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The basic goal of diploma thesis "The Propensity to Government Budget Deficit: Analysis of the Influence of Political Cycle on Czech Fiscal policy" is to identify fundamental factors which influence decisions about the size of government budget balance and to analyze the influence of political cycle on the volume and structure of government expenditures in the period of 1993-2009. Analysis is based on theories which are connected to the areas of public sector, state and its function, public finances, government budget, the process of generating budget, political cycle, political parties and europeanization. The problem of propensity to budget deficits is structured using dimensional analysis and problem tree. The influence of political cycle is verified by using the combination of qualitative analysis of policy documents and quantitative analysis of specific indicators. Analysis classifies external and internal factors influencing the tendency to deficit budgeting. Political cycle is one of those internal factors becouse it is affected by the decision making process of political representatives. The influence of political cycle on the volume of government expenditures and the expenditures of the Ministry of Labor and social affairs could not be demonstrated on data. Otherwise, there is possibility...

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This paper analyzes the impacts of the economic crisis on Czech government budget in 2009. The introductory part deals with the theoretical and historical base of the business cycle and with main economic terms. This chapter is summed up with a unified general conclusion of the term economic crisis. Also listed, are descriptions of principles, reasons and consequences of the Financial crisis which originated in 2007 in USA including a comparison to the Great Depression in 30's. The practical part of this paper is focused on the Czech government budget and analyzed for the period of nine months in 2009. Impacts of the crisis and anti-crisis measures on budget revenues, budget expenditures, government and state debt are also addressed in the practical part. The conclusion draws proposals and recommendations to mitigate the impacts of the economic crisis.

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In many federal countries, local governments run large deficits, even when fiscal supervision by state authorities is tight. I investigate to which extent party alignment of governments and fiscal supervisors influences budget deficits. The dataset includes 427 German local governments for the period 2000–2004. I exploit a period after a far-reaching institutional reform that entirely re-distributed political powers on both the government level and the fiscal supervisor level. Results do not show that party alignments of governments and supervisors (co-partisanship) drive short-term deficits. Instead, I find that the ideology of partisan governments and supervisors matters: left-wing local governments run higher deficits than their right-wing counterparts; left-wing supervisors tolerate higher deficits than right-wing supervisors. These findings imply that political independence for fiscal supervisors is recommended.

La inversión pública contribuye al desarrollo humano mediante la ampliación de la capacidad productora de bienes o servicios públicos. Por lo que el presente trabajo investiga el efecto de la inversión pública en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) según niveles de gobierno durante el periodo 2007-2015. Para ello se emplea modelos de efectos fijos con estimadores within en un panel balanceado, así como se analiza si los resultados permanecen en regiones de bajo, medio o alto IDH y en regiones donde se realiza bajo, medio o alto monto de inversión según niveles de gobierno. Los resultados muestran que a nivel agregado la inversión pública no tiene un efecto en el IDH. En contraste, al segmentarlo por niveles de gobierno, se encuentra que solo la Inversión de Gobiernos Locales contribuye positivamente al IDH, sobre todo en las regiones de menor IDH o con niveles medios de inversión. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a la finalización o no de proyectos en el caso de la inversión de los gobiernos regionales (GR), concluyendo que no fue posible afirmar tal efecto en el IDH. Por último, se contribuyó a la literatura empírica del Perú mediante el hallazgo de otras determinantes del IDH. / Public investment contributes to human development by expanding the capacity to produce public goods or services. Therefore, the present work investigates the effect of public investment in the Human Development Index (HDI) by government levels during the period 2007-2015. For this purpose, fixed effects models are used with within estimators in a balanced panel, as well as analyzing whether the results remain in regions of low, medium or high HDI and in regions where low, medium or high investment amounts are made according to levels of government. The results show that, at the aggregate level, public investment has no effect on the HDI. In contrast, when the public investment was segmented by levels of government, it is found that only Local Government Investment contributes positively to the HDI, especially in regions with lower HDI or with medium levels of Local Government Investment. Additionally, this investigation explored the existence of differences regarding the ending or not of projects in the case of investment by regional governments (GR) was evaluated, concluding that it was not possible to affirm that effect in the HDI. Finally, we contributed to the empirical literature of Peru by finding other determinants of the HDI. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this work is to analyse divergences of local government budgets and medium-term budgetary outlooks from results of the budgetary management of selected municipalities in the Czech Republic. At the beginning of the work, there are introduced problems of budgetary rules, medium-term budgetary outlooks and local government budgets. The analysis is focused on the municipalities which make a delegate force as municipalities with authorized municipal office from 2010 to 2013. The analysis is focused on the evaluation of the use of the medium-term budgetary outlook in the budgetary planning by municipalities. This work compares planning by municipalities updating their budgetary outlooks with the municipalities that are not updated. It is also focused on including the modification of tax-incomes in medium-term and annual budgetary planning. The analysis evaluates divergences of budgetary management in the municipalities during the analysed years. In the conclusion of work, there is made the analysis of debts of surveyed municipalities. Based on the analysis, following results were reached. The municipalities keep the rules of the verity and safety in the majority of revenues and common expenses. In 2013 where the amendment to the law of budget determination of taxes came into force, municipalities did not involve the modification of tax revenue in the medium-term budgetary outlooks and local government budgets. Based on the analysis of management, the budget of most municipalities is balanced or even surplus from 2010 to 2013. The average debt of the analysed municipalities did not change too much and 8 of 100 analysed municipalities had no debts during the analysed period. The recommendations following from the economic analysis of the surveyed municipalities are: to publish medium-term budgetary outlooks on the website of municipalities in conformity with the rule of publicity of public budgets and by reason of the addition of information for residents of the municipality, to monitor changes in the legislation and to integrate these changes into budgetary planning in time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Demetrius Amaral Beltrao.pdf: 1190634 bytes, checksum: fa3cc168d6fd90fb35c5086009fd4105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze planning and, more specifically, the economic-social planning role (art. 174, caput and § 1st, Federal Constitution) for the implementation of government policies, consistent in the implementation of fundamental rights and objectives defined under art. 3rd of the Brazilian Federal Constitution − as well as its connection to the government budget. The constitutional profile of the economic planning (as the Constitution of 1988 handles planning) is highlighted, as well as parameters and criteria that should be applied to identify legal limitations imposed to the Brazilian state regarding standardization and regulation of the market economy, in face of free initiative basis (art. 1st, III, Federal Constitution), such as State intervention in the economic domain by means of planning, on one hand, and rationalization of public activities and use of scarce resources to obtain better results of exploitation, on the other hand. It emphasizes budget role as a fundamental instrument to the planning process, whose basic function is to organize and coordinate means (revenue and expenditure) in relation to the implementation of plans and public policies in order to satisfy public needs and economic and social regulation. It analyzes budget legislation under art. 165 of Federal Constitution, its characteristics and functions, and, more deeply, how these instruments should be integrated with one another and brought in line with global economic and social planning (according to art. 165, § 4th, Federal Constitution). Finally, it presents a perspective of planning in Brazil, together with a study of Brazilian state crisis and planning crisis (the situation of planning in Brazil). / O objetivo desta tese é analisar o planejamento e, mais especificamente, o papel do planejamento econômico-social (art. 174, caput e § 1º, CF) para a implementação das políticas públicas, consistentes na efetivação dos direitos fundamentais e dos objetivos traçados no art. 3º da Constituição Federal − e sua vinculação com o orçamento público. É dado especial destaque ao perfil constitucional do planejamento econômico (como a Constituição de 1988 trata o planejamento), bem como aos parâmetros e critérios que devem ser utilizados para identificar os limites juridicamente impostos ao Estado brasileiro no que concerne à normatização e regulação da economia de mercado, diante do fundamento da livre iniciativa (art. 1º, III, CF), como a própria intervenção do Estado sobre o domínio econômico por meio do planejamento, por um lado, e, de outro, a racionalização das atividades públicas e da utilização dos recursos escassos para obter melhores resultados do seu aproveitamento. Enfatiza o papel do orçamento como instrumento fundamental do processo de planejamento, cuja função básica consiste em ordenar e coordenar os meios (receitas e despesas) em relação à implementação de planos e políticas públicas com vistas à satisfação das necessidades públicas e regulação econômica e social. Analisa as leis orçamentárias previstas no art. 165 da Constituição Federal, suas características e funções e, de maneira mais aprofundada, a forma pela qual estes instrumentos devem ser integrados entre si e compatibilizados com o planejamento global - econômico e social (de acordo com o art. 165, § 4º, CF). Por fim, apresenta uma perspectiva do planejamento no Brasil, acompanhada de um estudo da crise do Estado brasileiro e da crise do planejamento (como ficou o planejamento no Brasil).

In many federal countries, local governments run large deficits, even when fiscal supervision by state authorities is tight. I investigate to which extent party alignment of governments and fiscal supervisors influences budget deficits. The dataset includes 427 German local governments for the period 2000–2004. I exploit a period after a far-reaching institutional reform that entirely re-distributed political powers on both the government level and the fiscal supervisor level. Results do not show that party alignments of governments and supervisors (co-partisanship) drive short-term deficits. Instead, I find that the ideology of partisan governments and supervisors matters: left-wing local governments run higher deficits than their right-wing counterparts; left-wing supervisors tolerate higher deficits than right-wing supervisors. These findings imply that political independence for fiscal supervisors is recommended.