteme ausgewählt, jeweils eines für die dichtende und eines für die lastabtragende Klebstufe. Weitere experimentelle Versuche fokussieren sich auf die Überprüfung der Funktionalität des neuartigen Randverbundsystems unter Realbedingungen. Mit diesem Ziel wird ein Bauteilprüfstand entwickelt, der die realitätsnahe Prüfung des komplexen Beanspruchungszustands im Randverbundsystem erlaubt. Die Versuche im Bauteilmaßstab 1:2 liefern die notwendige Datengrundlage zur Validierung eines numerischen Berechnungsmodells. Mithilfe des Modells werden der Glasaufbau und das neuartige Randverbundsystem dimensioniert und nachgewiesen. Die gewählte Abstraktionstiefe des Modells ermöglicht dabei sowohl eine wissenschaftlich präzise Beurteilung des Tragverhaltens als auch eine praxistaugliche Bemessung. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Kombination der ausgewählten Klebstoffe eine ausreichende Dichtigkeit und Tragfähigkeit aufweist. Experimentell ermittelte, zeitabhängige Verformungen erlauben eine positive Prognose der zu erwartenden Standzeit. In den Bauteilversuchen bleibt der entwickelte Randverbund selbst im teilzerstörten Zustand der Verglasungen und daraus resultierenden, sehr großen Verformungen intakt. Die Klebfuge wird auch unter gemeinhin kritischen Dauerlasten auf hohem Lastniveau rechnerisch nachgewiesen werden, wenngleich dann die Elementabmessungen gegenüber der ursprünglich angestrebten Elementgröße reduziert werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass die Umsetzung eines zweistufig geklebten Randverbundsystems für den Einsatz in flüssigkeitsgefüllten Isolierverglasungen möglich ist. Die entwickelten Prüfverfahren mit definierten Beurteilungsmethoden sowie das ausgearbeitete Versuchsprogramm können für ähnlich gelagerte Fragestellungen herangezogen werden.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 3 Beispielkonstruktion und Beanspruchungsanalyse 4 Klebstoffauswahl und Charakterisierung 5 Anwendungsspezifische Klebstoffuntersuchungen 6 Untersuchungen im Bauteilmaßstab 7 Berechnung und Dimensionierung 8 Handlungsempfehlungenn 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Literatur / Flexible adaptability to environmental conditions and external influences is a key to further energy optimisation of the building envelope. Current glass façades with a fixed characteristics cannot respond adequately to changes in solar radiation or temperature during the day and over the seasons. Dynamic glazing is therefore becoming increasingly important in façade construction. In addition to established solutions such as electrochromic glazing, research and development activities are currently investigating various concepts for adaptive, multifunctional building envelopes. One innovative approach is the use of fluids in the cavity between the panes of insulating glass units. The fluid can be thermally regulated, mixed with functional particles or even used to cultivate algae. This paves the way for the design of ultra-low energy buildings. In parallel with the building physics and automation issues, there is a particular need for research into the connection techniques for the individual panes due to the direct contact with a fluid. In the first completed pilot projects, the high hydrostatic pressure acting on the glazing and therefore also on the edge seal, is dissipated by means of attached clamping bars. These external mechanical clamps ensure that the edge seal is able to fulfil its function permanently. However, external mechanical clamps disrupt the smooth surfaces that define the visual appearance of slim glass façades. This high design requirement, often demanded by architects and clients on high value projects, can only be met by a structurally bonded edge seal system designed for use in a fluid medium. To date, there are no suitable adhesive bonds that can provide both a permanent seal and the ability to withstand high mechanical loads. One of the main reasons for this is the diffusion of moisture, which causes significant damage to the bond. Moisture generally reduces the stiffness of the adhesive and can also cause a loss of adhesion. The present work addresses the challenge of a structural adhesive connection that is permanently exposed to a fluid. By using a two-stage bonded edge seal system, the main functions of sealing and structural load transfer are specifically allocated to the separate adhesives. This results in a significant improvement over conventional bonded joints. Based on this approach, a comprehensive test programme and evaluation scheme is developed to select and characterise the adhesives. Standardised material and adhesive bonding tests include tensile, adhesion and material compatibility tests. Given the specific requirements of the proposed application, conventional evaluation principles and design methods do not provide sufficient assurance. Therefore, this thesis deals with the development of customised test procedures to analyse the adhesive permeability and fluid absorption as well as the structural behaviour under permanent load. Based on the results obtained, two suitable adhesives are selected, one for sealing and one for structural load transfer. Further experimental investigations are focusing on testing the functionality of the novel bonded edge seal system under realistic operating conditions. This includes the development of a component test rig that allows the structural behaviour to be realistically investigated under complex loading conditions. Tests on a 1:2 component scale provide a comprehensive data base for the validation of a numerical model. Numerical simulations are used to dimension and verify the glass composition and the adhesive joint. The high level of detail in the numerical modelling allows a scientifically accurate assessment of the load-bearing behaviour as well as a practical design. The results show that the combination of the selected adhesives provides permanent seal and excellent load carrying capacity. The experimentally determined time-dependent deformations allow for a positive prediction of the service life. Even when the glazing is partially destroyed and the resulting deformations are very large, the developed edge seal remains fully intact during the component tests. The adhesive joint is verified by calculations under generally critical permanent loads at a high stress level, even though the unit dimensions have to be reduced from the original target size. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilising a two-stage bonded edge seal system in fluid-filled insulating glass units. The customised test methods consisting of specified assessment procedures and an elaborated test programme can be applied to address and overcome forthcoming challenges.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 3 Beispielkonstruktion und Beanspruchungsanalyse 4 Klebstoffauswahl und Charakterisierung 5 Anwendungsspezifische Klebstoffuntersuchungen 6 Untersuchungen im Bauteilmaßstab 7 Berechnung und Dimensionierung 8 Handlungsempfehlungenn 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Literatur

Disertacijoje, taikant dinaminį pastatų energijos poreikių modeliavimą, nagrinėjamos viešosios paskirties pastatų energinio efektyvumo problemos. Pagrin-dinis tyrimo objektas yra viešosios paskirties pastato fasado įstiklinimo įtaka energijos poreikiams. Greta savo pagrindinės funkcijos – pakankamo natūralaus apšvietimo užtikrinimo, fasado įstiklinimas privalo būti energiškai efektyvus. Tai prieštaringi reikalavimai. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – įvertinant natūralaus apšvietimo poreikį, kompleksiškai išanalizuoti viešosios paskirties pastato įstiklinimo charakteristi-kų įtaką pastato mikroklimato ir apšvietimo sistemų energijos poreikiams bei nustatyti, kokioms pastato įstiklinimo charakteristikoms esant, Lietuvoje bei panašaus klimato šalyse pastato energijos poreikius galima būtų sumažinti iki mažai energijos vartojančio pastato lygio. Darbe sprendžiami du pagrindiniai uždaviniai: pirmasis – atliekama įstiklinimo įtakos kondicionuojamo pastato energijos poreikiams analizė; antrasis – nustatomos efektyvios energiškai efektyvaus pastato įstiklinimo charakteristikos. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autoriaus publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimų objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašoma tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas, darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė, ginamieji teiginiai, pristatomos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Applying building energy simulations, the dissertation investigates the issu-es of energy efficiency of public buildings. The main object of research – influ-ence of the glazing of the public building on its energy demand. Next to its main function to ensure daylighting, glazing must to be energy efficient. So these requirements conflict. The aim of this dissertation is to perform the complex analysis of the influ-ence of glazing characteristics on the building‘s microclimate and lighting sys-tems energy demand, taking into account DL demand. Also define, what glazing characteristics in Lithuanian and similar climate countries, are able to decrease buildings energy demand to the level of the low energy building. The paper ap-proaches two major tasks. Task 1 is performance of the detailed analysis of inf-luence of glazing on energy demand of the public building. Task 2 is determina-tion of the efficient glazing characteristics of the energy efficient building. The dissertation consists of Introduction, 4 chapters, Conclusions, Referen-ces and list of published works of the author on the topic of dissertation. The introduction reveals the investigated problem, importance of the thesis and the object of research and describes the purpose and tasks of the paper, re-search methodology, scientific novelty, the practical significance of results examined in the paper and defended statements. The introduction ends in presen-ting the author’s publications on the subject of the... [to full text]

Applying building energy simulations, the dissertation investigates the issu-es of energy efficiency of public buildings. The main object of research – influence of the glazing of the public building on its energy demand. Next to its main function to ensure daylighting, glazing must to be energy efficient. So these requirements conflict. The aim of this dissertation is to perform the complex analysis of the influence of glazing characteristics on the building‘s microclimate and lighting systems energy demand, taking into account DL demand. Also define, what glazing characteristics in Lithuanian and similar climate countries, are able to decrease buildings energy demand to the level of the low energy building. The paper approaches two major tasks. Task 1 is performance of the detailed analysis of influence of glazing on energy demand of the public building. Task 2 is determination of the efficient glazing characteristics of the energy efficient building. The dissertation consists of Introduction, 4 chapters, Conclusions, references and list of published works of the author on the topic of dissertation. The introduction reveals the investigated problem, importance of the thesis and the object of research and describes the purpose and tasks of the paper, research methodology, scientific novelty, the practical significance of results examined in the paper and defended statements. The introduction ends in presenting the author’s publications on the subject of the defended... [to full text] / Disertacijoje, taikant dinaminį pastatų energijos poreikių modeliavimą, nag-rinėjamos viešosios paskirties pastatų energinio efektyvumo problemos. Pagrin-dinis tyrimo objektas yra viešosios paskirties pastato fasado įstiklinimo įtaka energijos poreikiams. Greta savo pagrindinės funkcijos – pakankamo natūralaus apšvietimo užtikrinimo, fasado įstiklinimas privalo būti energiškai efektyvus. Tai prieštaringi reikalavimai. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – įvertinant natūralaus apšvietimo poreikį, kompleksiškai išanalizuoti viešosios paskirties pastato įstiklinimo charakteristi-kų įtaką pastato mikroklimato ir apšvietimo sistemų energijos poreikiams bei nustatyti, kokioms pastato įstiklinimo charakteristikoms esant, Lietuvoje bei pa-našaus klimato šalyse pastato energijos poreikius galima būtų sumažinti iki ma-žai energijos vartojančio pastato lygio. Darbe sprendžiami du pagrindiniai užda-viniai: pirmasis – atliekama įstiklinimo įtakos kondicionuojamo pastato energijos poreikiams analizė; antrasis – nustatomos efektyvios energiškai efek-tyvaus pastato įstiklinimo charakteristikos. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autoriaus publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, apra-šomas tyrimų objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašoma tyrimų metodika, darbo mokslinis naujumas, darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė, ginamieji teiginiai, pristatomos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This work mainly investigates the use of aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) process to fabricate thin film materials for energy efficient glazing and thin film solar cells applications. Ga-doped ZnO thin films were firstly deposited onto glass substrates by AACVD of zinc and gallium acetylacetonates in methanol. After optimizing the doping concentration, film thickness and heating temperature, ZnO:Ga coatings with high visible transparency (> 80 %) and infrared reflection (up to 48.9 % at 2500 nm) were obtained, which is close to the optical requirements for commercial energy saving glazing. Pyramid-shaped and plate-shaped zinc oxides films were then deposited on glass substrates by AACVD of zinc-acetate-dihydrate, acetic acid and deionized water in methanol. These surface-textured ZnO films exhibited good visible transparency (~70 %), low sheet resistance (~60 Ω sq-1) and ultra large haze factor (up to 98.5 %), which is the most hazy ZnO ever reported and can be potentially used as the front contact in thin-film solar cells. Finally, uniform compact CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films with high phase purity and micron-sized pinhole-free grains were deposited on glass substrates by a novel two-step and three-step sequential AACVD process. In conclusion, AACVD shows a great potential for the scalable fabrication of ZnO-based and organometallic halide-based thin film materials.

<p>Abstract.</p><p>The levels of dioxin and comparable substances rose to a large extent in our environment during the second half of the 20'Th century. This was the result of the synthesis of, and careless usage of these substances in cooling fluids, hydraulics, pesticides etc. </p><p>Background levels of dioxins and furans in sealed samples prior to this era suggest that former sources of these substances existed. </p><p>Salt glazing is a method of adding a smooth acid resistant exterior to stoneware ceramics. The technique has been in use since the 16'Th century, maybe even earlier than that. Some sources date the origin of the technique to the 13'Th century. Salt glazed ceramics were the prime type of industrial vessels and it was extensively used for food preservation in households from the 17'Th century to the early/mid 20'Th century. </p><p>The method was/is primarily used by Germany, Great Britain, America and Sweden.</p><p>Salt glazing is a source of graphite structures from soot, and of chlorine gas. Hence, the formation of organochlorides should be able to occur.</p><p>The reports main objective is to highlight the question; “Could the salt glazing industry be one of the sources to early dioxin emissions?” Secondary objectives are to present an introduction to dioxin and comparable substances, methods of analysis and symptoms of exposure. </p><p>The salt glazing industry is much likely one of the anthropogenic sources of early PCDD/F emissions. Though emission levels seem to be quite low, due to the persistence of PCDD/F noticeable levels could have accumulated. When the Leblanc soda process (a known source of PCDD/F) was introduced in 1791, the salt glazing process had already been used for nearly three hundred years.</p>

<p>The impact of window area on the energy balance of a building was investigated by simulations in DEROB-LTH. The glazed area was varied in three types of buildings with different types of glazing and for several climates.</p><p>One low energy house was compared to a less insulated house but identical in size and layout. Three different types of glazing were used; uncoated double glazing, double glazing with one low-e coated pane and triple glazing with two low-e coated panes. Climates with variations in solar radiation, mean temperature, altitude and latitude were chosen.</p><p>The results show that if energy efficient window alternatives are chosen the flexibility of choosing the glazed area and orientation is higher. Choosing a larger area facing south resulted in a higher heating demand for uncoated double glazing in the standard house. An increased area also resulted in an increased peak load for heating for all the simulated cases. Choosing the energy efficient glazing type gave a decrease in heating demand for increased south facing glazed area in the standard house. In the low energy house the difference in heating demand between different areas was smaller than for the standard house. </p><p>An office module with two types of switchable glazing and one solar control glazing unit was used in three different climates; Stockholm, Brussels and Rome. Larger window areas increase the cooling demand but if glazing types with lower solar transmittance are used, the difference in cooling demand between different window areas decreases. An extremely large window area, however, increases the peak load both for cooling and for heating and should therefore be avoided. Energy can be saved by using switchable windows instead of solar control or in particular standard glazing.</p>