nÃo hà / Este trabalho dissertativo tem como problemÃtica central apresentar em linhas gerais o processo pelo qual Karl Marx a partir do estudo da natureza do valor elaborou sua crÃtica à Economia PolÃtica ClÃssica Dito de outra forma compreender como Karl Marx, ao analisar o processo de desenvolvimento da relaÃÃo entre as forÃas produtivas e as relaÃÃes de produÃÃo desvendou a Economia PolÃtica ClÃssica como uma ideologia da propriedade privada e do enriquecimento sem limite no capitalismo Diante dessa questÃo o presente trabalho dissertativo tem como objetivo geral apresentar a anÃlise que Karl Marx fez da natureza do valor demonstrar o processo de desenvolvimento do valor ao mesmo tempo como o processo de desenvolvimento da relaÃÃo entre as forÃas produtivas e as relaÃÃes de produÃÃo na sociedade mercantil Ou seja apresentar a anÃlise da mercadoria sua estrutura, seu desenvolvimento e seus desdobramentos como parte do processo de desenvolvimento da sociedade mercantil Os objetivos especÃficos sÃo 1) compreender a teoria do valor, a partir dos clÃssicos da Economia PolÃtica Smith e Ricardo 2) apresentar o materialismo histÃrico como instrumento para compreensÃo e para a anÃlise da teoria do valor 3) demonstrar a crÃtica à Economia PolÃtica elaborada por Karl Marx a partir de sua teoria do valor Nessa perspectiva ao analisar a origem e a processualidade da teoria do valor-trabalho apresentaremos os fundamentos da sociedade mercantil que ocultam as relaÃÃes de exploraÃÃo do trabalhador Na construÃÃo deste trabalho lanÃamos mÃo do pensamento de Smith (1983) Ricardo (1982) e Marx (1985) interpretados por Rubin (1980) Carcanholo (2011) Rodolsky (2001) RumiÃntsev (1980) MÃszÃros (2004) entre outros Utilizaremos os pressupostos onto-metodolÃgicos no desenvolvimento da pesquisa bibliogrÃfica / This dissertation presents in general lines the problem related to the issue by which Karl Marx from the study of the nature of value elaborated his critique of classical political economy In other words to understand how Karl Marx in analyzing the process of developing the relationship between the productive forces and the relations of production unveiled Classical Political Economy as an ideology of private property and no limit on enrichment in capitalism Faced with this question this dissertation has as main objective to present the analysis of Karl Marx regarding the nature of value to demonstrate the process of value development at the same time as the process of developing the relationship between the productive forces and the relations of production in commercial society In other words the main objective is to present the analysis of the commodity its structure its development and its consequences as part of the process of development of commercial society The specific objectives are 1 ) to understand the theory of value from the classics of political economy Smith and Ricardo 2 ) to present historical materialism as a tool for understanding and analyzing the theory of value 3 ) to demonstrate the critique of political economy developed by Karl Marxâs theory of value From this perspective to analyze the origin and process of the labor theory of value we present the foundations of commercial society which conceal the relations of workersâ exploration In designing this study we used the thought of Smith (1983) Ricardo (1982) and Marx (1985) interpreted by Rubin (1980), Carcanholo (2011 ) Rodolsky (2001) Rumyantsev (1980) MÃszÃros (2004) among others We will use the onto-methodological assumptions in the development of literature

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a dinâmica (dispersão e variação) dos preços de um conjunto de bens duráveis praticados pelos varejistas em lojas virtuais brasileiras. As informações foram coletadas por um sistema automático de captura, ao longo de um ano completo (2014). Três hipóteses foram formuladas. A primeira hipótese estabeleceu que, apesar das características homogêneas dos produtos comercializados, deveriam persistir diferenças significativas entre os preços praticados pelos diferentes varejistas. A segunda hipótese propôs a ideia de que, para produtos tecnologicamente mais simples, as diferenças de preços entre os competidores deveriam ser menos acentuadas quando comparadas com itens mais complexos. A terceira hipótese provém de uma ideia semelhante, entretanto, fixa-se na comparação de preços praticada em diferentes períodos do ano. Supôs-se que, em momentos nos quais a sazonalidade é de aumento forte das vendas (por exemplo, \"Black Friday\" ou o Dia das Mães), as variações de preços devem ser menores que as registradas em outros períodos do ano. A análise dos modelos, utilizando 767481 observações concluiu pela não rejeição das três hipóteses. / The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of retail durable goods prices. A set of representative products traded on the Internet channel was chosen. The information set was surveyed with the use of an automatic data collection system, throughout the whole year of 2014. Three hypotheses were proposed. The first hypothesis states that despite the fact that the products are relatively homogeneous, meaningful prices differences among the retailers should be found. The second hypothesis affirms that durable goods which are technologically simpler than other ones, more sophisticated, should unveil fewer price differences. The third and the last hypothesis proposes that in periods when the demand is more intense (Mother´s Day in May, or Black Friday in November, for instance), the price differences should be less pronounced. The tests carried out, using 767481 cases, did not reject the three hypotheses.

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva_EduardoPereiraLimade_M.pdf: 15061304 bytes, checksum: 0389c666bf0c3316bd357dbeeb9b2c54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O serviço de entrega por bicicleta representa um mercado de prestação de serviços promissor e em crescimento. O transporte de carga movido por propulsão humana tem recebido bastante atenção por ser capaz de reduzir custos e emissão de poluentes em operações logísticas de curta distância e por aliviar a quantidade de veículos motorizados utilizados em centros urbanos. A distribuição de pequenas encomendas por bicicleta em área urbana de pequeno porte foi objeto deste trabalho. Com base nos métodos de Districting (divisão por distritos), de Clarke e Wright e Diagramas de Voronoi, realizou-se um estudo de caso envolvendo a distribuição de malotes no campus de Campinas da UNICAMP (Universidade Estadual de Campinas). Os resultados dessas aplicações foram comparados entre eles e em relação à situação existente, e as dificuldades e restrições para a implantação de serviços de bicicletas foram exploradas considerando-se a viabilidade econômica e social da substituição do veículo motorizado pelo veículo movido a propulsão humana / Abstract: The bicycle delivery service is a promising and growing service delivery market. Human propelled load transportation has received great attention these days for being able to reduce costs and pollution emission in short distance logistics operations, as well as to diminish the amount of motor vehicles in urban centers. The subject of this paper is the distribution of small orders by bicycle in small urban areas. Based on the Districting method (division by districts), Clarke and Wright Algorithm, and Voronoi Diagrams, a case study was developed considering the distribution of pouches in the campus of Campinas State University (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil. The results of these applications were compared among themselves and to the actual situation, and the difficulties and restrictions imposed to the implementation of bicycle service delivery were explored from the point of view of the economic and social viability of motor vehicle replacement for human propelled vehicle / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

M.Com. (Transport Economics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Com. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

There is a great need for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to provide its customers with the right product at the right time, place and price and also to deliver the product in the right quantity and quality. Should pharmaceutical customers not receive their orders on time from the pharmaceutical manufacturer, the customers might face out-of-stock situations. As a result, the patients or customers might turn to an alternative product from a different pharmaceutical manufacturer, which has the required stock readily available. This could lead to loss in sales and even death amongst its customers. The main objective of this study was to determine the key factors that form part of the demand and operations planning strategies to ensure that these factors are in place to effectively manage and execute the supply chain and logistics processes to reduce possible out-of-stock situations amongst its customers. As a starting point to the study, an analysis was performed based on the review of relevant research and literature from various text books, journals, publications, as well as internet sources. The literature study covered various aspects such as demand planning, production planning, the use of different demand and operations planning strategies, as well as the importance of continuous internal and external customer service levels to ensure that customer orders are delivered on time. The analysis of the literature review was used to establish a theoretical basis for the design and structure of the questionnaire that was used as a research instrument in this study. A survey was conducted amongst the employees that are responsible for executing the supply chain and logistics processes within Aspen Pharmacare. These employees resided within the three main departments of the pharmaceutical manufacturer, namely, the Demand and Operations Planning, Production and Packing, as well as the Warehouse and Distribution departments. Each question posed in the questionnaire related to the role of each employee within these departments that are responsible for the logistics processes within Aspen Pharmacare. The empirical results from the study indicated that the respondents were in support that specific key factors are important for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to manage incoming customer orders efficiently and effectively to reduce possible out-of-stock situations amongst its end customers. However, the respondents also highlighted that there were a number of obstacles preventing them from implementing the key factors that are required to manage incoming customer orders more efficiently within the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Some of these obstacles include: the lack of pro- activeness; lack of accountability; and the lack of constant communication between the employees from the three main departments. Furthermore, incomplete hand-over information during shift changes amongst the employees of the Production and Packing department created unnecessary down-time. Also, the employees from the Warehouse and Distribution department were not informed timeously when changes to the production schedule were made. These obstacles will have a negative impact on the ultimate customer delivery dates and need to be addressed. The empirical results highlighted some recommendations to assist pharmaceutical manufacturing companies to more effectively and efficiently manage their incoming customer orders to reduce or eliminate any possible out-of-stock situations amongst its end customers. Some recommendations include: improved communication between the three main departments; to react immediately to out-of-stock products; and to ensure that internal and external customer service levels are adhered to at all times. The implementation of the recommendations based on the empirical findings of the study will assist the pharmaceutical manufacturing company to achieve excellence and to become a world-class supplier of generic pharmaceutical products. In this way, all incoming customer orders can be fulfilled on time.

Introduction: Performance management is an important driver in most companies today. Companies regard this as the tool to ensure that the people working for them will deliver as per the agreed contract and objectives which were set mutually. This study will reveal the importance of a well managed performance management system and what benefits one will derive from it. Intent: The purpose of this research project is to conduct a critical analysis of the performance management system used by Nampak Research and Development. They have been using a system since 2001 to the present without any changes to the system. The study focused on key areas to ascertain the level of change in the above respect that needs to take place. The study addressed (a) the understanding of performance management, (b) the management attitude towards performance management, (c) staff development, (d) the mentoring system, and (e) the performance appraisal method used. Findings: the main findings were that: (a) loss of management skill due to retirement, (b) staff has a negative attitude towards the performance management system, (c) staff does not trust the system, (d) management is the only group that is positive about the system, (e) there are no staff development strategies and no staff development, (f) ineffective mentoring system, (g) no mentor and mentee relationship, and (h) the performance appraisal method raised concerns in terms of departments not being consistent with the rating scores. Conclusion: the researcher has recommended what needs to be put in place to help the system work. Due to the complexity of the system, the researcher then recommended that a specialist in the field of performance management be approached to resolve the situation.

This thesis brings together all that is currently known of early medieval grave reopening in northern and western Europe. It investigates in detail an intensive outbreak of grave-robbery in 6th-7th century Kent. This is closely related to the same phenomenon in Merovingia: an example of the import of not only material goods but also a distinctive cultural practice. Limited numbers of similar robbing episodes, affecting a much smaller proportion of graves in each cemetery, are also identified elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England. Although the phenomenon of grave-robbery is well-attested in Merovingia, this research is the first study at a regional level. The aim is to advance the debate about early medieval robbery from general discussion of interpretative possibilities to evaluation of specific models and their compatibility with the archaeological evidence. The conclusions have significant implications for the interpretation of grave-robbery across early medieval Europe. In Kent robbing is at a level that must be considered in any discussion of cemetery evidence. The poor publication record has inhibited recognition and analysis of robbing in the county. However, by using extensive archive material, this thesis has shown that the practice of ransacking graves was on a similar scale in East Kent as in Merovingia. This research identifies over 200 reopened graves across Kent, with at least 15 sites affected. At the most intensely robbed sites, an average of over 20% of burials were disturbed. Robbing is likely to have had a significant impact on artefact finds, especially from the late 6th century onwards. Grave-robbery opens a window onto the wider meanings and values of grave-good types within the early medieval period. The analysis in this thesis demonstrates that the main motive for reopening was the removal of grave goods. However, straightforward personal enrichment was not the goal. A deliberate, consistent selection of certain grave-good types were taken from burials, while other apparently covetable possessions were left behind. The desired grave-goods were removed even when in an unusable condition. It is argued that the selection of goods for removal was related to their symbolic roles in the initial burial rite. Their taking was intended to harm living descendants by damaging the prestige and strength of the dead. In addition to the robbed graves, there is a small number of graves spread across the sites which were reopened for bodily mutilation or rearrangement of skeletal parts. These closely resemble the better known deviant burial rites which were applied to certain corpses at the time of initial burial and are interpreted as a reaction to fear of revenants. In modern Britain burial is a finite and final process: the definitive disposal of a dead body. The archaeological and ethnographic records contain many examples of more complex series of events to enable the dead to move on from the living. The material remains of such processes can be seen in revisited and reopened graves, and in myriad manipulations of human bodies. This case study is a detailed, contextualised investigation of the after-history of burial monuments focused on the early Middle Ages.

Chapter 1.---Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) compete in mission statements. Opportunities for impact vary across issues---NGOs with broader missions expect to execute higher-impact projects but provide less precision to donors as to the types of projects that will be funded. I develop the first model in which competing NGOs strategically design their mission statements. Scope of the mission is a strategic complement. Competition leads NGOs to design inefficiently narrow missions while free entry leads to a socially excessive number of NGOs in operation. With low barriers to entry NGOs' missions overlap, each addressing issues that are not the preferred issue for any of its donors, and leading to greater expected impact at the periphery of its mission. Chapter 2.---In many settings firms rely on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to certify pro-social attributes embodied in their products. I develop a model of competition between NGOs in the provision of labeling services. Competition between a fixed number of NGOs features a race-to-the-top in labeling standards, but entry of NGOs offering new labels pushes standards down. Competition between NGOs often results in a socially-excessive number of labels, with each label excessively stringent. Compared to a setting in which firms can credibly communicate the social attributes of their products, labels demand greater pro-social behavior than desired by firms, although with proliferation of the number of labels this discrepancy disappears. In contrast to existing models, firms may engage in excessive corporate social responsibility when they rely on NGOs as certifying intermediaries. Chapter 3.---The intrinsic motivation of a firm's management for engaging in pro-social behavior is an important determinant of a firm's social conduct. I provide the first model in which firms run by morally-motivated managers engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a competitive setting. CSR induced by moral management crowds out a competitor's strategic CSR, increasing profitability and leading shareholders to strategically delegate moral managers. Firms run by moral managers can engage in a socially-excessive amount of CSR, and shareholders appoint such managers if and only if moral management is sufficiently effective at crowding out a competitor's strategic CSR.

The goal of the Thesis is the analysis of maritime transportation of dangerous goods. Thesis is divided into 4 Parts. Chapter 1 describes development of dangerous goods regulations with the emphasis on maritime safety and environmental aspects. Chapter 2 is based on the analysis of IMDG Code, whose regulations have the fundamental importance for the carriages of dangerous goods by sea. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the basic duties of the parties included in the maritime transportation of dangerous goods- carriers on the one side and shippers on the other side. Final Chapter is related to the maritime carriage of oil - one of the dangerous substances with the strategic importance.