Esta tese investiga o modo de organização dos domínios nominal, verbal e dos adjetivos em Português do Brasil (PB), tendo como guia a aceitabilidade de sentenças com todo. Para o inglês, a natureza do parâmetro orienta a seleção de argumentos por operadores; já para o PB, o que importa é a oposição entre tipos de escala. O PB não tem determinantes que distingam entre nome contável e massivo, como much e many. O operador aspectual progressivo não modifica estados em inglês, mas em PB sim. Em inglês, very seleciona adjetivos de parâmetro relativo. Em PB, muito + adjetivo tem parâmetro relativo, e todo + adjetivo tem parâmetro absoluto. Todo é um operador interdomínios, sensível aos tipos de escala. Todo modifica a relação de predicação. Todo impõe condições (quantitativas) sobre como a saturação de um predicado por certo argumento deve ocorrer. Todo não é nem um modificador nominal, nem um quantificador canônico como cada. Todo não cria, apenas modifica uma relação existente. A distribuição que ocorre em sentenças com todo é uma entre as muitas formas de saturação de um predicado por um argumento: uma relação incremental. Se o argumento for quantizado, o predicado necessariamente também se tornará quantizado. Analisamos uma descrição definida (DD) como um sintagma de medida (SM). O artigo definido torna um predicado nominal em denotação quantizada, mas todo não. Relacionamos ser quantizado a ser argumental, e ser cumulativo a ser predicativo. E associamos sentidos diferentes às posições de todo na sentença. / This thesis takes the distribution of todo as a probe for the structure of nominal, verbal and adjective domains in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Todo is a Degree Modifier (DM) and is sensitive to scale structure. English DMs (e.g., very) select adjectives by their standards; the BP DMs select adjectives only by their scale structure. However, they produce phrases with standard specialization. Todo + adjective shows absolute standard interpretation. We claim that the domains show the same properties in both languages, but the nature of scale standard matters in a distinct level for each one. We claim that todo is neither a noun modifier nor a true quantifier. Todo is a relation modifier. Todo modifies the way the argument saturates the predicate. A quantized incremental argument will make the predicate quantized as well. Todo is not the true source of distributivity, since incremental relations occur even in its absence. Definite Descriptions are treated as measure phrases. The definite article relates noun predicates to situations. So it will change a bare noun into a quantized denotation, which todo cannot do. Each land site corresponds to a different meaning for floating todo.

Dans l'objectif de développer des nouveaux capteurs d'image 3D pour des applications émergeantes, nous avons étudié un pixel de mesure de distance de type « temps de vol ». Nous avons proposé une nouvelle architecture de pixel basée sur la méthode « Continuous-Wave modulation » à trois échantillons par pixel. Cette méthode repose sur la mesure d'un déphasage entre la source lumineuse modulée en amplitude envoyée (source proche infrarouge) et le signal réfléchi par la scène à capturer. Le pixel de dimensions 6,2μm x 6,2μm intègre une photodiode pincée, trois chemins de transfert de charges pour l'échantillonnage successif du signal modulé reçu, et d'un quatrième chemin pour évacuer les charges excédentaires. Les différents chemins de transfert sont constitués d'une grille de transfert de charges de la photodiode vers une mémoire de stockage à canal enterré pour améliorer le rendement et la vitesse de transfert de charges; d'une mémoire à stockage en volume à base de tranchées capacitives profondes afin d'augmenter la dynamique; d'un substrat dont l'épaisseur et le profil de dopage ont été optimisés afin de collecter efficacement les charges photogénérées et ainsi augmenter les performances de démodulation. Un véhicule de test constitué d'une matrice de résolution de 464x197 pixels (QVGA) a été fabriqué, différentes variantes de pixels et différents essais technologiques ont été étudiées et analysées. La fonctionnalité du pixel a été vérifiée pour des fréquences de démodulation de 20MHz à 165MHz, utilisant une source laser de longueur d'onde 850nm ou 950nm. Une première image de profondeur acquise utilisant une matrice de test est une validation du pixel proposé / In order to develop new 3D image sensors for emerging applications, we studied “time of flight” pixel for distance measurement. We have proposed a new pixel architecture based on the "Continuous-Wave Modulation" method with three samples per pixel. This method is based on the measurement of a phase shift between the transmitted amplitude modulated light source (near-infrared source) and the signal reflected by the scene to be captured. The pixel of dimensions 6.2 μm x 6.2 μm integrates a pinned photodiode, three charge transfer paths for successive sampling of the received modulated signal, and a fourth path for anti-blooming purpose. The different paths are controlled by a buried-channel transfer gate for charges transfer from the photodiode to memory in order to improve the efficiency and speed of the charge transfer; A fully depleted memory based on capacitive deep trenches is used to increase the memory storage capacitance; thickness and doping profile of the substrate have been optimized to efficiently collect photogenerated and increase demodulation performance. The designed 464x197-pixel (QVGA) test chip has been fabricated, different pixel variants and different technology trials have been studied and analyzed. Pixel functionality has been verified for demodulation frequencies from 20 to 165MHz, using a laser source of wavelength 850nm or 950nm. A first acquired depth image using the test chip made is a validation of the proposed pixel

異質信念(Heterogeneous beliefs)修正傳統資產定價理論中同質信念(Homogeneous beliefs)的基本假設，探討投資者間所持有的不同資訊，以及對於資訊的不同參考程度，如何影響資產定價。 本文試圖以Banerjee(2008)的模型，估計出臺灣投資者對於台灣各家公司股票的價格參考密度；並且透過外部研究者的預測作為市場不同信念的代理變數，探討異質信念對於臺灣股市交易的價量影響。 經由實證結果發現，在台灣的股市交易市場上，當市場的資訊流通速度愈快，投資者對公開資訊的參考密度愈低，投資者愈易依賴自己所持有的私人資訊。當投資者的行為決策將愈顯紛歧時，對交易量和報酬率的影響皆為正。 / Heterogeneous beliefs, which revise the basic assumption of traditional asset pricing theory- Homogeneous beliefs, study the impact on asset pricing by different information owned and referred by investors. I use the model derived from Banerjee(2008)to estimate the degree how Taiwan investors will take into account stock prices when they make investment decisions. Also, I study how heterogeneous beliefs of investors influence stock prices and trading volume in Taiwan stock market, using predictions of external researchers as a proxy variable of dispersion in beliefs. The empirical results show that the degree which investors take into account prices will be lower when a faster information flowing speed exists in Taiwan stock market. When investors rely more on their private information, their investment decision will become much diversified. Dispersion in beliefs has a positive influence on stock trading volume and return.

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鋼結構業的現行作業方式充滿了無效率的工作與浪費。本研究希望藉由豐田及時生產系統導入鋼結構製造，以消除生產過程中現存的各項浪費。本研究的目的主要是以個案公司為例，探討鋼結構業現行生產過程及豐田及時生產系統應用於鋼結構製造。 本研究首先介紹豐田及時生產系統架構，以了解豐田式的精神所在，再詳細介紹及時生產系統的概念及優點，並比較豐田即時生產系統和鋼結構現行生產方式。 其次藉由相關文獻的回顧，探討豐田及時生產系統於製造業應用方式與其效益。由於鋼結構業與一般製造業無論在形態上或是作業方式上，都有顯著的差異存在，因此於製造規劃階段，除說明導入豐田及時生產系統所需具備的合理化作業外，擬配合漸進式吊裝規劃技術以消除兩者間之差異。 經由親自到生產現場去查訪並與作業主管做雙向溝通，瞭解個案公司在現行生產管理上存在的問題。利用橋樑及H組合型鋼兩條試驗生產線進行檢討，評估豐田及時生產系統觀念應用於鋼結構製造過程之中可能產生的問題與解決對策，以擬定豐田及時生產系統導入鋼結構之方式與注意事項，並評估其效益。 / There has been full of inefficiency and waste in current operation method of steel structure industries. This study hopes to utilize Toyota Just-in-time Production System for fabrication of steel structure to eliminate current each waste during the production process. The main purpose of this study is take case company as an example to discuss the following respects: 1.The current production process of steel structure industries. 2.The application of Toyota Just-in-time Production System in the steel structure fabrication. This study first introduces the framework of Toyota Just-in-time Production System to apprehend its spirit and then explains the concept and advantage of Toyota Just-in-time Production System explicitly. Also, this study compares Toyota Just-in-time Production System with current production method of steel structure industries. Second, according to the glancing of related document reference, this study discusses the application method and its profit for Toyota Just-in-time Production System in the manufacturing industries. As there are significant differences in structure or operation method between steel structure industries and manufacturing industries, thus this study utilizes gradual erection plan to match Toyota Just-in-time Production System during the period of fabrication process plan to eliminate the distinction between these two industries besides explaining the necessary rationalized operation when leading Toyota Just-in-time Production System in. Having visited the production line and made mutual communication with operation chief, this study has found the current problems existing in production management in case company. According to this discovery, this study uses bridge production line and built-up H section production line as pilot implementation to discuss the possible question and solution policy for Toyota Just-in-time Production System concept applied in steel structure fabrication so as to frame the procedures and criterion of Toyota Just-in-time Production System in fabrication of steel structure and also to evaluate its profit. / 目 錄 誌謝詞……………………………………………………………………一 中文摘要…………………………………………………………………二 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………三 目錄………………………………………………………………………四 圖次………………………………………………………………………六 表次………………………………………………………………………八 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………1 第二節 研究步驟與範圍…………………………………………4 第三節 研究架構 …………………………………………………6 第二章 豐田及時生產系統之文獻探討………………………………….7 第一節 及時化（Just In Time）的基本觀念………………………7 第二節 豐田及時生產系統的主要目的……………………….12 第三節 豐田及時生產系統的執行方法……………………….14 第四節 豐田及時生產系統的構成因素……………………….31 第五節 實施豐田及時生產系統的優點及原則………………32 第三章 鋼結構業引進豐田及時生產系統之可行性分析……………36 第一節 鋼結構業生產方式概要………………………………36 第二節 鋼結構業生產方式與豐田及時生產系統比較………44 第四章 中國鋼鐵結構公司導入豐田及時生產系統個案……………58 第一節 生產製造現況與問題分析……………………………58 第二節 豐田及時生產系統導入及效益評估 ………………73 第三節 導入限制條件之評估 ……………………………109 第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………110 第一節 結論……………………………………………………110 第二節 建議 …………………………………………………112 參考文獻…………………………………………………………….113 附錄-個案公司訪談說明……………………….……………………118 作者簡歷……………………………………………………………………123 表 次 表1-1 台灣市場鋼結構用量統計表……………………………………2 表2-1 自�C化與自動化的比較…………………………………………27 表4-1 鋼橋漸進式吊裝規劃表範例……………………………………80 表4-2 鋼橋單一循環每日作業規劃表範例…………………………80 表4-3 中國鋼鐵結構公司91年鋼架類別統計表…………………….82 表4-4 中國鋼鐵結構公司91年工程類別產量表……………………83 表4-5 鋼橋月生產計劃表範例…………………………………………91 表4-6 鋼橋日生產計劃表範例…………………………………………92 表4-7 鋼橋批量生產表範例…………………………………………..94 表4-8鋼橋鑽孔績效比較表…………………………………………..…97 表4-9鋼橋本體板組合績效比較表…………………………………….97 表4-10鋼橋本體板電銲績效比較表……………………………………97 表4-11鋼橋學習效益………………..………………………………….100 表4-12鋼橋作業面積使用比較表…………………………………….102 表4-13鋼橋庫存量績效比較表….……………………………………102 表4-14 H組合型鋼腹板加工分類表…………………………………106 表4-15切割火口與鋼材板厚對照表..………………………………… 106 表4-16電銲條件表………………………………………………………107 表4-17 切割作業面積及在製品庫存量比較表……………………108 表4-18 H組合型鋼品質標準比較表…………………………………108 圖次 圖1-1 研究架構圖…………………………………………………………6 圖2-1拉式生產系統流程圖……………………………………………11 圖2-2豐田及時生產系統架構圖………………………………………13 圖2-3及時化架構圖……………………………………………………16 圖2-4工作標準化要素圖………………………………………………19 圖2-5看板方式流程圖…………………………………………………24 圖2-6自�C化架構圖……………………………………………………28 圖3-1鋼架製造流程圖…………………………………………………39 圖3-2鋼橋製造流程圖…………………………………………………40 圖3-3鋼架吊裝流程圖…………………………………………………41 圖3-4鋼橋吊裝流程圖…………………………………………………42 圖4-1小板件加工流程圖………………………………………………59 圖4-2 H型鋼組立程序圖…………………………………………………60 圖4-3方型鋼組立程序圖………………………………………………61 圖4-4生產計劃流程圖…………………………………………………66 圖4-5鋼柱加工流程圖…………………………………………………67 圖4-6鋼樑加工流程圖…………………………………………………68 圖4-7橋樑加工流程圖…………………………………………………69 圖4-8鋼橋構段分區圖範例……………………………………………81 圖4-9中國鋼鐵結構公司91年鋼架類別統計圖……………………82 圖4-10中國鋼鐵結構公司91年工程類別圖…………………………83 圖4-11鋼橋單一作業循環甘特圖範例……………………………….84 圖4-12橋樑構段圖………………………………………………………85 圖4-13 橋樑生產流程圖………………………………………………86 圖4-14 改善後橋樑生產流程圖.………………………………………89 圖4-15 鋼橋主生產時程圖範例.………………………………………90 圖4-16 鋼橋工作圖範例………………………………………………93 圖4-17 H組合型鋼圖……………………………………………………103 圖4-18H組合型鋼生產流程圖…………………………………………105

People living in the north have been and will continue to be affected by increasing exploration and exploitation of the region's natural resources. To understand the human impacts a qualitative approach and sense of place, place attachment, and disruption in place theories were used to analyze the experiences of young Aboriginal adults in a Dene Tha' community in northwestern Alberta. The major finding of this study was that the young people developed deep attachments to their place; however, environmental, social, and cultural changes have altered life here and as a consequence many of the young people no longer want to remain living in their community. The results suggest that the Dene Tha' are being gradually displaced and their homeland is becoming increasingly unable to sustain them or their culture. The findings also indicate that gradual environmental deterioration can lead to profound social and cultural changes that should be considered before land use decisions are made. / Rural Sociology

Esta tese investiga o modo de organização dos domínios nominal, verbal e dos adjetivos em Português do Brasil (PB), tendo como guia a aceitabilidade de sentenças com todo. Para o inglês, a natureza do parâmetro orienta a seleção de argumentos por operadores; já para o PB, o que importa é a oposição entre tipos de escala. O PB não tem determinantes que distingam entre nome contável e massivo, como much e many. O operador aspectual progressivo não modifica estados em inglês, mas em PB sim. Em inglês, very seleciona adjetivos de parâmetro relativo. Em PB, muito + adjetivo tem parâmetro relativo, e todo + adjetivo tem parâmetro absoluto. Todo é um operador interdomínios, sensível aos tipos de escala. Todo modifica a relação de predicação. Todo impõe condições (quantitativas) sobre como a saturação de um predicado por certo argumento deve ocorrer. Todo não é nem um modificador nominal, nem um quantificador canônico como cada. Todo não cria, apenas modifica uma relação existente. A distribuição que ocorre em sentenças com todo é uma entre as muitas formas de saturação de um predicado por um argumento: uma relação incremental. Se o argumento for quantizado, o predicado necessariamente também se tornará quantizado. Analisamos uma descrição definida (DD) como um sintagma de medida (SM). O artigo definido torna um predicado nominal em denotação quantizada, mas todo não. Relacionamos ser quantizado a ser argumental, e ser cumulativo a ser predicativo. E associamos sentidos diferentes às posições de todo na sentença. / This thesis takes the distribution of todo as a probe for the structure of nominal, verbal and adjective domains in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Todo is a Degree Modifier (DM) and is sensitive to scale structure. English DMs (e.g., very) select adjectives by their standards; the BP DMs select adjectives only by their scale structure. However, they produce phrases with standard specialization. Todo + adjective shows absolute standard interpretation. We claim that the domains show the same properties in both languages, but the nature of scale standard matters in a distinct level for each one. We claim that todo is neither a noun modifier nor a true quantifier. Todo is a relation modifier. Todo modifies the way the argument saturates the predicate. A quantized incremental argument will make the predicate quantized as well. Todo is not the true source of distributivity, since incremental relations occur even in its absence. Definite Descriptions are treated as measure phrases. The definite article relates noun predicates to situations. So it will change a bare noun into a quantized denotation, which todo cannot do. Each land site corresponds to a different meaning for floating todo.

Cette thèse est composée de trois articles indépendants qui ont pour trait commun d’analyser le comportement d’investisseurs et de firmes en situation de concurrence imparfaite. Nous considérons d’abord un modèle de marché financier à la Kyle (1985) où les investisseurs peuvent produire soit un signal (fondamental) sur la valeur d’un actif risqué, soit un signal (non-fondamental) sur la demande aléatoire des noise traders. Nous montrons que réduire le coût du signal non-fondamental détériore l’efficience informationnelle du prix du titre et,sous certaines conditions, le bien-être des noise traders. Nous étendons ensuite le modèle au cas où les investisseurs non-fondamentalistes soumettent des ordres à cours limité. Leur activité s’apparente alors à du “front running”. Par ce biais, nous enrichissons nos résultats et montrons que l’effet potentiellement néfaste de l’accès à l’information non-fondamentale persiste.Nous considérons ensuite un marché à la Kyle (1985) où des agents non informés échangent pour un motif de partage de risque avec des investisseurs répartis sur un réseau.Ces derniers partagent leurs signaux avec leurs contacts, ce qui formalise une meilleure diffusion de l’information. Nous évaluons alors l’effet de cette hypothèse sur deux critères: le profit spéculatif et l’espérance d’utilité des agents non informés qui mesure l’efficacité du partage de risque sur le marché. Nous montrons que l’ajout du réseau peut simultanément améliorer ces deux critères ainsi que l’efficience informationnelle du prix. Un résultat original qui ne peut pas être obtenu sans l’ajout du réseau. Enfin, nous caractérisons la coopération graduelle entre deux firmes concurrentes de tailles différentes incapables de contracter et dont les contributions sont irréversibles. Nous montrons que l’asymétrie entre les deux firmes ralentit fortement le processus de collaboration,ce qui souligne l’importance des arrangements contractuels dans certaines situations. Nous montrons aussi qu’un renforcement de la concurrence entre les deux firmes peut nuire au bien-être social en réduisant leur capacité à collaborer. / This thesis contains three distinct papers related to the behavior of investors or firms acting under imperfect competition. First, we consider a Kyle’s (1985) model where investors can produce either a (fundamental) signal on the value of the risky asset, or a (non fundamental)signal on the forth coming demand from noise traders. We show that reducing the cost of the non-fundamental signal worsens price informativeness as well as the welfare of noise traders under some conditions. Then, we extend the model by allowing non fundamental traders to submit limit orders. Their activity is then analogous to front running. By this mean, we enrich our results and show that the potentially detrimental effect of non-fundamental information still pertains. Then, we consider a market à la Kyle (1985) where uninformed hedgers trade for risk sharing purposes with investors located on a network, who share their signal with their“contacts”. This hypothesis formalizes a better diffusion of information. We evaluate its effect on speculative gains and hedgers’ expected utility which depends on the risk sharing role of the market. We show that the introduction of the network might simultaneously improve these two welfare measures as well as price informativeness. An original result that cannot be obtained otherwise. Finally, we consider a contribution game between two competitors of different sizes. We obtain the value of their (irreversible) contributions during each period of the game. We show that the asymmetry between the two firms strongly slowers the collaboration process,high lighting the importance of contractual arrangements in some circumstances. Also, we obtain that increasing competition might be detrimental to social welfare, because it harms the ability of the two firms to set up a mutually beneficial process of collaboration.

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