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This research conducted according to the phenomenological method investigated the Pauline concept of suffering. It traces the historical development in Paul's thinking on suffering. The two lines of Paul's suffering are his personal suffering - his struggle with the thorn in the flesh; and his suffering through persecution for Christ's sake. It is through his personal suffering that Paul endears himself to his readers. 2 Cor.12:1-10 reveals the function of the thorn - it brings vindication. Paul's personal suffering merges with his suffering for Christ, and the note of joy, hope, glory and vindication is emphasized. Just as Paul shares in Christ's suffering, he will share in the victory and glory too. Paul sees his suffering in the light of Christ's suffering and the suffering of his readers in the light of his suffering. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Religious Studies)

The purpose of this thesis is to re-assert beauty as a fundamental and essential value within contemporary Christendom as it exists within a postmodern culture. Once a strong and meaningful concept within Christian belief, beauty has been lost over the passage of two millennia. This thesis examines the loss of beauty as a meaningful concept in western Christian belief, and offers a re-evaluation of the concept particularly within the postmodern world. Drawing together the fundamental concerns of postmodern society and the contribution that beauty is able to make from within the Christian context, this thesis demonstrates that "beauty" speaks to contemporary concerns and meets its deepest needs. Here, beauty, understood as the relational aspect of forms conceived by God, and offered to humanity as gift, is shown to overcome the affective sterility that has overtaken western society as an effect of enlightenment thought. An examination of the concept of beauty, particularly in the works of Thomas Aquinas, Jonathan Edwards and Gerard Manley Hopkins serves as a basis to posit a definition of beauty that is consistent with Christian beliefs without violating its unique content. Tracing the loss of beauty in western Christian thought and in western culture at large, and recognising the absence of a similar phenomenon within the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, suggests that the genius of these eastern traditions is their refusal to minimise the notion of "mystery" that stands at the heart of Christian revelation. The western Church then, is called to refocus on the centrality of the "mystery" inherent in her life. To this end, contemplation is proposed as the avenue wherein the believer experiences an intimate and transforming encounter with the Triune God which leads to the fruition of unique personhood that increasingly takes form as the "beauty of holiness." / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

Este ensaio estuda a invenção retórico-poética do poema épico Vila Rica, lido como uma composição que emula o costume da escrita das epopéias gregas, latinas e modernas, especialmente a Farsália de Lucano e a Henriade de Voltaire, atualizando, pelo intermédio do pensamento das preceptivas de Francisco José Freire, filtradas pela postura crítica de Voltaire, que deprecia a importância de muitas regras convenientes ao decoro do gênero épico. A epopéia de Cláudio Manuel da Costa é entendida como um exercício prático de poesia, orientado para o ensinamento da instrução moral e para a admiração do deleite poético, retratadas na atitude ideal do chefe militar português de uma encenação da história da pacificação das terras mineiras, produzindo uma gênese mítica heróica para a pátria mineira, buscando a perpetuação da memória na posteridade, seguindo o exemplo da poesia épica retratada no mundo hispano-colonial, no chamado Siglo de oro, que encena a descoberta e a pacificação das colônias pelos europeus, aplicando um estilo sublime na reinvenção de uma ação entendida como heróica. Ao realizar este movimento, permanecendo inédito por muito tempo, e pouco divulgado por séculos, o poema Vila Rica agrega uma fortuna crítica que se divide entre a apologia e o vitupério do texto, que representa o topos do utópico, na medida em que a paisagem retratada difere evidentemente daquela encontrada na Arcádia e nas margens do rio Mondego, mais adequadas à figuração do exemplar locus amoenus, da poesia idílica de Teócrito. Ao mesmo tempo, realiza a mitificação da história pela superposição de diversos fatos históricos, apresentados no Fundamento Histórico, encenados como tópicos da morte e do amor, orientando e evidenciando o caráter de valorização da glória dos feitos dos representados do reino português num herói portador da perfecta eloquentia, contra um suposto domínio da lei natural pelos nativos do Estado do Brasil, reinventando a história na agregação de uma glória poética a ser reconhecida ou inventada numa sociedade hierárquica que encena a si mesma num teatro de imagens e discursos. Exclui-se a subjetividade de um sujeito em conflito consigo próprio pela melancolia da paisagem rochosa, buscando-se a glória, além da tradição, demonstrando a honra da moral católica da sociedade colonial luso-brasileira no empenho da elucidação da história. / This essay studies the rhetorical-poetical invention of the epic poem Vila Rica, read as a composition that emulates the written custom of the greek, latim and modern epics, especially the Pharsalia of Lucan and the Henriade of Voltaire, bringing up to date, by the intermediacy of the thought of Francisco José Freire\'s precepts, filtered by the critical position of Voltaire, that depreciates the importance of many convenient rules to the decorum on the epic genus. The epic of Cláudio Manuel da Costa is understood as a practical exercise of poetry, guided by the teaching of a moral instruction and in favor of the admiration of a poetical delight, portrayed in the ideal attitude of the Portuguese military head as a representation of the mining lands pacification\'s history, producing a mythical heroic source for the mining country, searching the upholding of the memory in the posterity, following the example of the epic poetry portrayed in the Hispanic-colonial world, in the so called Siglo de oro, that represents the discovery and the pacification of colonies by Europeans, applying a sublime style in the re-invention of an action understood as heroic. When carrying through this movement, remaining unknown for a long time, and little divulged for centuries, the poem Vila Rica supports a critical history that is divided between praise and vituperation of the text, which represents the topos of utopian, taking into account that the portrayed landscape differs evidently from that one joined in the Arcadia and in the edges of the Mondego river, adjusted to the picture of the pattern locus amoenus, of the idyllic poetry of Theocritus. At the same time, it carries through turning the History into a myth, by the overlapping of various historical events, presented in the Fundamento Histórico, figured as topics of the death and of love, guiding and evidencing the estimation\'s character on the glory of the Portuguese kingdom\'s representatives\' actions in a hero carrying a perfecta eloquentia, against a belief in the natural law\'s domain on the State of Brazil\'s natives, re-inventing History in the aggregation of a recognized poetical glory, or to be invented in a hierarchic society that stages itself in a theater of images and speeches. It is abstained the subjectivity of a being in conflict with himself caused by the melancholy of the rocky landscape, searching the glory, further than tradition, demonstrating the moralistic catholic\'s honor in the Portuguese-Brazilian colonial\'s society, persistencing in the explanation of History.

A expansão das áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar no Brasil é evidente, e para um eficaz manejo dessas extensas áreas, é necessário um bom planejamento das operações agrícolas. Nesse sentido, a aplicação de herbicidas pode ocorrer até no período seco do ano e em condições de solo bem distintas. Sabe-se que os diferentes ambientes nos quais os herbicidas são aplicados têm grande influencia em sua eficácia, e entender essas diferenças é importante para se obter o melhor rendimento e se fazer o correto uso dessa excelente ferramenta de manejo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da formulação comercial contendo os herbicidas diurom + hexazinona + sulfometurom-metílico quando aplicado em solos com texturas contrastantes, além de avaliar a lixiviação desse herbicida e seus componentes e também como condições de restrição hídrica em presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar podem afetar o seu efeito residual e de seus componentes. Foram realizados ao todo 5 experimentos sendo 3 com o uso de curvas de dose-resposta, avaliando-se capim-colchão e corda-de-viola; um com lixiviação em tubos de PVC, avaliando-se corda-de-viola, e um com períodos de restrição hídrica, avaliando-se corda-de-viola e capim-colonião. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos com as curvas de dose-resposta demonstraram a grande influencia da textura na eficácia do herbicida, com quantidades de argila menores que 30% sendo suficientes para gerar respostas consideravelmente distintas. O experimento com lixiviação demonstrou que as três moléculas do herbicida comportam-se diferentemente no solo, o que também é importante para o seu uso em diferentes ambientes. Os resultados obtidos no experimento com períodos de restrição hídrica em palha de cana-de-açúcar permitem concluir que apesar de as três moléculas comportarem-se diferentemente no ambiente, elas se complementam no controle de plantas daninhas mono e dicotiledôneas, e têm o efeito residual pouco influenciado por períodos de restrição hídrica. / The expansion of areas planted with sugar cane in Brazil is clearly noticeable and a good planning of agricultural operations is necessary for an effective management of these extensive areas. Accordingly, the application of herbicides may occur even in the dry season and in distinctive soil conditions. It is known that the different environments in which the herbicides are applied have great influence on their effectiveness and understanding these differences is an important factor in order to obtain best performance and make proper use of this excellent management tool. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the behavior of the commercial formulation containing the herbicides diuron + hexazinone + sulfometurom-methyl when applied to soils with contrasting textures, and also to evaluate the leaching of this herbicide and its components as well as how conditions of water restriction with presence of sugarcane staw can affect your residual effect and its components. Five experiments were performed, three of those using dose-response curves, to evaluate crabgrass and morning glory; one with leaching using PVC tubes, evaluating morning glory and one with periods of water restriction, evaluating morning glory and guinea grass. Obtained results of the experiments with the dose-response curves demonstrated the great influence of the texture on the effectiveness of the herbicide, clay amounts of less than 30% being sufficient to generate considerably distinct responses. The experiment with leaching showed that the three molecules behave differently in the soil, which is also important to their use in different environments. Obtained results in the experiment with periods of water restriction on straw sugarcane allow the conclusion that although the three molecules behave differently in the environment, they complement each other in control of mono and dicotyledonous weeds, and they have little residual effect influenced by periods of water restriction.

Este ensaio estuda a invenção retórico-poética do poema épico Vila Rica, lido como uma composição que emula o costume da escrita das epopéias gregas, latinas e modernas, especialmente a Farsália de Lucano e a Henriade de Voltaire, atualizando, pelo intermédio do pensamento das preceptivas de Francisco José Freire, filtradas pela postura crítica de Voltaire, que deprecia a importância de muitas regras convenientes ao decoro do gênero épico. A epopéia de Cláudio Manuel da Costa é entendida como um exercício prático de poesia, orientado para o ensinamento da instrução moral e para a admiração do deleite poético, retratadas na atitude ideal do chefe militar português de uma encenação da história da pacificação das terras mineiras, produzindo uma gênese mítica heróica para a pátria mineira, buscando a perpetuação da memória na posteridade, seguindo o exemplo da poesia épica retratada no mundo hispano-colonial, no chamado Siglo de oro, que encena a descoberta e a pacificação das colônias pelos europeus, aplicando um estilo sublime na reinvenção de uma ação entendida como heróica. Ao realizar este movimento, permanecendo inédito por muito tempo, e pouco divulgado por séculos, o poema Vila Rica agrega uma fortuna crítica que se divide entre a apologia e o vitupério do texto, que representa o topos do utópico, na medida em que a paisagem retratada difere evidentemente daquela encontrada na Arcádia e nas margens do rio Mondego, mais adequadas à figuração do exemplar locus amoenus, da poesia idílica de Teócrito. Ao mesmo tempo, realiza a mitificação da história pela superposição de diversos fatos históricos, apresentados no Fundamento Histórico, encenados como tópicos da morte e do amor, orientando e evidenciando o caráter de valorização da glória dos feitos dos representados do reino português num herói portador da perfecta eloquentia, contra um suposto domínio da lei natural pelos nativos do Estado do Brasil, reinventando a história na agregação de uma glória poética a ser reconhecida ou inventada numa sociedade hierárquica que encena a si mesma num teatro de imagens e discursos. Exclui-se a subjetividade de um sujeito em conflito consigo próprio pela melancolia da paisagem rochosa, buscando-se a glória, além da tradição, demonstrando a honra da moral católica da sociedade colonial luso-brasileira no empenho da elucidação da história. / This essay studies the rhetorical-poetical invention of the epic poem Vila Rica, read as a composition that emulates the written custom of the greek, latim and modern epics, especially the Pharsalia of Lucan and the Henriade of Voltaire, bringing up to date, by the intermediacy of the thought of Francisco José Freire\'s precepts, filtered by the critical position of Voltaire, that depreciates the importance of many convenient rules to the decorum on the epic genus. The epic of Cláudio Manuel da Costa is understood as a practical exercise of poetry, guided by the teaching of a moral instruction and in favor of the admiration of a poetical delight, portrayed in the ideal attitude of the Portuguese military head as a representation of the mining lands pacification\'s history, producing a mythical heroic source for the mining country, searching the upholding of the memory in the posterity, following the example of the epic poetry portrayed in the Hispanic-colonial world, in the so called Siglo de oro, that represents the discovery and the pacification of colonies by Europeans, applying a sublime style in the re-invention of an action understood as heroic. When carrying through this movement, remaining unknown for a long time, and little divulged for centuries, the poem Vila Rica supports a critical history that is divided between praise and vituperation of the text, which represents the topos of utopian, taking into account that the portrayed landscape differs evidently from that one joined in the Arcadia and in the edges of the Mondego river, adjusted to the picture of the pattern locus amoenus, of the idyllic poetry of Theocritus. At the same time, it carries through turning the History into a myth, by the overlapping of various historical events, presented in the Fundamento Histórico, figured as topics of the death and of love, guiding and evidencing the estimation\'s character on the glory of the Portuguese kingdom\'s representatives\' actions in a hero carrying a perfecta eloquentia, against a belief in the natural law\'s domain on the State of Brazil\'s natives, re-inventing History in the aggregation of a recognized poetical glory, or to be invented in a hierarchic society that stages itself in a theater of images and speeches. It is abstained the subjectivity of a being in conflict with himself caused by the melancholy of the rocky landscape, searching the glory, further than tradition, demonstrating the moralistic catholic\'s honor in the Portuguese-Brazilian colonial\'s society, persistencing in the explanation of History.

A expansão das áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar no Brasil é evidente, e para um eficaz manejo dessas extensas áreas, é necessário um bom planejamento das operações agrícolas. Nesse sentido, a aplicação de herbicidas pode ocorrer até no período seco do ano e em condições de solo bem distintas. Sabe-se que os diferentes ambientes nos quais os herbicidas são aplicados têm grande influencia em sua eficácia, e entender essas diferenças é importante para se obter o melhor rendimento e se fazer o correto uso dessa excelente ferramenta de manejo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da formulação comercial contendo os herbicidas diurom + hexazinona + sulfometurom-metílico quando aplicado em solos com texturas contrastantes, além de avaliar a lixiviação desse herbicida e seus componentes e também como condições de restrição hídrica em presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar podem afetar o seu efeito residual e de seus componentes. Foram realizados ao todo 5 experimentos sendo 3 com o uso de curvas de dose-resposta, avaliando-se capim-colchão e corda-de-viola; um com lixiviação em tubos de PVC, avaliando-se corda-de-viola, e um com períodos de restrição hídrica, avaliando-se corda-de-viola e capim-colonião. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos com as curvas de dose-resposta demonstraram a grande influencia da textura na eficácia do herbicida, com quantidades de argila menores que 30% sendo suficientes para gerar respostas consideravelmente distintas. O experimento com lixiviação demonstrou que as três moléculas do herbicida comportam-se diferentemente no solo, o que também é importante para o seu uso em diferentes ambientes. Os resultados obtidos no experimento com períodos de restrição hídrica em palha de cana-de-açúcar permitem concluir que apesar de as três moléculas comportarem-se diferentemente no ambiente, elas se complementam no controle de plantas daninhas mono e dicotiledôneas, e têm o efeito residual pouco influenciado por períodos de restrição hídrica. / The expansion of areas planted with sugar cane in Brazil is clearly noticeable and a good planning of agricultural operations is necessary for an effective management of these extensive areas. Accordingly, the application of herbicides may occur even in the dry season and in distinctive soil conditions. It is known that the different environments in which the herbicides are applied have great influence on their effectiveness and understanding these differences is an important factor in order to obtain best performance and make proper use of this excellent management tool. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the behavior of the commercial formulation containing the herbicides diuron + hexazinone + sulfometurom-methyl when applied to soils with contrasting textures, and also to evaluate the leaching of this herbicide and its components as well as how conditions of water restriction with presence of sugarcane staw can affect your residual effect and its components. Five experiments were performed, three of those using dose-response curves, to evaluate crabgrass and morning glory; one with leaching using PVC tubes, evaluating morning glory and one with periods of water restriction, evaluating morning glory and guinea grass. Obtained results of the experiments with the dose-response curves demonstrated the great influence of the texture on the effectiveness of the herbicide, clay amounts of less than 30% being sufficient to generate considerably distinct responses. The experiment with leaching showed that the three molecules behave differently in the soil, which is also important to their use in different environments. Obtained results in the experiment with periods of water restriction on straw sugarcane allow the conclusion that although the three molecules behave differently in the environment, they complement each other in control of mono and dicotyledonous weeds, and they have little residual effect influenced by periods of water restriction.

This dissertation examines the doctrines of effectual calling and regeneration and argues that the biblical view is that God's saving grace is monergistic - meaning that God acts alone to effectually call and monergistically regenerate the depraved sinner from death to new life - and therefore effectual calling and regeneration causally precede conversion in the ordo salutis, thereby ensuring that all of the glory in salvation belongs to God not man. Stated negatively, God's grace is not synergistic - meaning that God cooperates with man, giving man the final determative power to either accept or resist God's grace - which would result in an ordo salutis where regeneration is causally conditioned upon man's free will in conversion and, in the Calvinist's opinion, would rob God of all of the glory in salvation. Chapter 1 introduces the monergism-synergism debate by placing it within the contemporary evangelical context. Chapter 1 not only introduces the debate between Calvinists and Arminians but also introduces the recent attempt of modified views to present a via media between the two. Chapter 1 also presents the thesis and explains the parameters and presuppositions of the dissertation. Chapter 2 examines the doctrine of monergism within the Reformed tradition. Rather than an exhaustive survey, chapter 2 selects some of the most important representatives from the Reformed tradition including: Augustine, John Calvin, the Canons of Dort, and the Westminster Confession. In discussing these figures and confessions, chapter 2 provides the historical and theological context in which the Reformed argued against the synergists of their own day. Chapter 3 turns to a biblical and theological defense of total depravity and effectual calling. Chapter 3 first begins with a biblical defense of total depravity and spiritual inability, as well as a brief discussion and utilization of Jonathan Edwards' understanding of free will (the freedom of inclination). Chapter 3 then seeks to argue for the thesis presented in chapter 1 by showing from Scripture that the Calvinist view of effectual calling is biblical. Chapter 4 continues the argument from chapter 3 by focusing in on the doctrine of regeneration. Chapter 4 argues that regeneration is monergistic rather than synergistic, meaning that God's grace in regeneration is not contingent on the will of man to believe but God's grace works alone. Therefore, faith and repentance are the result not the condition of regeneration in the ordo salutis. Chapter 5 seeks to give an accurate and fair presentation of the Arminian view(s), giving attention to the theological nuances among Arminians. Chapter 5 shows that there is diversity within Arminianism, so that there are those who hold to a "classical Arminian" view and there are those who hold to a Semi-Pelagian view. However, chapter 5 demonstrates that both views end up in the same place, namely, affirming the doctrine of synergism which makes God's grace contingent upon man's will. Chapter 6 is a biblical and theological critique of the Arminian view. Chapter 6 shows that the Arminian doctrine of synergism is not found in Scripture, contradicts Scripture, and robs God of all his glory in salvation. Chapter 7 turns from the Arminian view to examine recent modified attempts to pave a middle way between Calvinism and Arminianism. Chapter 7 shows specifically that attempts at a middle way borrow from Arminianism and consequently fall prey to an erroneous interpretation of Scripture. Chapter 7 shows that a middle way is biblically impossible and it also robs God of all his glory in salvation. Chapter 8 concludes the dissertation by restating the thesis, summarizing the biblical data, and arguing that only the Calvinist view can preserve the glory of God to save sinners. Three appendixes conclude the dissertation. Appendix 1 examines the Arminian and Calvinist views of the love of God and argues that divine love in Scripture is far more complex than the Arminian makes it out to be. God not only has a universal love for all people but a special, particular, and efficacious love only for the elect. Appendix 2 examines the Arminian and Calvinist views of the will of God and argues once again that the will of God in Scripture is far more complex than the Arminian makes it out to be. Scripture shows, it is argued, that God not only has a moral or preceptive will as well as a will of disposition but also a will of decree by which he effectually ordains all that comes to pass. Appendix 3 looks at the relationship between effectual calling and regeneration in the Reformed tradition and the diversity that exists among the Reformed as to how exactly describe this relationship. Appendix 3 presents and critiques each view, but pays particular attention to Michael Horton's recent proposal for "covenant ontology and effectual calling."

This research conducted according to the phenomenological method investigated the Pauline concept of suffering. It traces the historical development in Paul's thinking on suffering. The two lines of Paul's suffering are his personal suffering - his struggle with the thorn in the flesh; and his suffering through persecution for Christ's sake. It is through his personal suffering that Paul endears himself to his readers. 2 Cor.12:1-10 reveals the function of the thorn - it brings vindication. Paul's personal suffering merges with his suffering for Christ, and the note of joy, hope, glory and vindication is emphasized. Just as Paul shares in Christ's suffering, he will share in the victory and glory too. Paul sees his suffering in the light of Christ's suffering and the suffering of his readers in the light of his suffering. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Religious Studies)

The purpose of this thesis is to re-assert beauty as a fundamental and essential value within contemporary Christendom as it exists within a postmodern culture. Once a strong and meaningful concept within Christian belief, beauty has been lost over the passage of two millennia. This thesis examines the loss of beauty as a meaningful concept in western Christian belief, and offers a re-evaluation of the concept particularly within the postmodern world. Drawing together the fundamental concerns of postmodern society and the contribution that beauty is able to make from within the Christian context, this thesis demonstrates that "beauty" speaks to contemporary concerns and meets its deepest needs. Here, beauty, understood as the relational aspect of forms conceived by God, and offered to humanity as gift, is shown to overcome the affective sterility that has overtaken western society as an effect of enlightenment thought. An examination of the concept of beauty, particularly in the works of Thomas Aquinas, Jonathan Edwards and Gerard Manley Hopkins serves as a basis to posit a definition of beauty that is consistent with Christian beliefs without violating its unique content. Tracing the loss of beauty in western Christian thought and in western culture at large, and recognising the absence of a similar phenomenon within the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, suggests that the genius of these eastern traditions is their refusal to minimise the notion of "mystery" that stands at the heart of Christian revelation. The western Church then, is called to refocus on the centrality of the "mystery" inherent in her life. To this end, contemplation is proposed as the avenue wherein the believer experiences an intimate and transforming encounter with the Triune God which leads to the fruition of unique personhood that increasingly takes form as the "beauty of holiness." / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Christian Spirituality)