.Les récepteurs AMPA, NMDA et mGluR5 sont responsables de la majeure partie des courants excitateurs dans la transmission synaptique glutamatergique. Le contrôle de la dynamique et de l’organisation de ces récepteurs dans la synapse, via une combinaison de diffusion latérale et d’endo/exocytose, est essentiel à la régulation de l’intensité de la transmission synaptique. Les protéines de la densité post-synaptique, telles que Homer, Shank et GKAP, régulent la diffusion de ces derniers, contrôlent leur nombre et leur organisation à la post-synapse. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à étudier la co-organisation nanoscopique des récepteurs AMPA, NMDA et mGluR5 à la post-synapse. Dans un premier temps, grâce au développement de différents outils méthodologiques, j’ai caractérisé les propriétés individuelles d’organisation et de dynamique des récepteurs glutamatergiques, ainsi que leurs propriétés de co-organisation au sein de la post-synapse. Dans un second temps, j’ai cherché à explorer l’impact d’une modification structurelle de la densité post-synaptique sur leur nano-organisation. L’utilisation d’un modèle de troubles du spectre autistique, basé sur la variation d’expression de la protéine d’échafaudage Shank3, a permis d’étudier la désorganisation fonctionnelle des récepteurs au glutamate induite par une perturbation structurelle de la densité post-synaptique. Mes travaux démontrent une organisation clusterisée des récepteurs AMPA et NMDA à la post-synapse, et une distribution homogène des mGluR5 à leur périphérie. Les nanodomaines des AMPARs et des NMDARs ne sont pas co-localisés mais co-organisés, avec une tendance pour les NMDARs à occuper une place centrale dans la post-synapse. Les propriétés individuelles d’organisation des récepteurs AMPA ne sont pas affectées par une variation d’expression de la protéine Shank3, alors que les NMDARs et les mGluR5 voient leurs pools synaptiques affectés dans ce modèle de troubles du spectre autistique. Ces résultats apportent de nouveaux éléments de compréhension des bases moléculaires de la transmission synaptique glutamatergique en conditions physiologique et pathologique, et proposent une nouvelle vision de l’utilisation du glutamate par les synapses. / AMPA, NMDA and mGluR5 receptors are responsible of the majority of excitatory currents in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Controlling the organization and the mobility of these receptors in the synapse, via a combination of lateral diffusion and endo/exocytosis, is essential for the regulation of synaptic transmission intensity. The proteins of the post-synaptic density, such as Homer, Shank and GKAP, regulate the diffusion of these receptors and control their number and organization at the post-synapse. My PhD work consisted of studying the nanoscale organization of AMPA, NMDA and mGluR5 receptors at the post-synapse. As a first step, thanks to the development of different methodological tools, I characterized the organization and dynamic properties of glutamatergic receptors, together with their co-organization within the post-synapse. As a second step, I explored the impact of structural modification of the post-synaptic density on the nano-organization of these receptors. The use of a model of autism spectrum disorder, based on a variation of the scaffold protein Shank3, enabled the study of functional disorganization of glutamate receptors induced by a structural disturbance of the post-synaptic density. This work shows a clustered organization of AMPA and NMDA receptors at the post-synapse, and a homogenous distribution of mGluR5 at their periphery. The AMPARs and NMDARs nanodomains are not co-localized but co-organized, with a tendency for the NMDARs to occupy a central place at the post-synapse. The individual organizational properties of AMPA receptors are not affected by the variation of Shank3 expression, whereas NMDARs and mGluR5 see their synaptic pool affected in this model of autism spectrum disorder. These results provide new evidence on the molecular bases of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in physiological and pathological conditions and propose a new vision of the use of glutamate by synapses.

Le système de l’immunité innée cérébrale module le fonctionnement du cerveau et les processus comportementaux tout au long de la vie d'un individu. Parmi les différents protagonistes de ce système de l'immunité innée cérébrale, les cellules gliales jouent un rôle majeur notamment en régulant la synthèse de facteurs inflammatoires tels que les cytokines. Ces dernières, outre leur rôle dans la coordination de l'action des différents partenaires cellulaires de ce système, modifient l'activité neuronale. Lors d'un épisode inflammatoire, le système de l'immunité innée s'active et l'ensemble des signaux mis en place par les processus immunitaires est regroupé sous le terme de neuroinflammation. Plus particulièrement, les cytokines proinflammatoires et l’ATP libérés dans ce cadre ont été décrits comme étant capables de moduler la plasticité synaptique d'une part et les capacités d’apprentissages et de mémorisation d'autre part. Cependant, la compréhension de l’impact d’un épisode inflammatoire sur le système nerveux central et les capacités d’apprentissage n’est pas totale. Une cible potentielle de ces facteurs est le système de neurotransmission glutamatergique. En effet, les facteurs proinflammatoires peuvent augmenter ou diminuer l’expression ou l’activité de certaines sous-unités des récepteurs glutamatergiques. Mon objectif a été de déterminer dans quelle mesure la transmission glutamatergique est altérée en condition neuroinflammatoire et comment cela pouvait induire des altérations des capacités d’apprentissage chez le rongeur. Pour cela nous avons choisi comme tâche comportementale l’aversion gustative conditionnée, dont les mécanismes moléculaires nécessaire à sa mise en place sont connus et reposent sur la transmission glutamatergique dans une structure corticale particulière chez les rongeurs: le cortex insulaire. Notre étude visait à déterminer les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires par lesquels une inflammation localisée à ce cortex peut induire des modifications comportementales et biochimiques. Nous avons pu montrer que l’infusion de lipopolysaccharide, un puissant agent inflammatoire, dans le cortex insulaire induisait une augmentation de l'aversion conditionnée. Ceci était corrélé à une augmentation d’expression des récepteurs AMPA au glutamate dans cette structure, plus particulièrement dans le compartiment synaptique. Nous avons également pu montrer que l’infusion de LPS dans le cortex insulaire induisait la synthèse et la libération de cytokines proinflammatoires localement, sans stimuler le système de l’immunité périphérique. Même si ces cytokines sont connues comme étant des agents modulateurs de la neurotransmission glutamatergique, leur infusion dans le cortex insulaire n’a pas reproduit dans notre cas les effets de l’infusion du LPS. Par contre, nous avons montré que l’ATP était impliqué dans les effets du LPS sur l’apprentissage aversif, puisque le blocage des récepteurs purinergiques dans le cortex insulaire a permis de reverser les effets du LPS sur l’acquisition de l’aversion gustative. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent qu'une inflammation localisée dans le cortex insulaire conduit à la libération et à l'action d’ATP sur les cellules gliales et/ou neuronales, aboutissant à une hausse de l’acquisition de l’aversion gustative conditionnée. / The cerebral innate immune system is activated under pathophysiological conditions and can consequently modulate brain functioning and cognitive processes. This modulation is exerted by signals produced by immune-like processes grouped under the term of neuroinflammation and involving neuro-glial communication within the brain. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines and ATP, all produced during this immune system activation have been directly linked to modulation of synaptic plasticity and/or learning and memory functions in animals models. However, the cellular mechanisms by which neuroinflammation modulates neural plasticity and cognitive processes are still unclear. One candidate is the glutamatergic system. Indeed, pro-inflammatory factors can increase or decrease glutamatergic receptors expression and/or activity. Our study was dedicated at deciphering to what extent glutamatergic transmission is altered under neuroinflammation and how this may lead to learning and memory alteration. To this aim, we used the conditioned taste aversion, a task highly dependent on glutamatergic transmission into the insular cortex. Indeed, blockade of NMDA or AMPA receptors in this cortical area before acquisition greatly impairs conditioned taste aversion. The aim of our study was thus to investigate the behavioral and cellular impact of an inflammation restricted to the insular cortex on glutamatergic receptors expression and CTA memory formation. Here we show that a cortical inflammation, induced by LPS infusion into the insular cortex, prior to CTA acquisition enhances the aversion strength presumably through LPS-induced increase of glutamatergic AMPA, but not NMDA, receptor expression/trafficking at the insular synapses. Moreover, we show that ATP release, but not pro-inflammatory cytokines, is responsible for LPS-induced CTA enhancement. In conclusion we propose that inflammation restricted to the insular cortex enhances CTA acquisition through an ATP-dependent mechanism presumably involving an increase of glutamatergic AMPA receptor expression at the neuronal synapses.

Neural activity within the brain underlies complex behavior that allows us to interact with our environment. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to mediate appropriate behavioral responses by integrating emotional and cognitive information about external stimuli. If this understanding is correct, then neural activity within the ACC must therefore correlate with behavioral output in response to external experience. The aim of this thesis is to bridge mechanisms identified in vitro with behaviors observed in vivo to determine the neural substrates of ACC mediated behavior. This thesis focuses on glutamatergic receptors that have been established as mediators of excitatory transmission in the ACC. Through a combination of behavioral, pharmacological, biochemical, and electrophysiological methods, this thesis examined how behaviors observed in mouse models of fear learning, chronic pain, and itch correspond with in vitro observations of ACC neuronal activity. Three sets of experiments are presented. The first set investigated cortical LTP-like mechanisms, and assessed whether they could mediate fear learning. These sets of experiments provide in vivo evidence that trace fear learning requires rapid, NMDA receptor dependent, cortical AMPA receptor insertion. The second set of experiments investigated the contribution of forebrain CREB-mediated transcription in behavioral manifestations of chronic pain. These experiments show that forebrain overexpression of CREB is sufficient to enhance mechanical allodynia in animal models of chronic inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Lastly, the final set of experiments show that pruritogen-induced scratching corresponds with enhanced excitatory transmission in the ACC through KA receptor modulation of inhibitory circuitry. Through investigations of multiple behaviors linked to ACC activity, this thesis presents evidence that manifestations of behavior can be observed at the molecular level, and indicates that molecular mechanisms involved in ACC synaptic activity are a good target for translational research into pathological conditions that are related to abnormal ACC activity.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) constitue la forme la plus commune de démence associée à une perte de mémoire et caractérisée par l’accumulation de plaques extracellulaires contenant des peptides bêta-amyloïdes (Aβ). Des études ont révélé une perte plus importante de synapses que ne peut l’expliquer la mort neuronale, suggérant qu’un déficit synaptique serait présent dès les stades initiaux de la maladie. Bien que le peptide Aβ fût identifié comme un composé des plaques amyloïdes extracellulaires dans les années 1980, des études plus récentes ont mis en évidence la présence intracellulaire de ce peptide. L’accumulation d’Aβ intracellulaire serait un événement antérieur à la formation des plaques séniles dans la pathogenèse de la MA et corrèlerait mieux avec les perturbations de mémoire et d’apprentissage caractéristiques de cette maladie. De plus, des données mettent en évidence la responsabilité des formes oligomériques solubles d’Aβ (Aβo) dans les évènements précoces de la MA. Ce projet vise à mieux comprendre et caractériser l’impact extracellulaire et intracellulaire des peptides Aβo et le lien fonctionnel de leurs effets sur les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les processus mnésiques affectés dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. Dans ce contexte, il nous a paru essentiel d’étudier l’impact extracellulaire et intracellulaire des oligomères d’Aβ sur la transmission synaptique. Ces travaux ont été effectués sur culture primaire de neurones corticaux et sur tranche de cortex de souris par des méthodes d’électrophysiologie via la technique de patch-clamp.Nous avons analysé la fréquence et l’amplitude des courants post-synaptiques excitateurs spontanés (sEPSC) des principaux récepteurs impliqués dans la transmission glutamatergique et dans les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de la mémoire et de l’apprentissage : les récepteurs AMPA et NMDA. Nos données montrent que les peptides Aβo dans le milieu extracellulaire (eAβo) ou dans le milieu intracellulaire (iAβo), affectent spécifiquement les courants associés à l’activation des récepteurs NMDA au niveau postsynaptique sans altérer les courants AMPA. L’application dans le milieu extracellulaire d’Aβo réduit l’amplitude des courants NMDA. Ce phénomène n’est pas lié à la pénétration du peptide Aβo dans les neurones mais à l’activation par l’Aβo de la voie amyloïdogénique induisant une accumulation intrasynaptique d’Aβo responsable de la réduction des courants NMDA.L’ensemble de ces données suggère que l’Aβo perturbe le processing d’APP menant à une production intracellulaire d’Aβo responsable de la réduction de la transmission glutamatergique NMDA-dépendante. Une étape essentielle afin d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires qui sont à la base des altérations synaptiques glutamatergiques dans la MA est d’approfondir le lien fonctionnel entre les effets extracellulaire et intracellulaire des peptides Aβo. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia associated with memory loss and characterized by an accumulation of extracellular plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ). Studies have revealed a greater loss of synapses than the neuronal death can explain, suggesting that a synaptic deficit would be present from the early stages of the disease. Although the Aβ peptide has been identified as a component of the extracellular amyloid plaques in the 1980s, recent studies have highlighted the intracellular presence of this peptide. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques in the pathogenesis of AD and seems to be correlated with the memory and learning troubles, characteristic of this disease. Moreover, some data highlight the responsibility of the soluble oligomeric Aβ form (Aβo) in the early events of AD. This project aims to better understand and characterize the extracellular and intracellular impact of Aβo peptides and the functional link of their effects on the molecular mechanisms involved in memory processes affected in AD. In this context, it was essential to study the extracellular and intracellular impact of Aβ oligomers on synaptic transmission. This work was carried out on cultures of primary cortical neurons and mouse cortex slices using electrophysiological methods via the patch-clamp technique.We have recorded the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) frequency and amplitude from the main receptors implicated in the glutamatergic transmission and in the molecular mechanisms underlying memory and learning processes: AMPA and NMDA receptors. Our data show that external or internal application of Aβo peptides affect specifically the currents associated with NMDA receptors at a postsynaptic level without altering the AMPA currents. The external application of Aβo reduces the NMDA current amplitude. This phenomenon is not due to the penetration of the Aβo peptide into the neurons but rather to the activation of the amyloïdogenic pathway by Aβo inducing an intracellular accumulation of Aβo responsible of the NMDA current reduction.All these data suggest that Aβo perturb the processing of APP leading to an intracellular Aβo production responsible of the glutamatergic NMDA-dependent transmission reduction. An essential step in order to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the altered glutamatergic synaptic alterations found in AD is to deepen the functional link between the extracellular and intracellular effects of the Aβo peptides.

A perda de neurônios dopaminérgicos na substância negra é típica na doença de Parkinson (DP) e resulta em hiperexcitabilidade dos neurônios espinais médios advinda de uma neurotransmissão glutamatérgica corticoestriatal anormal, que pode provocar dentre outros danos, déficits motores característicos da doença. Considerando os efeitos neuroprotetores promovidos pelo exercício físico, o objetivo deste estudo foi observar o impacto do exercício realizado a curto e a longo prazo durante a evolução da lesão por 6-OHDA em ratos. As modificações encontradas nesse estudo podem ser relevantes para o circuito corticoestriatal, uma vez que a plasticidade dependente do exercício é capaz de modular a excitabilidade neuronal, reduzindo a hiperexcitabilidade glutamatérgica encontrada na DP. De forma geral, estes resultados suportam os potenciais efeitos do exercício físico em alterar a conectividade sináptica dos circuitos corticoestriatal e nigroestriatal em uma situação de depleção dopaminérgica, e assim, possivelmente modificar a progressão da doença em indivíduos com DP. / The loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons characteristic of Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is responsible for hyperexcitability of medium spinal neurons resulting in abnormal corticostriatal glutamatergic neurotransmission, which can cause, among other alterations, motor deficits typical of that disease. Considering the neuroprotective effects of exercise, the aim of this study was to observe the impact of short and long-term exercise during evolution of the 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) animal model of PD. The modifications found in this study may be relevant for corticostriatal circuits, since the exercise-dependent plasticity can modulate neuronal excitability by reducing glutamatergic hyperexcitability found in PD. Overall, these results reinforce the potential effects of exercise to change synaptic connectivity of corticostriatal and nigrostriatal circuits in a dopaminergic depletion state, and to possibly modify the progression of the disease in patients with PD.

Orientadores: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes, Claudio Antonio Barbosa de Toledo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_ThaisFernandaPintodeAlmeida_M.pdf: 1160984 bytes, checksum: b9379e4fd16f451c0710b2ca37537085 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Alimentar-se faz parte da cultura do ser humano nao estando unicamente associado a necessidades fisiologicas. Um alimento e constituido de diversas moleculas dentre elas os aminoacidos. O glutamato (GLU) e o anion de um dos principais aminoacidos encontrados nos alimentos que, alem de fazer parte da composicao dos alimentos, e uma molecula essencial para a fisiologia do ser humano. Pode tambem ser ingerido devido ao uso do aditivo alimentar glutamato monossodico (MSG). O GLU desempenha inumeras funcoes no organismo, dentre elas podemos citar: neurotransmissor excitatorio do sistema nervoso central, precursor de GABA e de aminoacidos como prolina e glutamina. Como neurotransmissor o GLU atua sobre quatro tipos de receptores: ionotropicos (AMPA, Kainato e NMDA) e metabotropicos (mGluR1-mGluR8) divididos em tres grupos de acordo com a sua homologia genetica e mecanismos de acao. Esses receptores estao presentes em praticamente todo o sistema nervoso central (SNC) e em outros orgaos como coracao, pulmao e intestino. O MSG e utilizado como realcador de sabor em todo o mundo, sendo que o descobrimento do gosto basico conferido pelo glutamato propiciou a producao industrial do seu sal, glutamato monossodico. O gosto basico conferido pelo glutamato e denominado de Umami, que traduzido do japones significa gosto bom, delicioso. Existem inumeros estudos sobre o uso do MSG como aditivo alimentar (funcao tecnologica), assim como sobre sua funcao fisiologica e seus efeitos no organismo de mamiferos. Organizacoes internacionais e agencias de regulamentacao de muitos paises tem reportado e/ou avaliado que o uso do MSG como aditivo alimentar e seguro. Todavia, alguns autores tem relatado efeitos adversos no sistema nervoso central (SNC) associados a exposicao ao MSG. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo exibir dado morfologico sobre a localizacao do receptor mGluR8 no nucleo arqueado do hipotalamo (NARC) de ratos Wistar e avaliar o efeito da ingestao de dietas adicionadas de diferentes concentracoes de MSG (0% (controle), 1%, 2,5% e 5%) sobre o mGluR8. Tambem foi avaliado o ganho de peso corporeo entre os grupos de animais alimentados com as dietas adicionadas de diferentes concentracoes de MSG. Para evidenciar a presenca do receptor mGluR8 foi utilizada a tecnica de imunohistoquimica. Para avaliar o ganho de peso corporeo os animais foram pesados semanalmente. Todos os dados, tanto da contagem celular da tecnica de imunohistoquimica quanto da pesagem, foram analisados por analise de variancia. Os resultados obtidos indicam nao haver diferenca significativa (p <0,05) entre os ratos que ingeriram as dietas adicionadas das diferentes concentracoes de MSG, tanto para o ganho de peso corporeo como para a presenca de receptores mGluR8 no nucleo arqueado do hipotalamo (NARC) / Abstract: Food is part of human culture not only associated to physiological needs. Food is composed of several molecules among them amino acids. Glutamate (GLU) is the anion of one of the main amino acids found in foods that, besides being part of the food composition, is a molecule essential for human physiology. It can also be ingested due to the use of the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG). The GLU performs many functions in the body, among them we could mention: excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, precursor of GABA and other amino acids such as proline and glutamine. As a neurotransmitter GLU acts on four types of receptors: ionotropic (AMPA, NMDA and kainate) and metabotropic (mGluR1-mGluR8) divided into three groups according to their genetic homology. These receptors are present in nearly all central nervous system (CNS) and other organs such as heart, lung and intestine. MSG is used as a flavor enhancer all over the world. The discovery of the basic taste due to glutamate, led to the industrial production of its salt, monosodium glutamate. The basic taste induced by glutamate is called Umami, which translated from Japanese, means good taste, delicious. There are numerous studies on the use of MSG as a food additive (technological function), as well as its physiological functions and its effects in the organism. International organizations and regulatory agencies of many countries have reported and / or evaluated that the use of MSG as a food additive is safe. However, some authors have reported adverse effects associated with exposure to MSG. Thus, this study aimed to assess the presences of the metabotropic receptor mGluR8 in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) of Wistar rats, and to evaluate the effects in the mGluR8 receptor resulting from the dietary intake of different concentrations of MSG (0% [control], 1%, 2 , 5% and 5%) during 90 days. Also, it was evaluated the body weight gain of the rats fed with the diets containing MSG in the different concentrations. To demonstrate the presence of the mGluR8 receptor immunohistochemistry technique was employed, and in order to elucidate the weight gain, the animals were weighed weekly. All the data, cell counts from the immunohistochemistry technique and from the rats weighing, were evaluated by analysis of variance. The results showed no significant difference (p<0.05) for both: body weight gain and the presence of mGluR8 receptors among the animals that were fed with the diets containing the different MSG levels / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-11764a.pdf: 1760987 bytes, checksum: 26371946d909a5525c0bd6c7cc6d7c33 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-11764a.pdf: 1760987 bytes, checksum: 26371946d909a5525c0bd6c7cc6d7c33 (MD5) Publico-11764b.pdf: 969495 bytes, checksum: d87ae7194b036aaff67581e32d434f64 (MD5) / Objetivo: Verificar se indivíduos susceptíveis e não-susceptíveis às convulsões clônicas induzidas pelo DMCM, um agonista inverso benzodiazepínico, diferem: 1) na sensibilidade ao efeito hipnótico induzido pelo diazepam e por outros moduladores alostéricos positivos do receptor GABAA; 2) na marcação auto-radiográfica com o [3H]- flunitrazepam ao longo do encéfalo; 3) na marcação de [3H]-L-glutamato e do [3H]-MK 801 em membranas de regiões encefálicas; e 4) na atividade da enzima Na+/K+- ATPase, bem como na marcação da [3H]-ouabaína às isoenzimas Na+/K+- ATPase de alta e de baixa afinidade ao radioligante em membranas de regiões encefálicas. Métodos: Ratos Wistar, machos, adultos foram administrados intraperitonealmente duas vezes com uma DC50 de DMCM (com intervalo de uma semana entre as administrações), obtendo-se dois grupos distintos: o grupo susceptível às convulsões (SC), que apresentou convulsões clônicas em ambas as exposições à droga, e o grupo não-susceptível às convulsões (NSC), que não apresentou alterações motoras em ambas as exposições. Após cerca de 25 dias da segunda administração de DMCM, os grupos selecionados foram submetidos aos experimentos com os hipnóticos diazepam, pentobarbital e etanol, nos quais foram registrados o tempo e a latência de sono ou foram sacrificados e seus encéfalos retirados para os seguintes ensaios bioquímicos: 1) auto-radiografia com o [3H]-flunitrazepam; 2) marcação de [3H]-L-glutamato e de [3H]- MK 801 em membranas neuronais; e 3) atividade enzimática da Na+/K+- ATPase e marcação de [3H]-ouabaína em enzimas de alta e baixa afinidade em membranas neuronais. Resultados: O grupo SC apresentou menor tempo de sono induzido pelo diazepam com relação ao grupo NSC, embora não tenham se distinguindo no tempo de sono induzido pelo pentobarbital e pelo etanol. Com relação aos experimentos bioquímicos, observou-se uma menor marcação de [3H]-flunitrazepam na região CA2 ventral do hipocampo no grupo SC. Quanto à ligação de [3H]-L-glutamato foi menor no grupo SC nas regiões do córtex frontal, amígdala + córtex límbico e hipocampo, enquanto que a ligação de [3H]-MK 801 foi menor no córtex frontal, hipocampo e estriado. Embora os grupos não tenham se diferenciado na atividade enzimática da Na+/K+- ATPase, o grupo SC apresentou uma menor marcação da [3H]-ouabaína em isoenzimas de alta afinidade nas regiões do tronco encefálico, córtex frontal e hipocampo, bem como uma menor marcação de [3H]-ouabaína nas regiões do tronco encefálico e córtex frontal em isoenzimas de baixa afinidade. Conclusão: As diferenças entre os grupos quanto à sensibilidade ao efeito convulsivante do DMCM, à ansiedade observada em experimentos anteriores, bem como à sensibilidade ao efeito hipnótico do diazepam podem estar associadas a uma diferença nos sítios benzodiazepínicos da região CA2 ventral do hipocampo, na ix atividade glutamatérgica e em isoformas específicas da Na+/K+- ATPase em determinadas regiões encefálicas. / Objective: The aim of this work was to verify if rats susceptible and non-susceptible to clonic convulsions induced by DMCM, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, differ: 1) in the sensitivity to the hypnotic effect induced by diazepam and by others positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors; 2) in auto-radiographical analysis of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding along the brain; 3) in the binding of [3H]-L-glutamate and of [3H]-MK 801 in membranes from discrete brain regions; and 4) in the Na+/K+-ATPase activity, as well as in the binding of [3H]-ouabain to Na+/K+-ATPase isoenzimes with high and low affinity to the radioligand in membranes from discrete brain regions. Methods: Adult, male, Wistar rats were administered with two intraperitoneal injections of a convulsant dose 50% (CD50) of DMCM (one-week interval between them), resulting in two distinct groups: the group susceptible to clonic convulsions (SC), which presented clonic convulsions in both the expositions to the drug, and the group nonsusceptible to clonic convulsions (NSC), which did not present any motor disturbance in both the expositions. After 25 days from the second exposition to DMCM, the selected groups were submitted to the experiments with the hypnotics diazepam, pentobarbital and ethanol, in which were registered the latency and the time of sleep or they were sacrified and their brains were removed to carry out the following assays: 1) autoradiography with [3H]-flunitrazepam; 2) binding with the [3H]-L-glutamate and with the [3H]-MK 801 in neuronal membranes; 3) enzymatic activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and binding of [3H]-ouabain to the isoenzimes with high and low affinity in neuronal membranes. Results: The SC group presented a lower sleeping time induced by diazepam compared to the NSC group, and did not differ in the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital and ethanol. Concearning the biochemical experiments, it was observed a lower binding of [3H]-flunitrazepam in the CA2 subregion of ventral hippocampus in the SC group. A lower binding of [3H]-L-glutamate was also observed in the SC group in the frontal cortex, amygdala plus limbic cortex and hippocampus, whereas the binding of [3H]-MK 801 was lower in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum compared to the NSC group. Althougt the groups did not differ in the enzymatic activity of Na+/K+- ATPase, the SC group presented a lower binding of [3H]-ouabain to the high-affinity isoenzimes in the brainstem, frontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as a lower binding of [3H]-ouabain to the low-affinity isoenzimes in the brainstem and in the frontal cortex compared to the NSC group. Conclusion: The differences between the groups concerning the sensitivity to the convulsant effect of DMCM, the level of anxiety previously observed, as well as the sensitivity to the hypnotic effect of diazepam may be associated with the GABAA/benzodiazepine site in CA2 subregion of ventral hippocampus, with glutamatergic activity and with specific isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase in rat brain regions. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-03-30T19:56:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTF.pdf: 2239287 bytes, checksum: 3b29490f6ed81c7556b00699c35d839c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-18T12:48:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTF.pdf: 2239287 bytes, checksum: 3b29490f6ed81c7556b00699c35d839c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-18T12:48:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTF.pdf: 2239287 bytes, checksum: 3b29490f6ed81c7556b00699c35d839c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T12:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMTF.pdf: 2239287 bytes, checksum: 3b29490f6ed81c7556b00699c35d839c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Arthropods and vertebrates have a great ability to concentrate urine by the kidney and behaviors directed the conservation and acquisition of water and salt due to activities controlled by mechanisms involving hormones and neural circuits. The loss of water or body volume can occur in the intracellular compartment (intracellular dehydration), the extracellular compartment (extracellular dehydration) or both (absolute or duble dehydration). Studies from our laboratory had shown that in unanesthetized animals extracellular dehydration produced by furosemide injection followed by keeping animals with a sodium deficient diet does not alter the basal cardiovascular parameters, but change the basal ventilation.Therefore, the objectives of our study in unanesthetized rats submitted to intracellular dehydration or duble dehydration were: 1) to characterize the baseline cardiorespiratory responses; 2) evaluate the arterial blood gas parameters; 3) to evaluate plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium and plasma osmolality; 4) evaluate the cardiorespiratory responses to the activation of glutamate NMDA receptors in the NTS before and after pretreatment with glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (AP5) of rats submitted to mixed dehydration. Holtzman rats were implanted with cannula in the NTS and catheter inserted in the abdominal aorta via the femoral artery and femoral vein. The ventilation (VE) measurement were obtained by whole body plethysmography method. The protocols was performed in rats euhydrated (before dehydration), dehydrated (following the methodology to induce dehydration) and/or rehydrated rats (2 h after free access to water and 0.3 M NaCl). The intracellular dehydration induced by intragastric overload 2 M NaCl (2 mL) produced an increase 22 in mean arterial pressure (MAP), without change the heart rate (HR), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (fR) and VE. The duble dehydration (intracellular and extracellular combined) induced by 24 h of water deprivation, produced an increase in MAP and VT without modifying the HR, fR and VE. In rehydrated rats PAM and VT returned to baseline. Unilateral injections of L-glutamate and NMDA glutamatergic receptor agonist into NTS of euhydrated rats produced pressor responses and bradycardia. After 24 hours of water deprivation these pressor and bradycardic responses produced by NMDA injection in the NTS were reduced, without changing the bradycardia produced by L-glutamate injection in the NTS. After rehydration, the pressor responses to L-glutamate and NMDA receptors in the NTS remained low and bradycardia produced by NMDA injection in the NTS. Furthermore, the objectives of our study in anesthetized animals subjected to extracellular dehydration were: 1) to characterize the baseline cardiorespiratory responses and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); 2) to evaluate the effect of peripheral blockade of AT1 receptors angiotensinergic on basal cardiorespiratory responses and on RSNA; 3) to evaluate the arterial blood gas parameters; 4) to evaluate plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium. Extracellular dehydration induced by subcutaneous injection of the diuretic furosemide did not affect the basal MAP and HR, phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and RSNA. Extracellular dehydration did not affect the pressor response produced by intravenous (iv) injection of ANG II, decreased ASNR and did not change the HR and PNA. The iv injection of losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg body weight) induced a decrease in MAP without changing HR, and RSNA and PNA. The hypotensive response after iv injection of losartan was greater in dehydrated animals. Extracellular dehydration did not affect the response of RSNA and PNA after losartan administration. The results suggest that changes in the volume and composition of body fluids affect the cardiovascular control in animals with intracellular 23 dehydration. Furthermore, it affects the cardiorespiratory control in animals with mixed dehydration and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the NTS. Moreover, in anesthetized animals with extracellular dehydration showed no changes in baseline cardiorespiratory responses and RSNA. / Os mamíferos apresentam uma grande capacidade de concentração de urina pelo rim e comportamentos dirigidos à conservação e aquisição de água e sal, devido a atividades controladas por mecanismos envolvendo hormônios e circuitos neurais. A perda de água ou de volume pode ocorrer no compartimento intracelular (desidratação intracelular), do compartimento extracelular (desidratação extracelular) ou de ambos (desidratação absoluta ou mista). Estudo do nosso laboratório mostrou em animais não anestesiados que a desidratação extracelular produzida pela injeção de furosemida seguida da manutenção dos animais com uma dieta deficiente em sódio não altera os parâmetros cardiovasculares basais, mas altera a ventilação basal. Assim, os objetivos do nosso estudo em animais não anestesiados submetidos à desidratação intracelular ou mista foram: 1) caracterizar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias basais; 2) avaliar os parâmetros gasométricos arteriais; 3) avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de sódio, potássio e osmolaridade plasmática; 4) avaliar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias à ativação de receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA no NTS de ratos submetidos à desidratação mista. Foram utilizados ratos Holtzman com cânulas implantadas no NTS e com cateteres inseridos na aorta abdominal através da artéria e na veia femoral. As medidas de ventilação (VE) foram obtidas pelo método de pletismografia de corpo inteiro. Os protocolos foram realizados em ratos normohidratados (antes da desidratação), desidratados (após a metodologia para induzir a desidratação) e/ou em ratos repletos (2 h após o livre acesso a NaCl 0,3 M e água). A desidratação intracelular induzida pela sobrecarga intragástrica de NaCl 2 M (2 mL), produziu um aumento da pressão arterial média (PAM), sem modificar a frequência cardíaca (FC), o volume corrente (VC), a frequência respiratória (fR) e a VE. A desidratação mista (intracelular e extracelular combinadas), induzida por 24 h de privação hídrica, produziu um aumento da PAM e do VC, sem modificar a FC, a fR e a VE. Nos ratos reidratados a PAM e o VC retornaram aos valores basais. Injeções unilaterais de L-glutamato e do agonista de receptor glutamatérgico NMDA no NTS de ratos normohidratados produziram respostas pressoras e bradicardicas. Após 24 h de privação hídrica essas respostas pressoras foram reduzidas, assim como a bradicardia produzida por injeção de NMDA no NTS e sem alteração na bradicardia produzida por L-glutamato no NTS. Após a reidratação, as respostas pressoras do Lglutamato e NMDA no NTS permaneceram reduzidas, bem como a bradicardia produzida pela injeção de NMDA no NTS. Além disso, os objetivos do nosso estudo em animais anestesiados submetidos à desidratação extracelular foram: 1) caracterizar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias basais e a atividade do nervo simpático renal (ANSR); 2) avaliar o efeito do bloqueio periférico dos receptores angiotensinérgicos AT1 sobre as respostas cardiorrespiratórias basais e sobre a ANSR; 3) avaliar os parâmetros gasométricos arteriais; 4) avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de sódio e potássio. A desidratação extracelular induzida pela injeção subcutânea do diurético furosemida não alterou a PAM e a FC basais, não alterou a atividade do nervo frênico (ANF) e a ANSR. A desidratação extracelular não alterou a resposta pressora produzida pela injeção intravenosa (iv) de ANG II, nem a queda na ASNR e não promoveu alterações na FC e na ANF. A injeção iv de losartan (antagonista dos receptores AT1, 1 mg/kg de peso corporal) promoveu queda na PAM sem alterar a FC, a ANSR e a ANF. A resposta hipotensora após a injeção iv de losartan foi maior nos animais com desidratação extracelular. A desidratação extracelular não alterou a resposta da ANSR e ANF após o bloqueio com losartan. Os resultados sugerem que alterações na composição e no volume dos líquidos corporais modificam o controle cardiovascular em animais com desidratação intracelular. Além disso, altera o controle cardiorrespiratório em animais com desidratação mista, bem como a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica no NTS. E ainda, em animais anestesiados com desidratação extracelular não apresentaram alterações cardiorrespiratórias basais e nem na ANSR.

Bien que la neurotransmission glutamatergique joue un rôle pivot dans le développement et l’expression de la sensibilisation comportementale aux amphétamines, le rôle spécifique de certaines structures glutamatergiques qui projettent sur l’aire tegmentale ventrale et/ou le noyau accumbens n’est pas encore bien caractérisé. Nous montrons que l’hippocampe dorsal, la partie prélimbique du cortex préfrontal et l’amygdale basolatérale joue un rôle prépondérant dans les réponses locomotrices induites par l’administration aiguë (développement de la sensibilisation) et chronique (expression de la sensibilisation) d’amphétamines, suggérant les réponses locomotrices aux amphétamines impliquent un ensemble de structures glutamatergiques corticolimbiques. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la neurotransmission glutamatergique associée aux récepteurs NMDA dans le noyau accumbens, qui est considéré comme le noyau clé de l’expression de la sensibilisation, sur le développement à court terme de la sensibilisation aux amphétamines. De plus, nous montrons le développement de la sensibilisation à court terme aux amphétamines requiert l’activation concomitante de certains récepteurs NMDA au glutamate et nicotiniques à l’acétylcholine dans le noyau accumbens. De plus, l’activation concomitante de ces récepteurs sous tend également la libération de dopamine induite par les amphétamines dans le noyau accumbens. L’ensemble de ces données montre que la neurotransmission glutamatergique, et les structures glutamatergiques qui projettent sur l’aire tegmentale ventrale et/ou le noyau accumbens, joue un rôle majeur dans la sensibilisation comportementale à court terme aux amphétamines. / Although it is well admitted that the glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a pivotal role in the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, the specific role of glutamatergic structures that project to the ventral tegmental and/or the nucleus accumbens is less well studied. We showed that the dorsal hippocampus, the prelimbic part of the prefrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala play a critical role in both acute (development of sensitization) and chronic (expression of sensitization) locomotor responses induced by amphetamine, suggesting that behavioral responses to amphetamine are mediated by circuitry of corticolimbic glutamatergic structures. Next, we investigated the role of glutamatergic NMDA receptors contained in the nucleus accumbens, which is seen as the key structure for the expression of sensitization, in the development of short term sensitization to amphetamine. Interestingly, we showed that, contrasting with the current dichotomous thinking that has attributed specialized functions to the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, respectively in the development and the expression of behavioral sensitization, concomitant activation of certain types of NMDA and nicotinic receptors in the nucleus accumbens is also required for the development of short term sensitization. Furthermore, we showed that concomitant activation of these receptors sustained the amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. All these data show that glutamatergic neurotransmission, and glutamatergic structures which project onto mésoaccumbens system, plays a major role in short-term behavioral sensitization to amphetamine.