by Ng, Shuet Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 118-137. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter I. --- The History of Gossypol --- p..4 / Chapter II. --- The Chemistry of Gossypol --- p..7 / Chapter A. --- Enantiomers of Gossypol --- p.10 / Chapter B. --- Analysis of Gossypol --- p.11 / Chapter III. --- Metabolism and Distribution of Gossypol in Body --- p.12 / Chapter IV. --- The Effect of Gossypol --- p.14 / Chapter A. --- Effect of Gossypol on Different Animal Species --- p.14 / Chapter B. --- Effect of Gossypol on Male Reproductive Organs --- p.16 / Chapter 1. --- Testis and Epididymis --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- Spermatozoa and Spermatogenic Cells --- p.18 / Chapter C. --- Effect of Gossypol on Reproductive Hormones --- p.20 / Chapter D. --- Effect of Gossypol on Enzymes --- p.22 / Chapter 1. --- Enzymes in Capacitation --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- The Metabolic Enzymes --- p.24 / Chapter a. --- On Glycolysis --- p.24 / Chapter b. --- On TCA Cycle --- p.26 / Chapter c. --- On Oxidative Phosphorylation --- p.26 / Chapter 3. --- Adenyl Cyclase --- p.26 / Chapter 4. --- Na+/K+-ATPase --- p.28 / Chapter E. --- Other Effects of Gossypol --- p.29 / Chapter V. --- Toxicity of Gossypol --- p.30 / Chapter A. --- General Toxic Effect --- p.30 / Chapter B. --- The Mutagenicity --- p.32 / Chapter VI. --- Clinical Trials of Gossypol --- p.33 / Chapter VII. --- The Purpose of This Study --- p.35 / Chapter A. --- Gossypol and LDH-X --- p.35 / Chapter B. --- Effect of Gossypol on Antioxidant Defense Systems / Chapter C. --- The Influence of Gossypol on Zinc Metabolism --- p.37 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL ON LDH-X OF COCK AND DRAKE / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter A. --- General Description of Lactate Dehydrogenase --- p.39 / Chapter B. --- Discovery of LDH-X --- p.40 / Chapter C. --- Properties of LDH-X --- p.41 / Chapter D. --- Role of LDH-X in the Spermatozoa --- p.42 / Chapter E. --- Gossypol and LDH-X --- p.43 / Chapter II. --- Materials and Methods --- p.44 / Chapter A. --- Reagents --- p.45 / Chapter B. --- Methods --- p.45 / Chapter 1. --- The Effect of Gossypol on the Spermatozoa of Cock and Drake --- p.45 / Chapter 2. --- "Measurement of LDH-X Activities in Cock, Drake, Mouse and Rat" --- p.46 / Chapter a. --- Preparation of Samples --- p.46 / Chapter b. --- Enzyme Assay --- p.47 / Chapter III. --- Results / Chapter A. --- Effect of Gossypol on the Spermatozoa of Cock and Drake --- p.48 / Chapter 1. --- Cock --- p.48 / Chapter 2. --- Drake --- p.49 / Chapter B. --- "The LDH-X Activities of Cock, Drake, Rat and Mouse" --- p.51 / Chapter IV. --- Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- "THE EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL ON THE METABOLISM OF ZINC IN THE TESTIS, HAIR AND RETINA OF HAMSTER AND MOUSE" / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.57 / Chapter A. --- The Physiological Role of Zinc in Animals --- p.57 / Chapter B. --- The Relationship Between Gossypol and Divalentions --- p.58 / Chapter II. --- Materials and Methods --- p.60 / Chapter A. --- Reagents --- p.60 / Chapter B. --- Treatment of Animals for the Zinc Content Study / Chapter 1. --- Detection of Zinc Content in Hamster Hair --- p.61 / Chapter 2. --- "Detection of Zinc Distribution in the Hair, Testis, and Retina in Hamster and Mouse" --- p.62 / Chapter C. --- Determination of Zinc and Iron --- p.63 / Chapter III. --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter A. --- Amount of Zinc in Hamster's Hair --- p.63 / Chapter B. --- "The Distribution of Zinc Content in Hair, Testis and Retina of Hamster and Mouse" --- p.69 / Chapter IV. --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL ON THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE TESTIS OF HAMSTER / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter A. --- Oxygen Radicals in Living Cells --- p.75 / Chapter B. --- Oxygen Damage of Spermatozoa --- p.76 / Chapter C. --- Antioxidant Defense System --- p.77 / Chapter 1. --- Enzymatic Antioxidants --- p.78 / Chapter 2. --- Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants --- p.78 / Chapter II. --- Materials and Methods --- p.81 / Chapter A. --- Reagents --- p.81 / Chapter B. --- Experimental Animals --- p.82 / Chapter C. --- The Effect of Scavengers on the Antifertility of Gossypol --- p.83 / Chapter 1. --- Vitamin C --- p.83 / Chapter 2. --- Selenium --- p.84 / Chapter 3. --- Vitamin E --- p.85 / Chapter D. --- Chemical Interaction of Gossypol with Vitamin C and Sodium Selenite --- p.85 / Chapter E. --- Malonaldehyde Assay --- p.85 / Chapter F. --- The Effect of Gossypol on the Antioxidant Defense Enzymes --- p.86 / Chapter 1. --- Drug Treatment --- p.86 / Chapter 2. --- Preparation of Samples for Enzyme Determination --- p.87 / Chapter 3. --- Enzyme Assays --- p.87 / Chapter a. --- Se-GSH-Px --- p.88 / Chapter b. --- Glutathione-S-Transf erase --- p.88 / Chapter c. --- Catalase --- p.89 / Chapter d. --- Superoxide Dismutase --- p.90 / Chapter III. --- Results --- p.90 / Chapter A. --- The Effect of Scavengers on the Antifertility of Gossypol --- p.90 / Chapter B. --- Chemical Interaction of Gossypol with Vitamin C and sodium selenite --- p.91 / Chapter C. --- The MDA Concentration of the Testis of Hamster after Gossypol and Scavengers Injection --- p.101 / Chapter D. --- The Antioxidant Defense Enzymes --- p.101 / Chapter IV. --- Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSION AND GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.113 / REFERENCES --- p.118 / Chapter APPENDIX I --- THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY LARD ON THE ANT I FERTILITY EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL --- p.138 / Chapter APPENDIX II --- PROTOCOL FOR GOSSYPOL DETERMINATION --- p.158

A produção no campo e o processamento da matéria-prima na produção de biodiesel correspondem a aproximadamente 70% do seu custo, o que demonstra a grande importância em buscar a viabilidade tecnológica e econômica de diferentes matérias-primas oleaginosas. A utilização do etanol como substituto do hexano no processo de extração de óleo de soja e do metanol na produção de biodiesel apresentou viabilidade energética produzindo biodiesel e farelo de boa qualidade. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi agregar valor às tortas de algodão e amendoim pela extração do óleo utilizando etanol como solvente, visando a produção de biodiesel e de farelo destoxificado. A extração do óleo das tortas de amendoim e algodão com solvente etanol resulta em farelo e duas miscelas, uma rica em óleo (miscela rica) e outra rica em etanol (miscela pobre). A miscela pobre foi reutilizada no processo de extração e a miscela rica foi utilizada diretamente na produção de biodiesel sem a necessidade de dessolventização e de etapas de refino. Foi testada a transesterificação direta das miscelas ricas em óleo (amendoim e algodão) com diferentes concentrações em razão molar (óleo:etanol), diferentes temperaturas e catalisador alcalino (NaOH). A miscela rica proveniente da torta de amendoim foi obtida após dois ciclos de extração com miscela pobre e um último ciclo com etanol anidro, apresentando eficiência de 56,9% e um teor de óleo residual no farelo de 4,52%. Já a produção de miscela rica em óleo de algodão foi realizada com um ciclo de extração com etanol anidro, 41,25% de eficiência do processo e 3,8% de óleo residual no farelo. Em sua composição, a miscela rica de amendoim apresentou 90% de óleo e 6,5% de etanol e a miscela rica de algodão 88% de óleo e 8% de etanol. A transesterificação de miscela rica em óleo de amendoim com catalisador alcalino alcançou rendimento de ésteres etílicos (RE) de 64,1% e 64,9% nas condições experimentais de: razão molar 1:12 e 1:9, concentração de catalisador 1,2% e 0,7% e temperatura de 70ºC e 50ºC, respectivamente. A miscela rica em óleo de algodão não formou biodiesel devido à acidez elevada das miscelas que levou à formação de sabões ao invés de ésteres etílicos. O farelo de amendoim proveniente da extração com etanol apresentou redução de aflatoxina após um ciclo adicional de extração com etanol 90º GL. A redução atingiu valores próximos a 50 ug/kg, limite permitido pela legislação atual. A retirada do gossipol do farelo de algodão através de hidrólise com miscelas acidificadas se provou possível. Em suma, tortas podem ser matérias-primas para a extração do óleo residual com etanol e subsequente produção de biodiesel com as suas miscelas ricas, com a concomitante destoxificação promovida pelo solvente / The field production and processing of the feedstock in the biodiesel production account for approximately 70% of the cost, which demonstrates the great importance in seeking technological and economic viability of different oil sources. The use of ethanol as a substitute for hexane in the soybean oil extraction process and methanol in the biodiesel production was demonstrated to be feasible, besides the good quality of the meal obtained. The objective of this study was to add value to cottonseed and peanut cakes for oil extraction using ethanol as a solvent, biodiesel production and high quality meal. The oil extraction from peanut and cottonseed cakes with ethanol results in meal and two micellae, one rich in oil (rich miscella) and the other rich in ethanol (poor miscella). The poor miscella was reused in the extraction process and the rich miscella was used directly in biodiesel production without the need for solvent recovery and any refining steps. Direct transesterification of the rich in oil (peanut and cotton) miscellae was tested under different reaction conditions: molar ratio (oil:ethanol), different temperatures and alkaline catalyst (NaOH). The rich miscella from peanut cake was obtained after two cycles of extraction with poor miscella, and a last cycle with anhydrous ethanol, with 56.9% efficiency and a residual oil content of 4.52% the meal. The production of the rich cottonseed oil miscella was performed with one cycle of extraction with anhydrous ethanol, 41.25% of the process efficiency and 3.8% residual oil in the meal. Rich in peanut oil miscella showed 90% oil and 6.5% ethanol and the rich in cottonseed oil miscella had 88% oil and 8% ethanol. The yield of the direct transesterification of the rich in peanut oil miscella with alkaline catalyst achieved 64.1% and 64.9% ethyl esters (RE) under the experimental conditions: 1:12 to 1:9 molar ratio, 1.2% and 0.7% catalyst concentration and temperatures 70°C and 50°C respectively. The rich in cottonseed oil miscella did not produce biodiesel due to the high acidity leading to the formation of soap rather than ethyl esters. The aflatoxin content of the peanut meal from the extraction with ethanol was reduced after an additional cycle of extraction with ethanol 90°GL. The reduction reached values close to the legal limit 50 µg/kg. The removal of gossypol cottonseed meal by hydrolysis with acidified micellae proved to be feasible. In summary, cakes can be regarded as feedstocks for residual oil extraction with ethanol and subsequent biodiesel production from the rich micellae, with concomitant meal detoxification promoted by the solvent

A produção no campo e o processamento da matéria-prima na produção de biodiesel correspondem a aproximadamente 70% do seu custo, o que demonstra a grande importância em buscar a viabilidade tecnológica e econômica de diferentes matérias-primas oleaginosas. A utilização do etanol como substituto do hexano no processo de extração de óleo de soja e do metanol na produção de biodiesel apresentou viabilidade energética produzindo biodiesel e farelo de boa qualidade. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi agregar valor às tortas de algodão e amendoim pela extração do óleo utilizando etanol como solvente, visando a produção de biodiesel e de farelo destoxificado. A extração do óleo das tortas de amendoim e algodão com solvente etanol resulta em farelo e duas miscelas, uma rica em óleo (miscela rica) e outra rica em etanol (miscela pobre). A miscela pobre foi reutilizada no processo de extração e a miscela rica foi utilizada diretamente na produção de biodiesel sem a necessidade de dessolventização e de etapas de refino. Foi testada a transesterificação direta das miscelas ricas em óleo (amendoim e algodão) com diferentes concentrações em razão molar (óleo:etanol), diferentes temperaturas e catalisador alcalino (NaOH). A miscela rica proveniente da torta de amendoim foi obtida após dois ciclos de extração com miscela pobre e um último ciclo com etanol anidro, apresentando eficiência de 56,9% e um teor de óleo residual no farelo de 4,52%. Já a produção de miscela rica em óleo de algodão foi realizada com um ciclo de extração com etanol anidro, 41,25% de eficiência do processo e 3,8% de óleo residual no farelo. Em sua composição, a miscela rica de amendoim apresentou 90% de óleo e 6,5% de etanol e a miscela rica de algodão 88% de óleo e 8% de etanol. A transesterificação de miscela rica em óleo de amendoim com catalisador alcalino alcançou rendimento de ésteres etílicos (RE) de 64,1% e 64,9% nas condições experimentais de: razão molar 1:12 e 1:9, concentração de catalisador 1,2% e 0,7% e temperatura de 70ºC e 50ºC, respectivamente. A miscela rica em óleo de algodão não formou biodiesel devido à acidez elevada das miscelas que levou à formação de sabões ao invés de ésteres etílicos. O farelo de amendoim proveniente da extração com etanol apresentou redução de aflatoxina após um ciclo adicional de extração com etanol 90º GL. A redução atingiu valores próximos a 50 ug/kg, limite permitido pela legislação atual. A retirada do gossipol do farelo de algodão através de hidrólise com miscelas acidificadas se provou possível. Em suma, tortas podem ser matérias-primas para a extração do óleo residual com etanol e subsequente produção de biodiesel com as suas miscelas ricas, com a concomitante destoxificação promovida pelo solvente / The field production and processing of the feedstock in the biodiesel production account for approximately 70% of the cost, which demonstrates the great importance in seeking technological and economic viability of different oil sources. The use of ethanol as a substitute for hexane in the soybean oil extraction process and methanol in the biodiesel production was demonstrated to be feasible, besides the good quality of the meal obtained. The objective of this study was to add value to cottonseed and peanut cakes for oil extraction using ethanol as a solvent, biodiesel production and high quality meal. The oil extraction from peanut and cottonseed cakes with ethanol results in meal and two micellae, one rich in oil (rich miscella) and the other rich in ethanol (poor miscella). The poor miscella was reused in the extraction process and the rich miscella was used directly in biodiesel production without the need for solvent recovery and any refining steps. Direct transesterification of the rich in oil (peanut and cotton) miscellae was tested under different reaction conditions: molar ratio (oil:ethanol), different temperatures and alkaline catalyst (NaOH). The rich miscella from peanut cake was obtained after two cycles of extraction with poor miscella, and a last cycle with anhydrous ethanol, with 56.9% efficiency and a residual oil content of 4.52% the meal. The production of the rich cottonseed oil miscella was performed with one cycle of extraction with anhydrous ethanol, 41.25% of the process efficiency and 3.8% residual oil in the meal. Rich in peanut oil miscella showed 90% oil and 6.5% ethanol and the rich in cottonseed oil miscella had 88% oil and 8% ethanol. The yield of the direct transesterification of the rich in peanut oil miscella with alkaline catalyst achieved 64.1% and 64.9% ethyl esters (RE) under the experimental conditions: 1:12 to 1:9 molar ratio, 1.2% and 0.7% catalyst concentration and temperatures 70°C and 50°C respectively. The rich in cottonseed oil miscella did not produce biodiesel due to the high acidity leading to the formation of soap rather than ethyl esters. The aflatoxin content of the peanut meal from the extraction with ethanol was reduced after an additional cycle of extraction with ethanol 90°GL. The reduction reached values close to the legal limit 50 µg/kg. The removal of gossypol cottonseed meal by hydrolysis with acidified micellae proved to be feasible. In summary, cakes can be regarded as feedstocks for residual oil extraction with ethanol and subsequent biodiesel production from the rich micellae, with concomitant meal detoxification promoted by the solvent

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-177).

In order to evaluate the short term metabolic effects of gossypol on the testes as well as any possible effects on the secondary sex organs, Balb C mice were injected subcutaneously with various doses of gossypol (0.25‐25.0 mg/kg body weight) in corn oil for 10 days. Wet weights of several different secondary sex reproductive organs decreased during gossypol treatment. However, wet weights of the testes during treatment remained equal to or greater than control values. Following 10 days of gossypol treatment, incorporation of [3H]thymidine or [3H]amino acids into trichloroacetic acid precipitable macromolecules was inhibited in the seminal vesicles and ventral prostates normalized to either DNA or wet weight. Treatment with gossypol also had an inhibitory effect on epididymal sperm count at the two highest doses. These results demonstrate that gossypol will decrease sperm count at high dose levels after treatment of male mice for as short as 10 days. However, its overall effects are not limited to the testes and spermatogenesis but, in addition, it has dramatic inhibitory effects on protein and nuclei acid metabolism in the secondary sex organs.

Phenolic adhesives are widely used in the production of engineered wood products due to their exceptional moisture and thermal resistance, chemical stability, and bonding strength. The phenolic adhesive is currently produced through condensation polymerization of two fossil fuel-derived compounds: phenol and formaldehyde. However, due to fluctuations in the price of phenol and formaldehyde with the price of oil, environmental and health issues associated with using these compounds, there is a strong interest in finding alternative renewables feedstocks. Lignin is a natural polyphenolic compound with excellent potential to substitute phenol in phenolic adhesive formulations. Lignin is produced as byproducts during pulp and bioethanol processes. On the other hand, biobased aldehydes such as glyoxal have recently gained a lot of attention for replacing the toxic formaldehyde in production of environmentally friendly wood products. In this study, a wide range of lignin samples from different resources (hardwood, softwood, wheat straw, and corn stover), and isolated via various processes (kraft, organosolv, soda, sulfite, and enzymatic hydrolysis), were used to formulate 100% lignin-based phenolic adhesives. In a separate work, formaldehyderee phenolic adhesives were also developed using either glyoxal or gossypol (a dialdehyde from cotton seed) in combination with phenol. Chemical, physical, and thermal properties of lignin samples and developed phenolic resins and adhesive were measured using advanced analytical techniques and appropriate ASTM standard test methods. Based on two-way ANOVA analysis results of shear strength data, a biorefinery corn stover lignin that had the highest p-hydroxyphenyl and p-coumaric acid content was the most suitable lignin for replacing 100% of phenol in phenolic adhesive formulation. In addition, the developed lignin-based adhesive (formulated with biorefinery corn stover lignin) showed similar dry and wet adhesion strengths as that of commercially formulated phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive. On weight basis, the formaldehyde consumption in the developed lignin-based adhesive was 50% lower than the formaldehyde used in phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. Moreover, two formaldehyderee formulated adhesives using glyoxal and gossypol (renewable feedstocks) had very similar physico-chemical properties to phenol formaldehyde adhesive.

6,6’-Dimethoxygossypol (DMG) is a natural product of the cotton variety Gossypium barbadense and a derivative of gossypol. Gossypol has been shown to form an abundant number of clathrates with a large variety of compounds. One of the primary reasons why gossypol can form clathrates has been because of its ability to from extensive hydrogen bonding networks due to its hydroxyl and aldehyde functional groups. Prior to this work, the only known solvate that DMG formed was with acetic acid. DMG has methoxy groups substituted at two hydroxyl positions, and consequently there is a decrease in its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Crystallization experiments were set up to see whether, like gossypol, DMG could form clathrates. The following results presented prove that DMG is capable of forming clathrates (S1 and S2) and two new polymorphs (P1 and P2) of DMG have been reported.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding cotton co-products with different gossypol concentrations on reproductive development of lambs close to puberty and also on carcass traits and fatty acid profile of meat. Twenty four 5-months old ram lambs (20.6 ± 1.9 kg BW) were used. These were housed in individual pens and received four diets: 20% of dry matter intake (DMI) of whole cottonseed (WCS), 20%DMI of cottonseed meal (CSM), 20%DMI of high oil cottonseed meal (CSC) and a control group without cottonseed co-products (CTL). Free gossypol intake was 0, 16.32, 6.98 and 5.47 mg/kgBW for CTL, WCS, CSC and CSM, respectively. At each 15 days, the animals were weighted, and blood and semen samples were collected. Sperm motility, vigor, mass movement, concentration and pathologies were evaluated. The free testosterone and cortisol concentrations in serum were determined. After 95 experimental days, the lambs were slaughtered and carcass traits were measured. Meat samples of Longissumus dorsi muscle were taken for fatty acid profile analysis. And testis samples were collected to analysis in light and transmission electron microscopes. The treatments did not differ in average daily weight gain, sperm volume, motility, vigor and concentration. The CTL group had higher testosterone concentration than CSC at the end of trial and had lower total sperm defects and higher mass movement than others. The number of mitochondrial sheath aplasia increased with increasing gossypol level in diet. There was no relation between the other variables evaluated and gossypol level in diets; however the groups that received cottonseed co-products showed worse reproductive parameters than CTL. Therefore, these co-products had negative impact on reproductive system of puberal lambs. In relation to fatty acid profile, meat from CSM and CSC groups had higher levels of conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) than others and yet CSC group showed higher vaccenic acid than others. Meat from animals that received whole cottonseed had less unsaturated fatty acids, CLA and vaccenic acid. Therefore, between cotton co-products, the processed (CSM and CSC) must be preferred for use in ruminant feed rather than whole cottonseed. The meat from animals that did not receive cotton co-products had higher n-3 fatty acid, and also better n-6 to n-3 ratio compared to others. This can impair the use of these co-products due to current great importance given to these fatty acids in human nutrition / Com este estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da alimentação com co-produtos do algodão tendo diferentes concentrações de gossipol no desenvolvimento reprodutivo de cordeiros no período próximo a puberdade e também nas características de carcaça e no perfil de ácidos graxos da carne. Vinte e quatro cordeiros com 5 meses de idade (20.6 ± 1.9 kg PV) foram utilizados. Estes foram alojados em baias individuais e receberam quatro dietas: 20% da ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) de caroço de algodão (CAROÇO), 20%IMS de farelo de algodão (FARELO), 20%IMS de torta de algodão (TORTA) e um grupo controle (CONTROLE) sem o uso de co-produtos do algodão. A ingestão de gossipol livre foi de 0, 16,32, 6,98 e 5,47 mg/kgPV para CONTROLE, CAROÇO, TORTA e FARELO, respectivamente. A cada 15 dias, os animais foram pesados, e amostras de sangue e sêmen foram coletadas. O sêmen foi analisado quanto a motilidade, vigor, turbilhão, concentração e patologias. Foram determinadas a concentração de testosterona livre e cortisol no soro sanguíneo. Após 95 dias de experimento, os cordeiros foram abatidos e as características de rendimento de carcaça e composição da 12ª costela foram mensuradas. Amostras do músculo Longissumus dorsi foram coletadas para a análise do perfil de ácidos graxos. Amostras dos testículos foram coletadas para análise em microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os tratamentos não diferiram em ganho em peso diário, volume ejaculado, motilidade, vigor e concentração espermática. Os animais do grupo CONTROLE apresentaram concentração de testosterona maior que os do grupo TORTA no final do período experimental. E ainda os animais do grupo CONTROLE tiveram menor número de defeitos totais e maior turbilhão que os outros. O número de lesões de aplasia da bainha mitocondrial aumentou com o aumento do teor de gossipol livre na dieta. Para as outras variáveis avaliadas, não houve relação com o nível de gossipol livre na dieta, no entanto os animais que receberam co-produtos do algodão apresentaram piores parâmetros reprodutivos do que os animais do grupo CONTROLE. Por isso, pode-se concluir que estes co-produtos tiveram um impacto negativo no sistema reprodutivo dos cordeiros durante a puberdade. Em relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos, a carne dos animais dos grupos TORTA e FARELO apresentaram maiores valores de ácido linolênico conjugado (CLA) que os outros dois tratamentos e ainda os animais do grupo TORTA apresentaram maior teor de ácido vacênico que os outros. A carne dos animais que receberam caroço de algodão mostrou menor quantidade de ácidos graxos insaturados, CLA e ácido vacênico. Portanto, dentre os co-produtos do algodão, os processados (FARELO e TORTA) devem ser preferidos para uso na nutrição de ruminantes em detrimento ao caroço. A carne dos animais do grupo CONTROLE apresentou maior teor de n-3, e ainda melhor proporção entre n-6 e n-3 comparado com as demais dietas, o que pode dificultar o uso desses co-produtos devido a grande importância dada atualmente a este grupo de ácidos graxos na nutrição humana

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a dieta de ovinos a base de caroço de algodão sobre parâmetros de desempenho, metabolismo de nutrientes, emissão de metano e qualidade da carne, bem como o efeito acumulativo e sinais de toxicidade causados pela ingesta?o de concentraco?es elevadas de gossipol livre presente na dieta dos animais, garantindo a segurança alimentar. O experimento teve duração de 70 dias, com 16 animais machos deslanados, castrados, da raça Santa Inês, com massa corporal inicial de 44 ± 4,7 kg e idade me?dia de 18 ± 2 meses, divididos em Tratamento Controle (TC) e Tratamento com Caroço de Algodão (TCA). As dietas foram oferecidas diariamente em dois períodos, constituida por 40% de feno de Tifton (Cynodon spp) e 60% de concentrado (50 % milho moido e 50% de soja em grão, e 100% de caroço de algiodão integral, respectivamente para TC e TCA), além da oferta de água e mistura mineral ad libitum. O exprerimento in vivo foi dividido em três períodos, ensaio de desempenho (10 dias de adaptação aos tratamentos e 45 de acompanhamento), ensaio de digestibilidade aparente (5 dias de adapatação e 5 dias de coletas) e ensaio de produção de metano entérico (2 dias de adaptação e 3 dias de coletas). Foram realizadas análises bromatológicas para caracterização dos componentes das dietas, sobras e excrementos, para inferir o consumo e ganho de peso dos animais; avaliação dos parâmetros ruminais de AGGC, ph, N-NH3 e Gossipol livre; e estimativa da produção microbiana, através dos derivados de purinas. Decorridos os 70 dias, os animais permaneceram em jejum de sólidos (16h), em seguida foram abatidos e as carcaças avaliadas. Foram determinados os parâmetros fisíco-químico, de rendimento da carcaça, avalição centesimal, qualidade da carne e gossipol livre. A inclusão de 60% do caroço de algodão no concentrado proporcionou aumento na ingestão, na digestibilidade média de nutrientes e no metabolismo de nitrogênio; permitindo um ambiente propício às atividades dos microrganismos ruminais, evidenciado pelos parâmetros ruminais AGCC, ph e N-NH3 e produção CH4. No entanto, os animais apresentaram menor ganho de peso e rendimento em relação a dieta controle. Os critérios de qualidade da carcaça e na composic?a?o centesimal, não houve diferença. Tendo em conta a qualidade da carne de ovinos Santa Inês, sugere-se que a inclusão de até 60% da alimentação dos animais com caroço de algodão na substituição de milho e soja, no período de terminação, estaria seguro sem causar intoxicação ou alterações na carcaça e, portanto, sem riscos para a saúde humana; contribuindo assim para a produção de alimentos de forma sustentável e segura / The aim of this study was to evaluate sheep fed with whole cottonseed on performance parameters, nutrient metabolism, methane emission and meat quality, either the toxixity effect caused by the ingestion of high amount of free gossypol present in animals feed, ensuring food security. The experiment lasted 70 days, using 16 Santa Inês\' sheep, with initial body mass of 44 ± 4,7 kg and mean age of 18 ± 2 months, distributed in Control Treatment (TC) and whole cottonseed Treatment (TCA). The feed were offered daily in two periods, consisting of 40% of Tifton hay (Cynodon spp) and 60% of concentrate (50% corn grains and 50% soybean meal, and 100% whole cottonseed, respectively for TC and TCA), also water and minerals were supplied ad libitum. The in vivo study was divided into three periods, performance assay (10 days of adaptation to treatments and 45 days of assay), apparent digestibility assay (5 days of adaptation and 5 days of assay) and enteric methane emissions (2 days of adaptation and 3 days of assay). Bromatological analyzes of feeds, leftovers and excrements were realized to characterize the components, and to determine consumption and weight gain of the animals; Evaluation of ruminal parameters of short chain faty acids (SCFA), pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and free gossypol; also estimation of microbial production through the purine derivatives content in urine. After 70 days, the animals remained fasted (16h), then slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Physicochemical parameters, carcass yield, centesimal evaluation, meat quality and free gossypol were determined. The inclusion of 60% of whole cottonseed in the concentrate provided an increase in the intake, average digestibility of nutrients, also the nitrogen metabolism; allowing an environment conducive to the activities of ruminal microorganisms, evidenced by ruminal parameters SCFA, pH, NH3-N and CH4 production. However, the animals had lower weight gain in relation to the control diet. The criteria of carcass quality and centesimal composition did not differ between diets. The presence of free gossypol was not detected neither in meat nor in liver samples. Taking into account the quality of Santa Inês\' meat, it is suggested that the inclusion up to 60% of whole cottonseed animals\' feed, in the confinement termination period would be safe when in substitution of corn and soybeans, without causing intoxication or changes in the carcass, and therefore without risks to human health; contribuiting for the production of food in a secure, safety and sustainable way

A torta de caroço de algodão (TCA) é um coproduto gerado após a extração de óleo desta oleaginosa, que tem sido utilizada como uma das matérias-primas para a produção de biodiesel. O uso de TCA na nutrição animal é restrito, sendo mais utilizado em ruminantes, em função da elevada concentração do fator antinutricional e tóxico, gossipol. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de alguns macrofungos em degradar o gossipol na forma livre, utilizando TCA como substrato após serem esterilizadas por autoclavagem. Trinta e cinco macrofungos foram avaliados quanto asua capacidade de crescimento em meio à base de TCA e redução dos teores de gossipol livre (GL). Treze macrofungos apresentaram capacidade de crescimento micelial em meios de cultura contendo TCA+Agar (placas) ou apenas TCA (frascos de vidro) como fonte nutritiva. Os seis macrofungos com melhor desempenho de crescimento foram avaliados quanto à capacidade degradação do GL em sistema de cultivo por fermentação estado solido (FES). O processo de esterilização por calor úmido (autoclavagem) do TCAapresentou degradação significativa do gossipol, entretanto há níveis consideráveis de GL residual na biomassa.Os seis macrofungos apresentaram capacidade de reduzir até 90% do valor residual de GL após a autoclavagem das TCAs. O Pleutotus ostreatus CC389 foi escolhido dentre os seis macrofungos para realização das atividades para determinação de eficiência biológica e produtividadede cogumelos comestíveis. Também foram feitas análises das atividades enzimáticas e degradação do GL, nas biomassas pós-colheita dos cogumelos (SMS, spent mushrom substrate). O P. ostreatus CC389 quando cultivado em TCA como substrato por 20 dias secretou enzimas lignolíticas como lacase (até 166,67 UI/mL) e manganês peroxidase (até 12,81 UI/mL). Também degradou o GL residual em até 94% ao final dosvinte dias de cultivo. A atividade de manganês peroxidase apresentou correlação coma degradação de GL. A produtividade de cogumelos de P. ostreatus CC389 foi de aproximadamente 20% em quatro formulações de substratos preparados a base de TCA (70%) e 30% de outras fontes de biomassas vegetais (lignocelulósicos). A eficiência biológica foi maior na combinação de TCA com serragem de eucalipto (acima de 67%). Os SMSs e os cogumelos obtidos ao final do sistema de cultivo de P. ostreatusCC389 nas diferentes formulações apresentaram redução de GL acima de 99%. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios com P. ostreatus CC 389 para degradação de GL presentes em TCA e quando enriquecidas com outras fontes lignocelulosicas poderão servir de elo para integração de cadeias produtivas de biocombustíveis (biodiesel), fungicultura (cogumelos comestíveis) e nutrição animal (insumos – enzimas, bioativos, fontes nutricionais – proteína bruta). / Cotton seed cake (TCA, in Portuguese) is a coproduct obtained after the extraction of cottonseed oil, which has been used as one of the raw materials for biodiesel production. TCA is restricted for animal nutrition, being more used for ruminants, due to the high concentration of the antinutritional and toxic factor, gossypol. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of some macrofungi species to degrade free gossypol using TCA as substrates after being sterilized by autoclaving process. Thirty-five macrofungi were evaluated for their growth capacity in medium containing TCA and reduction of free gossypol (GL, in Portuguese). Thirteen macrofungus presented mycelial growth capacity in culture media containing TCA+Agar (Petri plates) or only in TCA (glass bottles) as nutritional source. Six macrofungus with best growth performance were selected and evaluated for GL degradation capacity during solid state fermentation (FES, in Portuguese) system.The humid heat sterilization (autoclaving) of the TCA showed significant degradation of free gossypol, however, there were still considerable levels of residual GL in the biomass. The six macrofungus presented capacity to reduce up to 90% of the residual value of GL in autoclaved TCA. Pleurotus ostreatus CC389 was chosen from among the six macrofungus to determination of biological efficiency and productivity of edible mushrooms. It was also analyzed the enzymatic activities and degradation of GL in post-harvested mushroom biomass (SMS, Spent Mushroom Substrate). P. ostreatus CC389, when cultured in TCA as a substrate for 20 days, secreted lignolytic enzymes such as laccase (up to 166.67 IU/mL) and manganese peroxidase (up to 12.81 IU/mL). It also degraded the residual GL by up to 94% at the end of the cultivation period. The activity of manganese peroxidase showed correlation with the degradation of GL. Mushroom productivity of P. ostreatus CC389 was approximately 20% in four different substrate formulations based on TCA (70%) mixed with 30% of different lignocellulosic biomass sources. The biological efficiency was higher when P. ostreatus CC389 was cultured in substrate containing TCA and eucalyptus sawdust (up to 67%). The SMS and the mushrooms obtained at the end of the P. ostreatus CC389 cultivation in the different formulations presented reduction of GL up to 99%. The results obtained with P. ostreatus CC 389 assays for degradation of GL in TCA and when enriched with other lignocellulosic biomass sources could represent an interesting link for the integration of biofuels (biodiesel), fungiculture (edible mushrooms) and animal nutrition (inputs - enzymes, bioactive molecules, nutritional sources - crude protein) production chains.