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A project report to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science / A detailed analysis was performed on statistics obtained from twenty two gold mines in different mining districts, to determine the parameters which affect labour productivity and working costs, (Abbreviation abstract) / AC2017

Thesis ((M.Sc.) Engin))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, School of Mining Engineering, 2003. / The ore reserves of the Kloof Sub Vertical Shaft operations are coming to an end and as such, the Eastern Boundary Area mining operations, which will extract the Ventersdorp Contact Reef ("VCR"), must be commissioned to replace the diminishing reserves. Although feasibility studies have been carried out on the eastern portion of the Kloof Gold Mine lease area, none have been undertaken to investigate the potential benefits of including the new mineral rights recently acquired from JCI. This project report is a prefeasibility study into the potential value to Kloof of accessing and extracting the resources of the Eastern Boundary Area. This project report shows, using DCF analysis, that the Eastern Boundary Area has potential to economically generate the additional reserves that will be required to supplement Kloof s diminishing Three Shaft reserves. An NPV and IRR are calculated for the project, the results of which support the commissioning of further investigative work in order to obtain a better understanding of the orebody and to generate results that are more accurate. Despite its popularity, traditional DCF analysis has fundamental shortcomings, as do the commonly associated measures of NPV and IRR. This project report identifies and reviews these shortfalls and comments on methods to overcome these as far as practically possible.

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Die heterogene Katalyse spielt in der industriellen chemischen Synthese sowie in umwelttechnischen Prozessen eine herausragende Rolle. Viele Katalysatoren zeichnen sich durch eine hohe strukturelle Komplexität aus, welche ein detailliertes Verständnis von entscheidenden Parametern sowie zugrunde liegenden Reaktionsmechanismen meist verhindert. Daher ist die Untersuchung von geeigneten Modellsystemen unerlässlich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein dünner, kristalliner Aluminiumoxid-Film auf NiAl(110) mittels Rastertunnelmikroskopie (STM) und -spektroskopie (STS) bei 5K untersucht. Dieser Film konnte bereits in zahlreichen Studien als Modell für Alumi-niumoxid-Trägermaterialien etabliert werden, obwohl seine atomare Struktur nicht bekannt war. Hier wurden nun atomar aufgelöste STM-Bilder des Films aufgenommen, die sich später verschiedenen Lagen des Films zugeordnen ließen. Ferner konnten Antiphasendomänengrenzen (APDB), d.h. regelmäßig auftretende Liniendefekte des Oxidfilms, mit STM und STS charakterisiert werden. Es gelang somit, deren elektronische und geometrische Struktur zu korrelieren. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde das Adsorptionsverhalten des Aluminiumoxid-Films gegenüber einzelnen Au-Atomen untersucht. Nach der Präparartion waren Au-Monomere, Dimere und kleine Cluster auf der Oberfläche vorhanden, die mit STM und STS untersucht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das NiAl(110)-Substrat an der Bindung von Au-Atomen auf dem Oxid-Film beteiligt ist, und dass dünne Filme offenbar ein anderes Adsorptionsverhalten aufweisen können als die entsprechenden Bulk-Oxide. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die Eigenschaften von Metall-Clustern (Ag, Pd) auf dem Aluminiumoxid-Film in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Größe untersucht. Leitfähigkeits-Spektren zeigen eine charakteristische Signatur, die am besten mit einer Coulomb-Blockade erklärt werden kann. Somit reflektieren die Spektren eher Eigenschaften des Tunnelkontakts als intrinsische Cluster-Eigenschaften. / Heterogeneous catalysis plays an important role in industrial synthesis and in environmental chemistry. Due the difficulties related with the investigation of working catalysts, the study of well-defined model systems is very important to gain a fundamental understanding of the principles and reaction mechanisms. Within the scope of this work, a well-ordered, thin alumina film on NiAl(110) has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) at 5K. This film was established as model for bulk alumina supports in previous studies, though its exact structure remained unknown. Here, atomically resolved STM images of the film have been obtained, which could later be assigned to distinct atomic layers. Furthermore, anitiphase domain boundaries (APDB), regularly appearing line defects in the oxide film, were characterized by STM and STS. These studies provide a detailed understanding of how their geometric and electronic structure are related. The second part of this thesis addressed the adsorption behavior of the alumina film toward single Au atoms. The sample preparation yielded Au monomers, dimers and small clusters on the surface, which were investigated with STM and STS. Accordingly, the NiAl(110) substrate participates in the binding of Au atoms, demonstrating that adsorption properties of thin oxide films can deviate significantly from bulk oxides, whereby the metal adatom seems to play an important role. The third part of this work presents size-dependent STM/STS studies on metal clusters (Ag, Pd) deposited onto alumina/NiAl(110). Conductance spectra reveal a distinct signature, which can be explained by a Coulomb blockade effect. Another interpretation based on quantized electronic levels, is also discussed, but cannot account for all experimental findings. Thus, the spectroscopic data reflect most likely no intrinsic properties of the metal clusters but are due to the specific behavior of a double-barrier tunneling junction.

by Yip Siu-wing, Gregory [and] Chan Man Hon, Eric. / Bibliography: leaf 56 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

A research report submitted to the faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / The theory of Mine Call Factor (MCF) compares the sum of metal produced in recovery plus residue to the metal called for by the mines evaluation method expressed as a percentage. This MCF concept is well known in underground scenarios and therefore this report highlights the MCF issues and the variable components affecting it from a surface mine perspective. The MCF investigation established the relationship between actual measurements and reporting against measurement protocols. Such measurements include “tonnage, volume, relative density, reconciliation strategy, and truck tonnage determination, sampling and assay standards. This study investigated how these measurements are conducted on Iduapriem Mine according to the mine’s standard operating procedures (SOP). An improvement of documents towards a metal accounting protocol based on the AMIRA protocol is recommended. The mine’s current quality control protocol was further expanded to reflect current practices. The mine to mill reconciliation compared production estimates from various sources (resource model, grade control model, pit design, plant and stockpile, truck tally, stockpile and plant feed, plant feed and plant received) in the period 2009 and 2010. Reconciliation factors expressed as a percentage were statistically analysed for discrepancies for tonnages and grades. It was realised that there is more confidence in mass (tonnage) measurement compared to grade. A generic mine to mill reconciliation path was suggested to be used by the mine.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Methode der Synchrotronröntgenaktivierung entwickelt, um Edelmetallpartikel in Natron-Kalk-Silicatgläsern zu erzeugen. Diese Photoaktivierung ermöglichte es, den Nukleations- vom Wachstumsprozess der Metallteilchen zu trennen und somit sehr kleine Partikel und die Frühstadien des Wachstumsprozesses zu identifizieren. Die Gläser wurden mit Photolumineszenz-, UV-Vis-Absorptions-, EPR-, SAXS- sowie XANES-Spektroskopie untersucht. So konnten in synchrotronaktivierten Gold-dotierten Gläsern Golddimere nachgewiesen werden. Die thermische Behandlung bei 550°C führte über eine heterogene Nukleation zum Wachstum von Goldnanopartikeln. Als Modell für das Nukleationszentrum wurde das an eine Silanolateinheit gebundene Golddimer entwickelt. In synchrotronaktivierten Silber-dotierten Gläsern bildeten sich zunächst Silberatome. Während das Tempern bei 300°C zur Entstehung kleiner lumineszierender Silberteilchen führte, induzierte die thermische Behandlung bei 500°C das Wachstum von Silbernanopartikeln. Die Frühstadien des Gold- und Silberpartikelwachstums wurden als effiziente Donoren in Photolumineszenz-Energietransferprozessen identifiziert. Durch die Anwendung eines Sol-Gel-Spin-Coating-Verfahrens konnten Gold-dotierte Silicat-Titanat-Glasschichten mit einer Goldkonzentration von bis zu 20 mol% hergestellt werden. Die Goldnanopartikel, welche durch Tempern bei 300°C erzeugt wurden, waren durch eine dreiphotonisch induzierte nichtlineare Lumineszenz charakterisiert. Weiterhin konnte die Methode der Titan:Saphir-Laseraktivierung entwickelt und damit Goldnanopartikel-haltige, nanometergroße Strukturen in die Glasschichten geschrieben werden. TEM- und REM-Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Goldnanopartikel nicht nur in die Glasschicht eingebettet sind, sondern sich auch auf der Oberfläche befinden. Die Zugänglichkeit gegenüber Biomolekülen konnte durch den Nachweis der Oberflächen-verstärkten Ramanstreuung adsorbierter Adeninmoleküle bewiesen werden. / Within this work, the technique of synchrotron X-ray activation has been developed to generate noble metal particles in soda-lime silicate glasses. The photoactivation has enabled the separation of nucleation and growth of noble metal particles. Thus, very small particles and the early stages of the cluster growth process could be identified. The glasses have been characterized by photoluminescence, UV-Vis absorption, EPR, SAXS and XANES spectroscopy. As a result, gold dimers could be identified in synchrotron activated gold-doped glasses. Thermal annealing at 550°C has induced the growth of gold nanoparticles by heterogeneous nucleation. As a model for the nucleation center a gold dimer bound to a silanolate center has been suggested. In contrast to gold, in synchrotron activated silver-doped glasses non-luminescent silver atoms have been generated. Annealing at 300°C has induced the growth of small luminescent silver particles. After a thermal treatment at a higher temperature of 500°C silver nanoparticles have been generated. The early stages of the gold and silver cluster growth process have been identified as efficient donators in photoluminescence energy transfer processes. An unprecedented increase of the gold amount of up to 20 mol% has been achieved by the preparation of ultrathin silicate-titanate layers with a sol-gel spin-coating approach. The nonlinear photoluminescence of the gold nanoparticles generated by annealing at 300°C could be excited by a three-photon induced process. Furthermore, the technique of titanium:sapphire laser activation has been developed to write nanometer-sized patterns containing gold nanoparticles into the glassy layers. TEM and SEM studies have shown that the gold nanoparticles are not only embedded within the thin films, but are also located on top of the glassy layers. Their accessibility to biological molecules has been proven by determining the surface-enhanced Raman scattering of adsorbed adenine molecules.

Les matériaux inorganiques ont des propriétés uniques à l'échelle nanométrique. Ces propriétés ont généré beaucoup d'intérêt pour fabriquer des nouveaux matériaux utilisant des nano-objets comme unité de construction. Nous avons suivi une approche biomimétique pour la fabrication de dispositifs à base de nanoparticules afin d'améliorer les méthodes actuelles de fabrication top-down et bottom-up. Certaines protéines naturelles se lient en effet spécifiquement à des matériaux inorganiques, et déclenchent notamment la croissance de cristaux inorganiques. Une première étape dans cette approche biomimétique est de comprendre comment des protéines se lient spécifiquement à des nanomatériaux inorganiques. Nous avons exploré ce mécanisme de reconnaissance en sélectionnant des anticorps (les protéines de notre système immunitaire spécialisées dans les interactions avec de nombreuses cibles) contre des matériaux inorganiques par la méthode combinatoire biotechnologique appelée "phage display". Cette technique permet d'obtenir la séquence génétique codante des anticorps sélectionnés se liant à leur cible à partir d'une banque aléatoire d'anticorps. L'analyse statistique des séquences des anticorps sélectionnés fournit de nouvelles informations sur les interactions protéines/matériaux inorganiques. Notre principale conclusion est l'identification de l'acide aminé arginine en tant que contributeur majeur dans les interactions protéine/or. L'ingénierie génétique des anticorps permet de fonctionnaliser ces nouvelles sondes de matériaux inorganiques en vue de leur utilisation pour des applications dans le domaine des nanomatériaux. Les anticorps recombinants sélectionnés et leurs dérivés fonctionnalisés peuvent être exprimés par sécrétion à l'aide d'un hôte eucaryote (Dictyostelium discoideum) mis au point au cours de cette thèse. / Inorganic materials have unique properties at the nanometer scale. These properties have generated a lot of interest among researchers to fabricate novel materials using nano objects as building units. In this PhD thesis, we have attempted to mimick nature in the fabrication of nanoparticle based devices in order to improve upon current top-down and bottom-up nanomaterial fabrication methods. Proteins can specifically bind inorganic materials and trigger crystal growth and thus are considered as the main building units for a biomimetic approach of fabrication. The first step towards mimicking nature is to explore how proteins bind specifically to nanomaterials. We have explored this recognition mechanism by selecting antibodies (the protein binders of our immune system) against inorganic nanomaterials using the combinatorial biotechnology method of phage display. This technique provides us with the genetic sequence of selected antibodies from a random antibody library exposed against a target. Statistical analysis of selected antibody sequences provides new information on proteins/inorganics interactions. Our main finding in this regard is the identification of the amino acid arginine as a major contributor to protein/gold interactions. Additional functionality to these new binders of inorganic materials is obtained by antibody engineering, allowing for their value added use in nanomaterial science applications. Selected recombinant antibodies and their engineered derivatives along with other recombinant protein can be expressed and secreted using a eukaryotic expression platform (Dictyostelium discoideum) developed during this thesis.

This survey sought to determine the public perceptions and knowledge of counsellors on the Gold Coast and Northern New South Wales. Comprising of two studies, this paper extended on previous research conducted by Rogers and Sharpley (1983), Sharpley, Rogers and Evans (1984), and Sharpley (1986). Study I included a representative sample of 226 members of the general public, plus a sample of 105 medical practitioners. Respondents were asked to complete a 24-item questionnaire regarding their perceptions and knowledge of counsellors. Four questions were designed to investigate whether or not distinctions could be made between counsellors, psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers. An additional seven questions were included for only medical practitioners to answer and sought to determine whether or not, and under what circumstances, medical practitioners would refer to a counsellor. These questions were also concerned with establishing what value medical practitioners would place on having a counsellor working as a team member of their practice.The results of Study I indicated that both the general public and medical practitioners viewed counsellors positively. Results further showed that the confusion and lack of knowledge reported by respondents from the last Australian study conducted by Sharpley (1986), was no longer evident. Study II was designed to assess the validity of the reported sources that respondents from Study I indicated that they would utilise in order to access a counsellor. Three samples were involved in Study II. The first sample comprised of 60 medical receptionists, the second sample included 25 counsellors listed in the yellow pages telephone directory, while the third sample involved 6 community centres listed in the yellow pages telephone directory. However, the results of Study II showed that counsellors were not as readily accessible from these sources as was perceived by respondents from Study I. Hence, it could be concluded that counsellors need to involve themselves with promotion and education if they are to maintain the positive regard indicated by the respondents of this study.