Celiac disease is a lifelong disorder characterised by permanent intolerance to gluten and typical inflammatory changes in the small intestine. These changes lead to malabsorption of all nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water. The first attack of this disorder mostly occurs in childhood because the small intestine is greatly stressed by other nutrition supply. The only effective treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. This thesis, called Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in children with celiac disease, consists of two parts; a theory part for which both professional publications and internet have been used and an empirical part, that comprises research itself with its results. The research target of this thesis was the sector of celiac disease occurring in children. Within the research, there were determined four objectives. The first objective was about to find out how primary, secondary and tertiary prevention is provided to children with celiac disease in GP ambulances for children and teenagers. Another task was to trace what profits the regime education brings to parents of children having celiac disease. We also dealt with the impact of the disease on the life of the child, his/her family and surrounding society. Then we investigated whether respondents take the help from outside, state support, institutions and in-kind assistance. In the empirical part of the thesis we used a method of qualitative research. For this research we chose a method of questionings through individual semi-structured interviews with two groups of respondents. The first group was made of nine nurses working in GP ambulances for children and teenagers having celiac disease. The second group was formed by nine children with celiac disease and their parents. The outcome of the research indicates that for quality health care supply it is important to obtain family anamnesis, carry out regular physicals in stated intervals within growth measurement monitoring and breastfeeding education and add other nutrition to diet. Monitoring suspicious symptoms, such as failure to thrive, inexplicable weight loss, growth retardation, abdominal pain, recurrent diarrhoea, digestive discomfort, dermatitis, stomatitis, anaemia, can soon detect celiac disorder. The secondary prevention is expressed by the work of nurses, such as biological material analysis, education, advice, help and support. Great urgency is given to risk factor monitoring, such as diabetes mellitus, Down syndrome, thyroid disorder, or genetic predispositions. The tertiary prevention is focused on the adaptation support of the child and his/her family to this chronic disorder, normal growth, and whole constitution examining and complication prevention. The outcomes indicate that the biggest problem of celiac people is financial burden of gluten-free food and also frequent limits in out-of- home eating. The financial burden of the diet influences, for example, vacation planning. It is necessary for the society to respect their disease, for example, canteens and teachers should have knowledge of the diet restrictions and provide suitable feeding. Furthermore, our findings show that only few families use financial support, because they are afraid of negative allowance examination because of their comfortable income. They mainly use allowance from Health Insurance Companies. On the grounds of the acquired information has been created an informative handout for the parents of the children with the celiac disease. The results of our research will be provided to the nurses who work in general practitioner ambulances.

The aim of this thesis is to suggest a gluten-free mixture that will satisfy the sensory and technological properties of gluten-free pastry. To improve the structure and at the same time to substitute the gluten chia seed and chia flour were added to the dough. These two components should increase both pastry structure and nutritional value. The other ingredients that made up the mixture were one-kind flour: buckwheat, rice and corn one. The aim of the thesis was to find suitable combination of quantities of these kinds of flour, to create a draft of the recipe and to realize sensory evaluation. The thesis also includes the issues of celiac disease, problematics of labelling of gluten-free products and sensory evaluation. Sample preferences, textures, smell and flavour have been assessed here using selected methods. At the end of the thesis the results of the questionnaire survey are presented.

Submitted by ANNA CLAUDIA SAHADE BRUNATTI null (annasahade@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-29T21:34:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Doutorado entrega final CORRETO.pdf: 1455755 bytes, checksum: 62efb22e89f7208acd5109209091ba34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-30T20:25:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunatti_acs_dr_bot.pdf: 1455755 bytes, checksum: 62efb22e89f7208acd5109209091ba34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-30T20:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunatti_acs_dr_bot.pdf: 1455755 bytes, checksum: 62efb22e89f7208acd5109209091ba34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Diante do crescente mercado para produtos sem glúten e de rápido preparo, da possibilidade de valorização da fécula de mandioca e farinha de arroz como ingredientes para estes produtos, e da importância da tecnologia de extrusão para o desenvolvimento destes; este trabalho objetivou desenvolver produtos extrusados sem glúten de arroz e mandioca através de processamento por extrusão. A fécula, a farinha de arroz e as misturas destas foram analisadas quanto à composição centesimal, cor, índices de solubilidade e absorção deáguae propriedades de pasta. Após estas análises realizou-se o processamento por extrusão em extrusor mono rosca seguindo delineamento central composto rotacional para quatro fatores: porcentagem de fécula de mandioca em mistura com a farinha de arroz, umidade das misturas, temperatura na 3ª zona do canhão de extrusão e rotação da rosca. Os produtos expandidos extrusados obtidos foram analisados para índice de expansão, volume específico e dureza. Realizou-se a moagem dos produtos expandidos para a obtenção das farinhas pré-cozidas e estas foram analisadas para cor, índices de solubilidade e absorção de água. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatísticamente e evidenciaram elevado teor de amido na fécula de mandioca (81,79 %) e proteína (7,32 %) na farinha de arroz. A fécula de mandioca mostrou maior índice de absorção de água em relação á farinha de arroz, e propriedades de pasta com baixa viscosidade a frio, elevado pico, baixa resistência ao calor e agitação e elevada tendência a 2 retrogradação ao contrário da farinha de arroz. Sendo assim, a mistura das duas farinhas nas diferentes porcentagens levou a alterações nas características físicas das misturas. Dentre os parâmetros variáveis de extrusão a porcentagem de fécula de mandioca na mistura foi o de maior efeito, seguida pela umidade. Em produtos expandidos são desejáveis elevados índices de expansão e volume específico e maior crocância, características obtidas nas condições de baixa porcentagem de fécula de mandioca na mistura, baixa umidade e menor rotação da rosca, com temperatura intermediária. Já para a produção de farinhas pré-cozidas são desejados: cor clara, elevado índice de absorção de água e baixa solubilidade, o que foi observado nas condições de baixa porcentagem de fécula de mandioca e umidade, com temperatura e rotação intermediárias. / Faced with the growing market for gluten-free products, the possibility of enhancement of cassava starch and rice flour asan ingredient for these products, and the importance of extrusion technology for the development of these; this study aimed to develop gluten-free products of rice and cassava through processing by extrusion. The cassava starch, rice flour and mixtures of these were analyzed for chemical composition, color, water solubility index, water absorption and pasting properties. After this analysis processing was performed by extrusion in single screw extruder. The extrusion process followed the central rotational design for four factors: percentage of cassava starch mixed with rice flour, moisture of mixtures, temperature in 3rd zone of the extrusion barrel and screw speed. The extruded expanded products obtained were analyzed for the expansion index, specific volume and hardness. It was performed grinding of the expanded product to obtain the pre-cooked flour and these were analyzed for color, water solubility index and water absorption index. The results were statistically analyzed and showed high starch content in cassava starch (81.79%) and protein (7.32%) in rice flour. The cassava starch showed higher water absorption index that rice flour, paste properties with low cold viscosity, high peak, high breakdown and high retrogradation tendency. The rice flour showed higher water solubility index and pasting properties with values below those observed for cassava starch. Thus, the mixture of two flours in different percentages led to changes in the physical characteristics of the mixtures. About the effects of extruding variable parameters on the physical properties of the extruded products it was observed that the percentage of cassava starch in the mixture had the greatest effect, followed by moisture. In expanded products are desirable high rates of expansion and specific volume and greater crispness, characteristics obtained under the conditions of low percentage of cassava starch in the mix, low moisture and lower screw speed, with intermediate extrusion temperature. However, for the production of pre-cooked flour are desired: clear color, high water absorption index and low water solubility index, which was observed under conditions of low percentage of cassava starch and moisture, with temperature and screw speed intermediates.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T15:28:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Déborah Patrícia Leal Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 2010212 bytes, checksum: 0c24a44129b6342788eadf59a1e31064 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T15:36:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Déborah Patrícia Leal Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 2010212 bytes, checksum: 0c24a44129b6342788eadf59a1e31064 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-29T15:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Déborah Patrícia Leal Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 2010212 bytes, checksum: 0c24a44129b6342788eadf59a1e31064 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Pearl millet is a rich nutritionally cereal, being a major source of protein countries of the semiarid region of the African continent. The pearl millet crops are in expansion on Brazilian Savanna due the plant characteristics that are compatible to the climate and soil of the region. However, in Brazil, the grains of millet are not widely used in food, it was noted with advantageous insertion of this cereal in the diet of the population as this has major advantages over other commonly used cereals as the lowest price, the more quantity and better quality of fiber lipid and protein. The thermoplastic extrusion was used for the preparation of products with the millet that was mixed with corn grits because it presents favorable characteristics for processing used. This study was conducted in order to develop and evaluate the nutritional quality, technological and sensory snacks, pre-gelatinized flour (FPG) and pasta-based mixture of millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] and gritz of corn (Zea mays L.). For extruding the mixture of grains of millet and corn gritz was used rotational central composite design for the best moisture conditions of the raw material and temperature of the extruder zone 3. The snacks were optimized according to the expandability and pregelatinized flour according to the absorption capacity and water solubility. After optimization of flour, which showed better gelatinization was applied in the preparation of pasta. This was prepared using the mixture design with ternary composition (extruded flour, corn flour and millet raw) to find what proportion of ingredients that got the best features of cooking pasta. Snacks with 11% moisture content of the raw material and 90 ° C temperature were those with greater expansion and were the most desirable second test of desirability. When they were being flavored sensory acceptance and its nutritional composition were classified as high fiber content. The pre-gelatinized flour with highest absorption capacity and water solubility was the one with the same extrusion conditions optimized snack. The proportion of ingredients of the mass had the best cooking conditions was 10% pre-gelatinized flour, 25% corn and 65% of pearl millet flour. The pasta was accepted for flavor, texture and appearance of the panelists. However, it was possible to extrude grains of millet and corn gritz and also the development of products with good nutritional and sensory characteristics. / O milheto é um cereal rico nutricionalmente, sendo uma das principais fontes proteicas em países da região semiárida do continente Africano. No Brasil, mais especificamente no Cerrado, o cultivo deste cereal apresenta-se em expansão devida as características da planta que são compatíveis ao clima e solo da região. No entanto, no Brasil, os grãos de milheto não são muito utilizados na alimentação humana, com isso notou-se vantajoso a inserção deste cereal na alimentação da população já que este apresenta grandes vantagens em relação a outros cereais comumente utilizados, como o preço mais baixo, a maior quantidade de fibras e a melhor qualidade proteica e lipídica. A extrusão termoplástica, uma técnica bastante versátil, foi utilizada para a elaboração de produtos com o milheto que foi misturado ao gritz de milho por este apresentar características favoráveis ao processamento utilizado. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver e avaliar a qualidade nutricional, tecnológica e sensorial de snacks, farinha prégelatinizada e massa alimentícia à base de mistura de milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] e gritz de milho (Zea mays). Para a extrusão da mistura de grãos de milheto e gritz de milho foi utilizado o delineamento composto central rotacional para obter as melhores condições de umidade da matériaprima e temperatura da 3ª zona do extrusor. Os snacks foram otimizados conforme a capacidade de expansão e a farinha pré-gelatinizada de acordo com a capacidade de absorção e solubilidade em água, ou seja, gelatinizada. A farinha pré-gelatinizada otimizada foi aplicada na elaboração de massa alimentícia. Esta foi elaborada utilizando o delineamento de misturas com composição ternária (farinha extrusada, fubá de milho e farinha de milheto crua) para encontrar qual a proporção de ingredientes que obtivesse as melhores características de cozimento da massa. Os snacks e a massa alimentícia foram analisados microbiologicamente para a realização da análise sensorial. Os snacks com 11% de umidade da matéria-prima e 90 °C de temperatura foram os que apresentaram maior expansão e foram os mais desejáveis segundo teste de desejabilidade. Ao serem aromatizados eles foram aceitos sensorialmente e em sua composição nutricional foram classificados como alto teor de fibras. A farinha pré-gelatinizada que obteve maior capacidade de absorção e solubilidade em água também foi o experimento com 11% de umidade e 90 °C de temperatura. A proporção de ingredientes da massa que teve as melhores condições de cozimento foi a de 10% farinha pré-gelatinizada, 25% de fubá de milho e 65% de farinha de milheto. A massa alimentícia foi aceita em relação ao sabor, textura e aparência entre os provadores. Contudo, foi possível a extrusão de grãos inteiros de milheto e gritz de milho e ainda a elaboração de produtos com boas características nutricionais, tecnológicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais segundo atributos sabor, aparência e textura.

A doença celíaca (DC) é uma doença inflamatória induzida pela ingestão de glúten em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos e seu tratamento é baseado em uma dieta sem glúten por toda a vida. A doença celíaca refratária é um problema comum que afeta de 10% a 19% dos pacientes célicos tratados. Provavelmente, a contaminação da dieta por glúten é uma das razões principais para a persistência de sintomas em pacientes celíacos tratados, assim como a ingestão inadvertida de glúten, devido a rotulagem incorreta. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade dos rótulos dos alimentos brasileiros processados, através de testes de contaminação de glúten nos seguintes grupos (a) produtos \"livres de glúten\" - preparados especificamente para a população celíaca; (b) produtos \"naturalmente sem glúten\" feitos com arroz, milho, soja e mandioca, utilizados por toda a população e (c) produtos rotulados com \"contém glúten\", mas que não apresentam glúten em sua composição no rótulo. Foram analisados 213 produtos alimentícios agrupados em: 115 produtos do grupo \"sem glúten\"; 86 produtos do grupo \"naturalmente sem glúten\" e 12 produtos do grupo rotulados com \"contém glúten\". O teor de glúten foi detectado e quantificado por ELISA-R5 (Ridascreen®gliadin) e os resultados foram expressos em ppm e mg/100 g de alimento. A linha de corte foi estabelecida em 20 ppm para a contaminação de glúten. Todas as contaminações por glúten foram confirmadas por Western-blotting. Resultados: (a) alimentos livres de glúten 15 das 115 (13%) apresentaram contaminação por glúten (20 ppm), (b) grupo de alimentos naturalmente sem glúten - 8 de 86 (9,3%) apresentaram contaminação por glúten (20 ppm); (c) grupo de alimentos rotulados com contem glúten - somente 2 de 12 (16,7%) apresentaram contaminação por glúten (20 ppm). A análise de Western-blotting confirmou 36 das 38 (95%) contaminações encontradas no ELISA-R5. CONCLUSÕES: Ambos os grupos de alimentos \"sem glúten\" e \"naturalmente sem glúten\" comercializados no Brasil apresentaram razoável porcentagem de contaminação por glúten, o que dificulta a realização de uma dieta adequada ao paciente celíaco. O grupo de alimentos rotulado \"com glúten\" não apresentou 100% de contaminação, o que revela que a rotulagem desses produtos deve ser feita como uma medida preventiva. Uma maior chance de contaminação pelo glúten foi observada para os produtos a base de arroz (13,6x), soja (13,3x) e milho (9,3x), mas não naqueles à base de mandioca. Em média, encontramos 10,8% (23 de 213) de contaminação de glúten para os alimentos analisados, um panorama positivo para a população brasileira celíaca, principalmente devido ao uso da mandioca, uma alternativa para a farinha de trigo. No entanto, a contaminação de glúten encontrada mostra a importância da quantificação de glúten em todos os alimentos industrializados. / Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disorder induced by ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals and its treatment is based on a life-time gluten-free diet. Nonresponsive celiac disease is a common problem affecting from 10% to 19% of treated celiac patients. Probably a gluten contamination in diet is one of the major reasons for symptoms persistence in celiac patients as well as an inadvertent gluten intake due to a misleading nutritional label. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of Brazilian processed food labels by testing gluten contamination in (a) gluten-free products - prepared specifically for the celiac population; (b) in naturally gluten-free products made with rice, corn, soy bean and cassava and used by all population and (c) in not gluten-free products labeled to contain gluten but not having it in their composition. We analyzed 213 food samples grouped accordingly to its type: 115 samples of \"gluten-free food, 86 samples of \"naturally gluten-free food and 12 samples of not-gluten free labeled products. The gluten content was detected and quantified by ELISA-R5 (Ridascreen® Gliadin) and the results were expressed in ppm and mg/100 g of food. A cut-off line was established in 20 ppm for gluten contamination. All gluten contaminations were confirmed by Western-blotting. Results: (a) Gluten-free foods - we found 100 of 115 samples (87%) with no contamination (< 20 ppm) and 15 of 115 (13%) showed gluten contamination 20 ppm; (b) Naturally Gluten-free foods - we found 78 of 86 samples (90,7%) showing no contamination (< 20 ppm) and 8 of 86 (9,3%) with gluten levels 20 ppm; (c) Not gluten-free foods - we found 10 of 12 samples (83,3%) showing no contamination (< 20 ppm) and 2 of 12 (16,7%) with gluten contamination 20 ppm. The Western-blotting analysis confirmed 36 of 38 (95%) contaminations found in the ELISA-R5. CONCLUSIONS: Both \"gluten-free and \"naturally gluten-free foods commercialized in Brazil have presented some gluten contamination making a restricted gluten-free diet hard to be achieved by the celiac population. Unexpectedly the not gluten-free group was not entirely contaminated showing a preventive measure in labeling by food companies. A higher odds ratio for gluten contamination was observed for products made with rice (13.6), soy bean (13.3) and corn (9.3) but not to cassava products (not significant). In general, we found a 10.8% (23 of 213) of gluten contamination for all food products analyzed, a positive panorama for the Brazilian celiac population mainly due to cassava products, an alternative for wheat starch. Nevertheless the gluten contamination found here leads us to the importance for a gluten quantification in all industrialized food to guarantee an appropriated diet to the Brazilian celiac group

Compte tenu que la capacité de panification de l'amidon aigre, amidon de manioc modifié par fermentation et irradiation UV, n'a pas encore été complètement élucidée, l'influence du génotype et les traitements post-récolte sur le pouvoir de panification de l'amidon aigre a été l'objectif de ce travail. 13 génotypes de manioc de Colombie, cultivés à 1000 m. et 1700 m.p.n.m (3 de plaine et 10 d'altitude, respectivement) modifiés par fermentation (0 ou30 jours) et séchage (four ou soleil) ont été étudiés. Les analyses de la taille des granules, la viscosité d'empesage RVA et la viscosité intrinsèque révèlent que les traitements post-récolte ont été les facteurs prépondérants en vue de l'amélioration de la capacité de panification tandis que le facteur génotype a présenté une influence moins importante. Parmi les traitements post-récolte, la fermentation a présenté un effet plus prononcé sur la structure des granules d'amidon, que le séchage au soleil. Cependant, la combinaison de ces deux traitements a été nécessaire pour obtenir une forte capacité de panification. L'effet d'altitude de culture a été mis en évidence lors de la fermentation par des sensibilités différentes trouvées entre les granules de plaine et d'altitude (exocorrosion et endocorrosion, respectivement). Les génotypes d'altitude, donc, ont montré une bonne capacité de panification. Néanmoins, d'autres facteurs entrent en jeu, la teneur en amylose mesurée par DSC a influencé négativement l'expansion de la pâte, probablement en raison de la formation de complexes amylose-lipide. Par conséquent, la combinaison de génotypes de manioc (la teneur en amylose principalement) et les traitements post-récolte sont un élément clé de la capacité de panification de l'amidon aigre. Ces contributions peuvent aider à l'établissement de standards de qualité de l'amidon aigre vis à vis de leur potentielle utilisation dans la fabrication des produits sans-gluten. / The breadmaking ability of sour cassava starch, cassava starch modified by fermentation and UV irradiation, have not been yet fully elucidated. The influence of genotype and postharvest treatments on expansion ability of sour cassava was the objective of this work. Thirteen cassava genotypes have been studied. All genotypes proceeded from Colombia. Two altitudes of origin (1000 m. and 1700 m.a.s.l. refered to respectively as lowland and highland), fermentation treatments (0 or 30 days) and drying treatments (oven or sun) were considered. Analyses of the granule size, RVA pasting behavior and intrinsic viscosity were analysed as indicators of breadmaking ability. Results showed that post-harvest treatments were prevailing factors in improving breadmaking ability while the genotype factors had a smaller influence. Among post-harvest treatments, fermentation had a greater influence than sun-drying on these indicators, in particular on starch granular structure. The combination of both treatments was needed to obtain a high capacity bread. Furthermore, the altitude of origin of cassava genotypes was observed to affect the fermentation process: different sensitivities to fermentation were found between granules of lowland and highland (exocorrosion and endocorrosion, respectively). Highland genotypes showed a better breadmaking ability. Other influencing factor related to genotype was the amylose content measured by DSC: it negatively influenced the expansion of the dough, probably due to the formation of amylose-lipid complex. As a conclusion, the combination of cassava genotypes (mainly amylose content) and post-harvest treatment is key for expansion ability of sour starch. This knowledge is a first, essential step to provide quality standards for sour starch, targeted particularly for use in gluten-free products.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El uso de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott y Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott como materia prima en forma de almidón o harina es una alternativa sostenible y nutritiva al trigo y otros granos. Esta alternativa permite a los agricultores minimizar las pérdidas después de su cosecha y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria ya que sus propiedades nutricionales, digestivas y saludables son reconocidas por la comunidad científica. Sin embargo, la información existente sobre este rizoma dirigida a su aplicación es bastante limitada. Esta tesis expone la caracterización funcional y tecnológica de los almidones obtenidos a partir de cormos y cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Asimismo, se evaluó tecnológicamente el efecto de la combinación de enzimas, hidrocoloides, almidón de patata, harina pregelatinizada sobre la harina de los cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott en el desarrollo de un pan sin gluten. Además, se evaluaron las propiedades tecnológicas y digestivas de una fórmula básica para puré desarrollada a partir de harina de cormelos de Xanthosoma spp. y Colocasia spp. Además, la revisión bibliográfica realizada permitió poner en contexto los efectos saludables demostrados clínicamente de esta materia prima y sus componentes. Se demostró que existen diferencias significativas entre el almidón de cormos y cormelos de la misma especie. Se concluyó que la harina de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott es una buena opción para incrementar el valor nutricional de los panes sin gluten. Entre las estrategias probadas, el pan elaborado a partir de la mezcla con almidón de patata resultó la menos aconsejable. Además, todas las estrategias aplicadas originaron panes con menor índice glucémico que sus homólogos sin gluten reportados en otros estudios. Por primera vez, este trabajo recomienda el uso de harina de cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott y Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott y para desarrollar purés con un valor nutricional agregado. La revisión bibliográfica realizada permitió recopilar los efectos demostrados clínicamente, concretamente antihiperglucémicos, antihepatotóxicos, antihipertensivos, hipoglucemiantes, anticancerosos, hipolipidémicos y prebióticos, entre otros, de los compuestos bioactivos presentes en esta planta. / [CA] L'ús de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott i Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott com a matèria primera en forma de midó o farina, és una alternativa per a minimitzar les perdues després de la seua collita i garantir la seguretat alimentària ja que les seues propietats nutricionals, digestives i saludables són reconegudes per la comunitat científica. Aquesta tesi exposa la caracterització funcional i tecnològica dels midons obtinguts a partir de corms i cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. D'una banda és va avaluar tecnològicament l'efecte de la combinació d'enzims, hidrocol·loides, midó de creïlla, farina pregelatinitzada sobre la farina dels cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott en el desenvolupament d'un pa sense gluten. D'altra banda, es van avaluar les propietats tecnològiques i digestives d'una fórmula bàsica per a puré desenvolupada a partir de farina de cormelos de Xanthosoma spp. i Colocasia spp. que es pot destinar a poblacions vulnerables amb afeccions gastrointestinals, diabètics, celíacs, entre altres. A més, es va realitzar una revisió on s'exposen els efectes saludables demostrats clínicament, dels seus components. Es va demostrar que existeixen diferències significatives entre el midó de corms i cormelos de la mateixa espècie. Per tant, es va concloure que la farina dels cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott és una bona opció per a incrementar el valor nutricional dels pans sense glútens i entre les estratègies provades, el pa elaborat a partir de la mescla amb midó de creïlla va resultar la menys aconsellable, però tots van mostrar menor índex glucèmic que els seus homòlegs sense glútens reportats en altres estudis. A més, per primera vegada es va recomanar l'ús de farina cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott i Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott per a desenvolupar purés amb un valor nutricional agregat. La revisió bibilogràfica realitza va permetre recopilar el efectes demostrats clínicament, en concret antihiperglucémic, antihepatotóxic, antihipertensiu, hipoglucemiant, anticancerós, hipolipidémic i prebiòtic, entre altres, dels compostos bioactius presents en aquest rizoma. / [EN] The use of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott as a raw material in form of starch or flour is a nutritious and sustainable alternative to wheat and other grains. This alternative allows farmers to minimize losses after harvest and guarantee food safety since its nutritional, digestive and healthy properties are recognized by the scientific community. Nevertheless, there is still scarce information about these rhizomes that limit their application. This thesis illuminates the functional and technological characterization of the starches obtained from corms and cormels of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Likewise, the effect of the combination of enzymes, hydrocolloids, potato starch, pregelatinized flour on Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cormels flour toward the development of a gluten-free bread was technologically evaluated. Furthermore, the technological and digestive properties of a basic formula for pastes developed from cormels flour of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott was evaluated. In addition, a review was conducted and the health effects clinically demonstrated are exposed. It was shown that there are significant differences between the starch of corms and cormels of the same species. It was concluded that the flour from Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cormels is a good option to increase the nutritional value of gluten-free breads. Among the strategies tested, the bread made from mixtures with potato starch was the least desirable, but all strategies tested gave breads with lower glycemic index than gluten-free counterparts reported in other studies. For the first time, this works recommends the use of cormels flour from Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott was recommended to develop pastes to nutritional value to gluten-free products. In addition, the bibliographic review carried out allowed the compilation and analysis of the clinically demonstrated effects, especifically, antihyperglycemic, antihepatotoxic, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, hypolipidemic and prebiotic effects, among others, of the bioactive compounds present in these plants. / Authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-095919-B-C21), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project AGL2014-52928-C2-1-R), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189). Tropical Food Research Institute from Cuba provided the rhizomes. / Calle Domínguez, J. (2021). Properties of Malanga Flours and their Use in Pastes and Gluten Free Breads [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168396 / TESIS / Compendio

The topic of this thesis is the production of gluten-free bread from naturally gluten-free flour, which will be enriched with suitable additives that will increase antioxidant activity and naturally effect on the structure of the pastry, so it will meet the sensory requirements of final consumers. The literary part define, which proteins can be found in cereals, what does the gluten means, its function in the pastry and which diseases can cause. In connection with these diseases, a gluten-free diet for improving the patient's health and suitable foodstuff are briefly described. The literary part is concluded with the theory of sensory evaluation. The practical part deals with the production of naturally gluten-free breads enriched with ingredients from kitchen onions (Allium cepa L.) and subsequent sensory evaluation of this bread. Selected statistical procedures were used to obtain, processed and evaluated data. Antioxidant activity was also monitored and evaluated. By using texture-meter was find out, what effect has additives on aging of gluten-free bread.

<p>Sporedni proizvodi industrijske prerade voća, trop borovnice i maline, postupcima su&scaron;enja i mlevenja prevedeni su u oblik pogodan za aplikaciju u prehrambene proizvode. Ovako dobijeni sastojci imaju visok sadržaj prehrambenih vlakana, esencijalnih masnih kiselina poput linolne i &alpha;-linolenske, a karakteri&scaron;e ih i izbalansiran odnos PUFA/SFA. Od makronutrijenata, u najvećoj koncentraciji prisutni su K, Mg i Ca. Imajući u vidu da su glavne fitohemikalije bobičastog voća polifenolna jediinjenja, u proizvedenim funkcionalnim sastojcima određen je sadržaj ukupnih rastvorljivih polifenola, antocijana i flavonoida, kao i sastav i sadržaj odabranih polifenolnih jedinjenja primenom LC/MS-MS tehnike.<br />Primena osu&scaron;enih i samlevenih tropova kao sastojaka prehrambenih proizvoda ispitana je u formulaciji bezglutenskog keksa, sa ciljem njegovog funkcionalnog obogaćivanja. Za optimizaciju formulacije keksa kori&scaron;ćen je postupak odzivne povr&scaron;ine (RSM), a formulacija u kojoj je bezglutenska sme&scaron;a zamenjena sa 28,2% tropa borovnice i 1,8% tropa maline dobijena je kao optimalna, uzimajući u obzir sve zadate kriterijume. Dodatkom ova dva funkcionalana sastojka u gorenavedenom odnosu, postignuto je značajno pobolj&scaron;anje nutritivnih svojstava bezglutenskog keksa, a dobijeni proizvod po kvalitetu može da parira komercijalno dostupnim funkcionalno obogaćenim keksovima, namenjenim zdravoj populaciji.<br />Rezultati dijetetske interventne studije sprovedene na 20 zdravih, normalno uhranjenih ispitanika ženskog pola, ukazuju da se konzumiranjem kreiranog bezglutenskog keksa u količini od 32 g dnevno, postiže značajna redukcije LDL holesterola, i povećanje nivoa adiponektina u krvi, a budući da se ovaj adipocitni-sekretorni protein dovodi u vezu sa antiinflamatornim i antiaterogenim potencijalom u tretmanu metaboličkog sindroma i dijabetesa tipa 2, može se očekivati protektivno dejstvo kreiranog bezgutenskog keksa.</p> / <p>Blueberry and raspberry pomace, by-products from fruit juice industry, were processed into the new food ingredients by drying and grinding. The obtained functional ingredients are characterized by high content of dietary fibres and essential fatty acids (linoleic and &alpha;-linolenic acid), as well as by optimal ratio of PUFA/SFA. The main macronutrients in dried and ground pomace are K, Mg and Ca. The content of total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids were determined, as well as composition and content of individual phenolic compounds using LC/MS-MS in order to evaluate their antioxidant potential.<br />In the form of dried powder, blueberry and raspberry pomace were used as ingredients in formulation of gluten-free cookies. Response surface methodology (RSM) approach was applied to obtain optimal ingredients proportion. Formulation in which gluten-free flour mixture is substituted with 28.2% of the blueberry and 1.8% of the raspberry pomace was found to be optimal following the used optimization criteria. Addition of blueberry and raspberry pomace has led to a remarkable improvement in nutritional properties, and resulted in a product with similar nutritional profile with commercially available gluten containing cookies.<br />Dietary intervention study on a group of 20 healthy, normal weight female subjects was conducted to investigate the health effect of the created gluten-free cookies. The results showed a significant reduction in levels of LDL cholesterol, and an increase in plasma concentrations of adiponectin, suggesting a potential positive effect of the created product on human health.</p>

Circa l’1% della popolazione mondiale è colpita da celiachia. I celiaci sono costretti a seguire una dieta priva di glutine e molto spesso quest’ultima risulta essere sbilanciata e/o carente in molti nutrienti. Recentemente, l’uso di matrici alternative al frumento, come pseudocereali, legumi e cultivar di riso pigmentate sta riscuotendo grande interesse a causa del loro elevato quantitativo di composti bioattivi (polifenoli). Quindi, considerando l’importanza attuale dei polifenoli sia nella formulazione tecnologica che nella promozione di aspetti salutistici degli alimenti senza glutine, lo scopo di questa tesi è stata basata su: 1) profilazione dei polifenoli in matrici prive di glutine (farine non di frumento, legumi, pseudocereali e frutta secca) e loro proprietà antiossidanti in vitro; 2) valutazione dell’impatto di trattamenti termici e di fermentazioni microbiche sul profilo fenolico di queste matrici prive di glutine; 3) valutazione del ruolo dei polifenoli come inibitori degli enzimi amilolitici; e 4) valutazione del destino dei polifenoli caratterizzanti alimenti senza glutine durante processi in vitro simulanti digestione gastrointestinale e fermentazione fecale. I polifenoli sono stati analizzati sfruttando tecniche di metabolomica mirata/non-mirata. / Around 1% of world population is affected by coeliac disease. Coeliac people are constrained to follow a strict gluten free (GF) diet and very often this latter is unbalanced and lacks in many nutrients. In the last years, the exploitation of alternative crops or underutilized species, such as pseudocereals, legumes and pigmented cereal cultivars, is gaining interest because of their amount and profile of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols. Therefore, considering the actual importance of polyphenols for both the formulation of GF foods and their health-promoting properties, the current PhD thesis was based on: 1) the profiling of polyphenols in GF raw materials (such as non-wheat flours, legumes, pseudocereals and nuts) and their in vitro antioxidant activities; 2) the evaluation of the impact of different heat treatments and microbial fermentations on the phenolic profile of GF raw materials; 3) the investigation of polyphenols in GF foods as inhibitors of digestive enzymes; and 4) the assessment of the fate of polyphenols characterizing GF foods during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal and fermentation processes. Polyphenols were analysed by means of targeted/untargeted metabolomics-based approaches (i.e., high resolution chromatography and mass spectrometry platforms).