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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós Graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2010. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-26T16:43:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 015 Adriana Neves Dias.pdf: 1206374 bytes, checksum: 1cbb9efe79ebbed837d737c5d8605fd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-07-15T17:03:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 015 Adriana Neves Dias.pdf: 1206374 bytes, checksum: 1cbb9efe79ebbed837d737c5d8605fd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-15T17:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 015 Adriana Neves Dias.pdf: 1206374 bytes, checksum: 1cbb9efe79ebbed837d737c5d8605fd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O biodiesel produzido para ser comercializado no Brasil deve estar de acordo aos padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pela resolução de 4 de fevereiro de 2010 da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e do Biocombustível (ANP, 04/2010). Neste trabalho, foi estudada a aplicação dos métodos ASTM D 6584 e EN 14105 para o biodiesel de mamona e biodiesel oriundo de rota etílica. Ambos os métodos empregam GC (Cromatografia Gasosa, do inglês Gas Chromatography) com FID (Detecção por Ionização em Chama, do inglês Flame Ionization Detection) e reação de sililação com N-metil N(trimetilsilil)trifluoracetamida (MSTFA). Os compostos foram identificados para quantificação pelos tempos de retenção, para os diglicerídeos e triglicerídeos foram utilizadas bandas de tempo de retenção. Os parâmetros de validação considerados foram: curva analítica, linearidade, sensibilidade, robustez, precisão e exatidão. Os métodos ASTM D 6584 e EN 14105 apresentaram sensibilidade semelhante para todos os compostos. Foram escolhidas as condições cromatográficas estabelecidas pelo método ASTM D 6584 por ser mais rápido que o EN14105 e ter sensibilidade semelhante. O método apresentou boa linearidade com todas as curvas analíticas com r maiores que 0,999. A reação de sililação com MSTFA foi otimizada para o biodiesel etílico de mamona em virtude da sua composição química. Um volume de 500 μL de MSTFA foi escolhido para realização dos ensaios de exatidão e precisão. Os valores de exatidão ficaram entre 67 e 145,9% com valores de precisão menores que 11%. Foi avaliada a ocorrência de efeito matriz para biodiesel etílico de mamona, sendo que esse efeito foi considerado baixo para glicerol, monooleína e dioleína e médio para trioleína. Mesmo havendo efeito de matriz o preparo das curvas analíticas em solvente conforme sugerido pelos métodos de referência foi mantido. O método foi robusto frente às variações da composição química da matriz. Na aplicação do método, esse se mostrou adequado para amostras de biodiesel etílico de mamona, de girassol e da mistura de sebo e soja. / The biodiesel produced to be marketed in Brazil should be according to the quality standards established by the Resolution of February 4, 2010 of the Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e do Biocombustível (ANP, 04/2010). In this work, the application of the methods ASTM D 6584 e EN 14105 for castor oil biodiesel and biodiesel from ethylic routes was studied. Both the methods use Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection and silylation reaction with N-Methyl N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). The compounds were identified by the retention times, and for di- and triglycerides were used bands of retention time. The validation parameters were: analytical curve, linearity, sensibility, robustness, precision and accuracy. The methods ASTM D 6584 e EN 14105 showed similar sensitivity for all the compounds. The chromatographic conditions established by the method ASTM D 6584 were chosen because it is faster than the method EN14105. The method presented good linearity with r greater than 0,999 for all analytical curves. The silylation reaction was optimized for the ethylic castor biodiesel because of its different chemical composition. A volume of 500 μL of MSTFA was chosen for the realization of the precision and accuracy assays. The accuracy values were between 67.0 and 145.9% with precision values lower than 11%. The matrix effect occurrence for ethylic castor oil biodiesel was evaluated. The effect was considered low for glycerol, mono- and diolein and it was considered media for triolein. But, the analytical curves were prepared in solvent even though the matrix effect. The method was robust regarding variations of the matrix chemical composition. In the application of the method, this proved to be suitable to the samplesof ethylic biodiesel of castor oil, sunflower and tallow/soybean mixture.

In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of differential sensing for molecular recognition. Inspired by the mammalian olfactory system, differential sensing employs an array of non-selective receptors, which through cross-reactive interactions, create a distinct pattern for each analyte tested. The unique fingerprints obtained for each analyte with differential sensing are studied with statistical analysis techniques, such as principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. It was postulated that serum albumin proteins would be applicable to differential sensing schemes due to significant differences in sequence identity between different serum albumin species, and due to the wide range of hydrophobic molecules which are known to bind to these proteins. Consequently, cross-reactive serum albumin arrays were developed, utilizing hydrophobic fluorescent indicators to detect hydrophobic molecules. As such, serum albumin cross-reactive arrays were employed to discriminate subtly different hydrophobic analytes, and mixtures of these analytes, in the form of terpenes and perfumes, plasticizers and plastic explosive mixtures, and glycerides and adipocyte extracts. In this doctoral work, a detailed review of the field of differential sensing, and a thorough study of principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis in various differential sensing scenarios, are given. These introductory chapters aid in better understanding the methods and techniques applied in later experimental chapters. In chapter 3, serum albumins, a PRODAN indicator, and an additive are shown to discriminate five terpene analytes and terpene doped perfumes. Chapter 4 describes an array with serum albumins, two dansyl fluorophores, and an additive which successfully differentiate the plasticizers found within the plastic explosives C4 and Semtex and simulated C4 and Semtex mixtures. Discrimination of these simulated mixtures was also achieved with this array in the presence of soil contaminants, demonstrating the potential real-world applicability of this sensing ensemble. Finally, chapter 5 details an array consisting of serum albumins, several fluorescent indicators, and a Grubb's olefin metathesis reaction, to differentiate saturated and unsaturated triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides. Mixtures of glycerides in adipocyte extracts taken from rats with different health states were then successfully discriminated, showing promise for clinical applications in differentiating adipoctyes from pre-diabetic, type 2 diabetic, and non-diabetic individuals. / text

No / The current work was undertaken to assess suitability of liquid crystalline phase for engineering of lactose crystals and their utility as a carrier in dry powder inhalation formulations. Saturated lactose solution was poured in molten glyceryl monooleate which subsequently transformed into gel. The gel microstructure was analyzed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Lactose particles recovered from gels after 48 h were analyzed for polymorphism using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA. Particle size, morphology and aerosolisation properties of prepared lactose were analyzed using Anderson cascade impactor. In situ seeding followed by growth of lactose crystals took place in gels with cubic microstructure as revealed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Elongated (size approximately 71 mum) lactose particles with smooth surface containing mixture of alpha and beta-lactose was recovered from gel, however percentage of alpha-lactose was more as compared to beta-lactose. The aerosolisation parameters such as RD, ED, %FPF and % recovery of lactose recovered from gel (LPL) were found to be comparable to Respitose(R) ML001. Thus LC phase (cubic) can be used for engineering of lactose crystals so as to obtain particles with smooth surface, high elongation ratio and further they can be used as carrier in DPI formulations.