Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’exploitation des données temporelles en présence d’imperfections. Il s’agit de définir, concevoir et développer un système intelligent pour l’interrogation des bases de données temporelles où la dimension temps (des relations ou des entités) est définie d’une manière imprécise et floue. Ce type de base de données se manifeste fréquemment dans les applications issues du domaine médical, de l’historique et de l’archive, de la planification, etc.Nous rappelons tout d’abord les différents formalismes utilisés dans le traitement des informations temporelles, puis, nous présentons les travaux antérieurs qui ont abordé la problématique de la gestion et de traitement de l’information temporelle imparfaite dans le domaine des bases de données. Nous décrivons ensuite une première contribution apportée sur la définition d’un nouveau modèle de représentation de données temporelles entachées d’imprécision. Des relations d’Allen étendues ont été introduites ainsi qu’un ensemble de règles de composition permettant de raisonner. Cette contribution a permis de développer un premier prototype nommé Fuzz-TIME pour le traitement des requêtes contenant des critères temporels flous/imprécis. Un des points forts de ce système est qu’il possède un module de raisonnement lui permettant de traiter, d’une manière intelligente, une famille de requêtes temporelles de nature complexe.La plupart des travaux menés sur l’exploitation et la manipulation des informations temporelles considèrent que les entités temporelles (i.e., intervalles) sont définies d’une manière précise (non floue). Or dans le monde des applications réelles, les bornes des intervalles de temps manipulés sont souvent entachées d’imprécision. Nous avons ainsi proposé une nouvelle sémantique des relations temporelles d’Allen (i.e., relations d’Allen tolérantes) dans ce contexte. L’élément clé de cette sémantique est une relation de tolérance convenablement choisie. Une troisième partie de notre travail est consacrée à la modélisation d’une nouvelle extension des relations temporelles d’Allen où les intervalles de temps sont interprétés d’une manière conjonctive. Enfin, nous décrivons l’architecture du système Fuzz-TIME et discutons l’étude expérimentale menée pour valider les contributions proposées. / This work focuses on the exploitation of temporal data in presence of imperfections. The aim is to define, design and develop an intelligent system for the interrogation of temporal databases where the time dimension (of relationships or entities) is defined in an imprecise and fuzzy way. This type of databases is frequently found in applications from the medical field, history and archive, planning, etc.We first recall the different formalisms used in the processing of temporal in formation, and then we present the previous work which has addressed the problem of managing and processing of imperfect temporal information in the field of databases.We describe then a first contribution related to the definition of a new model for the representation of imprecise temporal data. Extended Allen relations have been introduced as well as a set of composition rules for reasoning. This contribution has allowed developing a first prototype called Fuzz-TIME for processing queries containing fuzzy /imprecise time criteria. One of the major interests of this system is that it exhibits a reasoning module to intelligently process a family of temporal queries of a complex nature.Most work on the exploitation and manipulation of temporal in formation considers that the temporal entities (i.e.,intervals) are defined in a precise (non-fuzzy) manner. ln the world of real applications, the bounds of the manipulated time intervals are often pervaded by imprecision. We have proposed a new semantics of Allen's temporal relations (i .e., Allen Tolerant Relations) in this context. The key element of this semantics is a suitably chosen relationship of tolerance. A third part of our work is devoted to the modeling of a new extension of Allen's temporal relations where the time intervals are interpreted in a conjunctive way. Finally, we describe the architecture of the Fuzz-TIME system and discuss the experimental study carried out to validate the proposed contributions.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a política pública sobre drogas brasileira. Verificase que a política de drogas do Brasil respondeu positivamente ao proibicionismo que caracteriza o regime internacional de controle do trânsito de drogas, que na América Latina viu-se produzido sob forte pressão estadunidense. O trabalho descreve um histórico de produção da política brasileira sobre drogas dividida por duas dimensões: uma delas do campo da saúde, e a outra da justiça e segurança. A seguir, entendendo que a política sobre drogas no Brasil encontra-se em processo de mudança, iniciado há duas décadas e com origem, principalmente, em iniciativas do campo da saúde serão aplicados os modelos de múltiplos fluxos de Kingdon e o de mudança institucional gradual de Mahoney e Thelen a fim de esboçar algumas interpretações sobre a dinâmica desta mudança. / The present study aims to analyze Brazilian public policy on drugs. It is verified that the drug policy of Brazil responded positively to the prohibitionism that characterizes the international regime of control of the traffic of drugs, that in Latin America has been produced under strong American pressure. The paper describes a history of the production of Brazilian drug policy divided into two dimensions: one from the health field and the other from justice and security. Following, understanding that drug policy in Brazil is in a process of changing, initiated two decades ago and mainly originated in initiatives from the field of health will be applied the models of multiple streams of Kingdon and the theory of gradual institutional change from Mahoney and Thelen in order to sketch some interpretations about the dynamics of this change.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the total cost ratio in relation to corporate efficiency. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with basic terms of cost, financial and managerial concept of costs and different approaches to classification of costs. In this part the principle of corporate efficiency is explained and the difference methods of measuring of efficiency are mentioned. The practical part of this thesis is oriented primarily to describing development of costs in company and determination of most important cost items. This part also focuses on the calculation of profitability indicators and pyramidal decomposition of ROE. After this, the influence of sub-indicators to top-indicator was evaluated by using the gradual change method. The ROE was changed between years 2015 and 2016 by -0,1050 CZK. By using the gradual change method, it was determined, that this change was mostly caused by total cost ratio of production con-sumption, because it is the most important cost item in company. The influence of production consump-tion was -0,1078 CZK. Therefore, if the company plans to improve its efficiency and increase profits, the total cost ratio of the production consumption must be better manage.

The topic of the diploma thesis is the Malostranský gradual (hymnal, collection of religious songs for the laity), a significant Renaissance illuminated manuscript made in the second half of the 16th century for the literary confraternity at the church of St. Nicholas in the Lesser Town of Prague. In the introductory chapters, the author describes the contextual methodological approach through which she interprets the work, continues with the historical context of its creation, and provides an overview of the current research on this subject. In the main part of the thesis, she presents the individual donors, whose names are recorded on the folios of the manuscript. Based on written sources, the author discloses not only their identity, and profession, familial and friendship ties, or their economic background and social standing, but also answers the question, what is the motivation behind their donation, how did they influence the gradual's decoration, and how did they present themself in this artistic medium.

Como mudam os instrumentos de política pública? A pergunta que intitula este trabalho pode ser respondida através de uma característica principal: gradualismo. Parte dos modelos explicativos que visam compreender transformações em políticas públicas partem de uma análise de fatores e processos exógenos. Estas abordagens constantemente privilegiam a ótica de um dos atores que participam do jogo da distribuição de recursos da política, sejam estes o governo, a sociedade civil, os capitais, ou quaisquer outros atores imersos nestas disputas. Ainda que o olhar para as atuações dos atores seja fundamental, há dois riscos intrínsecos a esta estratégia, são eles: a formação de um viés explicativo de acordo com as premissas dos atores onde se estabelece o enfoque analítico e o abandono dos fatores e processos causais que ocorrem de forma endógena à política. Este trabalho visa oferecer um enfoque analítico que se dá por dentro da política pública, através da análise dos seus instrumentos. Em paralelo à formação de conjunturas críticas externas abruptas, que fogem ao controle dos atores imersos ao jogo, há um processo gradual de mudanças que só é possível captar através deste tipo de abordagem. A análise do instrumento das Operações Urbanas em São Paulo permite compreender como estas alterações internas ocorrem de maneira paulatina e gradual através de um processo de layering - ao passo que conjunturas mais abruptas acontecem de maneira exógena ao instrumento. A combinação destes processos é o que viabiliza transformações mais amplas no instrumento, que são, por fim, institucionalizadas. / How does a public policy instrument change? The question that entitles this dissertation may be answered through a mains characteristic: gradualism. Some of the explanatory models which aim to understand transformations in public policies choose the analysis of external factors and processes. These frameworks constantly privilege the focus on one of the actors whose are embedded on the distributional policy game, being them the government, civil society, private companies or any other actors. Even if the look at these actors remains important, there are two intrinsic risks in this strategy: the existence of an explanatory bias, according to the specific premises of the actors chosen as the analytical focuses and the neglect of the causal factors and processes that happen inside the policy. This or offers an analytical emphasis that occurs endogenously to the policy, through the analysis of its instruments. Simultaneously to the formation of external abrupt critical junctures, there is a gradual changing process which is only able to comprehend through this endogenous look into the policy and its instruments. The analysis of the Urban Operations instrument in São Paulo aims to explicit how this changes happens in a gradual way through a layering process whereas critical junctures emerge in the external environment. The combination of these to processes is what enable broader transformations in the policy instrument, which are ultimately, institutionalized.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a política pública sobre drogas brasileira. Verificase que a política de drogas do Brasil respondeu positivamente ao proibicionismo que caracteriza o regime internacional de controle do trânsito de drogas, que na América Latina viu-se produzido sob forte pressão estadunidense. O trabalho descreve um histórico de produção da política brasileira sobre drogas dividida por duas dimensões: uma delas do campo da saúde, e a outra da justiça e segurança. A seguir, entendendo que a política sobre drogas no Brasil encontra-se em processo de mudança, iniciado há duas décadas e com origem, principalmente, em iniciativas do campo da saúde serão aplicados os modelos de múltiplos fluxos de Kingdon e o de mudança institucional gradual de Mahoney e Thelen a fim de esboçar algumas interpretações sobre a dinâmica desta mudança. / The present study aims to analyze Brazilian public policy on drugs. It is verified that the drug policy of Brazil responded positively to the prohibitionism that characterizes the international regime of control of the traffic of drugs, that in Latin America has been produced under strong American pressure. The paper describes a history of the production of Brazilian drug policy divided into two dimensions: one from the health field and the other from justice and security. Following, understanding that drug policy in Brazil is in a process of changing, initiated two decades ago and mainly originated in initiatives from the field of health will be applied the models of multiple streams of Kingdon and the theory of gradual institutional change from Mahoney and Thelen in order to sketch some interpretations about the dynamics of this change.

Introduction : À la suite d’une absence du travail en raison d’un trouble musculosquelettique (TMS), plusieurs travailleurs font un retour progressif au travail (RPAT). Cette pratique comporte plusieurs avantages, mais pose également des défis dans sa mise en application pour les entreprises. L’objectif de l’étude était d’offrir un outil adapté aux employeurs pour les soutenir dans la gestion des RPAT d’individus s’étant absentés en raison d’un TMS. L’étude poursuivait deux objectifs : 1) adapter un outil existant destiné aux professionnels de la réadaptation (Guide d’évaluation de la marge de manœuvre [MM]) et 2) en établir son acceptabilité auprès des utilisateurs potentiels (UP). Méthode : Un devis multiméthode a été utilisé et s’est actualisé en trois étapes. 1) La première étape consistait à adapter l’outil original en regard des résultats d’une revue critique de la littérature portant sur les caractéristiques favorisant l’adoption des guides par les UP. 2) La deuxième étape était de consulter un groupe d’experts en réadaptation au travail, familier avec le guide original et collaborant avec les UP, à l’aide d’une adaptation de la technique de recherche de l'information par l'animation d'un groupe d'experts (TRIAGE). Cette consultation s’est faite en deux phases : un sondage à compléter individuellement et une rencontre de groupe de consensus. Pour le sondage, un questionnaire auto-administré a été utilisé, avant la rencontre de groupe, pour établir le niveau d’accord des experts avec la pertinence, l’exhaustivité, la clarté, l’apparence visuelle et la convivialité de la première version de l’outil adapté. Des propositions ont été faites par les experts pour les énoncés ayant obtenu un score d’accord de deux ou moins et ont été traitées dans une rencontre de groupe, jusqu’à l’obtention d’un consensus sur les modifications à apporter. 3) La troisième étape visait à établir l’acceptabilité de la dernière version de l’outil adapté auprès des UP. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de dyades composées de coordonnateurs de retour au travail et de supérieurs immédiats d’une même entreprise. Une analyse thématique du verbatim des entrevues a été réalisée. Résultats : 1) À partir de 13 publications, quatre grandes caractéristiques (clarté, format, applicabilité et utilité) ont été relevées de la revue critique. 2) Neuf ergothérapeutes (huit femmes et un homme, expérience moyenne de 12,17 ans) sont ensuite arrivés à un consensus de 20 modifications portant sur trois sections de l’outil adapté qui a mené à une deuxième version comportant un guide d’instructions de 22 pages et une grille de planification recto-verso. 3) Les 15 UP consultés (neuf femmes et six hommes provenant principalement de grandes entreprises de secteurs variés) ont globalement jugé l’outil acceptable. Ils ont reconnu, notamment, qu’il permettait d’opérationnaliser les bonnes pratiques de retour au travail, de standardiser la gestion des RPAT et d’inclure plus systématiquement le travailleur dans la démarche. Ils ont également identifié quelques changements mineurs à apporter, dont l’ajout de recommandations concernant la préparation des collègues et celui d’avoir un format plus court. Conclusion : Par l’adaptation du guide d’évaluation de la MM, cette étude a permis d’offrir un outil destiné et adapté aux employeurs, en tenant compte à la fois des données probantes et d’un consensus d’experts, ce qui semble avoir contribué à son acceptabilité par les UP. L’outil adapté comble un réel besoin au sein des entreprises et des études supplémentaires pourraient être menées pour améliorer son format et créer une version transdiagnostique. / Abstract: Purpose: To facilitate a return to work for workers being on a sick leave following a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), many physicians prescribe a gradual return to work (GRTW), which poses numerous challenges for workplaces. The aim of this study was to provide employers with an adapted tool to support them in managing GRTWs following a MSD. The study had two objectives: 1) adapt an existing tool intended for rehabilitation professionals (Guide for estimation of margin of manoeuvre) and 2) establish the acceptability of the adapted tool with potential users (PUs). Methods: A mixed methods design was used and carried out in three phases. 1) The first step was to adapt the original tool by taking into account the results of a critical review of the literature on the characteristics fostering PU’s adoption of guides. 2) The second step was to consult a group of expert practitioners familiar with the original guide and who worked with the PUs, using an adaptation of the Technique for Research of Information by Animation of a Group of Experts (TRIAGE). This consultation was done in two phases: a survey to be completed individually, and a consensus group meeting. For the survey, a self-administered questionnaire was used, prior to the group meeting, to establish the level of agreement of the experts with the pertinence, exhaustiveness, clarity, visual appeal and user-friendliness of the first version of the adapted tool. The proposals made regarding statements that obtained mean agreement scores of two or less were then addressed in a group meeting, until consensus was reached on the changes to be made. 3) The third step was to establish the acceptability of the latest version of the adapted tool with the PUs. To do so, dyads composed of a return-to-work coordinator and a direct supervisor from the same company were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview guide. A thematic analysis of the verbatim transcript was performed. Results: 1) From 13 publications, four main characteristics (clarity, format, applicability, and usefulness) were identified from the critical review. 2) Nine occupational therapists expert (eight women and one man, mean experience of 12.17 years) reached a consensus on 20 modifications covering three sections, which yielded a second version of the adapted tool comprising a 22-pages instruction guide and a two-sided planning worksheet. 3) The 15 PUs consulted (nine women and six men mainly from large companies from various sectors) found the tool acceptable overall. They recognized that the developed tool allowed them to standardize the management of the GRTW, include the worker more systematically in the process, and operationalize the best return-to-work practices. They also identified a few minor changes to make, including recommendations for preparing colleagues and shortening the format. Conclusion: By adapting the Guide for estimation of margin of manoeuvre, this study provided a tool that was designed and adapted to employers, taking into account both evidence-based data and expert consensus, which seems to have contributed to its acceptability by PUs. The adapted tool fills a real need within companies and further studies could be carried out to improve its format and create a transdiagnostic version.

O estudo analisa, à luz do direito positivo em vigor no Brasil, a possibilidade de emissão de sentenças parciais dentro de um mesmo processo, de modo a solucionar por etapas o objeto litigioso. Procura-se demonstrar que não se trata de novidade absoluta, já convivendo o sistema brasileiro de longa data com situações de fracionamento da resposta judiciária, possibilidade que ficou amplificada com as sucessivas alterações por que passou o Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro. Examinam-se e refutam-se os afirmados obstáculos que impediriam ou contraindicariam o uso da técnica, com a demonstração de ser ela, em verdade, uma imposição do modelo processual constitucional brasileiro. Examinam-se aspectos técnicos ligados ao uso da técnica, verificando-se, principalmente: (i) em quais modalidades de cumulação de pedidos e de sujeitos ela tem cabimento; (ii) se também é possível falar na apreciação por etapas dos diferentes fundamentos da ação e da defesa; (iii) se a emissão de sentença parcial é ato discricionário ou vinculado do juiz; (iv) qual o momento adequado para que o juiz delibere acerca do custo financeiro do processo; (v) se é possível a formação gradual da coisa julgada dentro de um mesmo processo. Por fim, procura-se harmonizar o sistema de recursos ao uso da técnica, fazendo-se rápida menção aos sistemas jurídicos de outros países e ao Projeto do Novo Código de Processo Civil, que contempla o instituto aqui tratado na figura do Julgamento Antecipado Parcial do Mérito. / In the light of positive law in force in Brazil, this study analyses the possibility of partial judgements being given in relation to the same lawsuit, in order to settle litigation in stages. The study seeks to demonstrate that this is not an absolute novelty and that the Brazilian legal system has been accustomed for a long time to situations in which the judicial response is fragmented. This possibility has increased following the successive alterations undergone by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure. The obstacles alleged to prevent or counterindicate the use of this technique are examined and refuted, demonstrating that in truth the technique is an imposition of the Brazilian constitutional procedural model. An examination is made of the technical aspects related to the use of the technique, verifying in particular: (i) in which modes of joinder of claims and subjects it is admissible; (ii) if it is also possible for the different grounds for the suit and the defence to be examined in stages; (iii) if the giving of partial judgement is a discretionary or binding act of the judge; (iv) what is the appropriate moment for the judge to decide on the financial cost of the proceedings; (v) if it is possible for res judicata to be gradually formed within the same lawsuit. Finally an attempt is made to harmonize the appeal system with the use of the technique, referring rapidly to the legal systems of other countries and the Bill of Law for the New Code of Civil Procedure, which contemplates the institution dealt with here as Partial Summary Judgement of Merit.

Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma análise da operação analógica de transistores de múltiplas portas, avaliando a tensão Early, o ganho de tensão em malha aberta, a razão da transcondutância pela corrente de dreno (gm/IDS), a condutância de dreno e, em especial, a distorção harmônica, exibida por estes dispositivos. Ao longo deste trabalho, foram estudados FinFETs, dispositivos de porta circundante (Gate-All-Around GAA) com estrutura de canal gradual (Graded-Channel GC) e transistores MOS sem junções (Junctionless - JL). Inicialmente, foi efetuada a análise da distorção harmônica apresentada por FinFETs com e sem a presença de tensão mecânica biaxial, com diversas larguras de fin (Wfin) e comprimentos de canal (L), quando estes operavam em saturação, como amplificadores de um único transistor. Nesta análise, as não-linearidades foram avaliadas através da extração das distorções harmônicas de segunda e terceira ordens (HD2 e HD3, respectivamente), mostrando que a presença de tensão mecânica tem pouca influência em HD2, mas altera levemente a HD3. Quando os ganhos de tensão em malha aberta dos dispositivos são levados em conta, transistores sem tensão, também chamados de convencionais, mais estreitos apresentam grande vantagem em termos de HD2 em relação aos tensionados. Ainda nesta análise, percebeu-se que HD2 e HD3 de transistores tensionados pioram com a redução da temperatura, especialmente em inversão mais forte. Na seqüência, foi efetuada uma análise de HD3 em FinFETs com e sem tensão mecânica de vários comprimentos e larguras de canal, operando em região triodo e aplicados a estruturas balanceadas 2-MOS, mostrando que presença de tensão mecânica traz pouca influência em HD3, mas reduz a resistência do canal dos dispositivos (RON), o que não é bom em estruturas resistivas, como as avaliadas. Nesta análise, ainda, pode-se perceber uma melhora em HD3 superior a 30 dB ao se incrementar VGT de zero a 1,0 V, em cuja tensão dispositivos mais estreitos apresentam curvas mais lineares que os mais largos. Então, foi estudada a distorção apresentada por transistores GAA e GC GAA operando em regime triodo, aplicados a estruturas 2-MOS, onde se pôde perceber que GC GAAs com maiores comprimentos da região fracamente dopada apresentam vantagem em HD3 em relação aos demais, para valores de VGT superiores a 2 V. Na avaliação destas estruturas em função da temperatura, percebeu-se que, para VGT superiores a 1,1 V, HD3 depende fortemente da temperatura e piora conforme a temperatura diminui. O estudo envolvendo transistores sem junções foi mais focado em seus parâmetros analógicos, comparando-os aos apresentados por dispositivos de porta tripla ou FinFETs. Em inversões moderada e forte, transistores sem junção apresentaram menores valores para gm/IDS em relação a dispositivos de FinFETs polarizados em um mesmo nível de corrente, entretanto, a dependência de gm/IDS com a temperatura em transistores sem junção também foi menor que a apresentada por FinFETs. JL e FinFETs apresentaram comportamentos distintos para a tensão Early e o ganho de tensão em malha aberta em função da temperatura. Estes parâmetros sempre melhoram com o aumento da temperatura em dispositivos JL, enquanto que exibem seu máximo valor em temperatura ambiente em FinFETs. Nas proximidades da tensão de limiar, transistores sem junção com largura de fin de 30 nm exibiram tensão Early e ganho superiores a 80 V a 57 dB, respectivamente, enquanto que FinFETs mostraram Tensão Early de 35 V e ganho de 50 dB. Em todos os estudos efetuados ao longo do trabalho, procurou-se apontar as causas das não-linearidades apresentadas pelos dispositivos, a partir de modelos analíticos que pudessem relacionar a física de funcionamento dos transistores com os resultados experimentalmente obtidos. / In this work it is presented an analysis of the analog operation of multiple gate transistors, evaluating the Early Voltage, the open-loop voltage gain, the transconductance over the drain current ratio (gm/IDS), the drain conductance and, especially, the harmonic distortion exhibited by these devices. Along the work, FinFETs, Gate-All-Around (GAA) devices with the Graded-Channel (GC) structure and MOS transistors without junctions (Junctionless - JL) were studied. Initially, an analysis of the harmonic distortion presented by conventional and biaxially strained FinFETs with several fin widths (Wfin) and channel lengths (L) was performed, when these devices were operating in saturation as single transistor amplifiers. In this analysis, the non-linearities were evaluated through the extraction of the second and the third order harmonic distortions (HD2 and HD3, respectively), and it was shown that the presence of strain has negligible influence in HD2, but slightly changes HD3. When the open loop voltage gain of the devices is taken into consideration, narrower conventional transistors present a huge advantage with respect to the strained ones in terms of HD2. Also, it was perceived that both HD2 and HD3 of strained FinFETs worsen with the temperature decrease, especially in stronger inversion. In the sequence, an analysis of the HD3 presented by conventional and strained FinFETs of several fin widths and channel lengths operating in the triode regime was performed. These devices were applied to 2-MOS balanced structures, showing that the presence of the strain does not influence significantly the HD3, but reduces the resistance in the channel of the transistors (RON), which is not good for resistive structures as the ones evaluated. In this analysis, it can also be observed an HD3 improvement of 30 dB when VGT is increased from zero up to 1,0 V, where narrower devices present transfer characteristics more linear than the wider ones. Then, it was studied the distortion presented by GAA and GC GAA devices operating in the triode regime, applied to 2-MOS structures. In this case, it could be perceived that GC GAAs with longer lightly doped regions present better HD3 in comparison to the other devices for VGT higher than 2.0 V. In the evaluation of these structures as a function of the temperature, it could be seen that for VGT higher than 1.1 V, HD3 strongly depends on the temperature and worsens as the temperature decreases. The study involving JL transistors was focused on their analog parameters, comparing them to the ones presented by triple gate devices or FinFETs. In moderate and strong inversions, Junctionless showed lower values for gm/IDS with respect to triple gate devices biased at a similar current level. However, the dependence of gm/IDS from Junctionless with the temperature was also smaller than the one presented by FinFETs. Junctionless and FinFETs exhibited distinct behaviors for the Early voltage and the open-loop voltage gain as a function of the temperature. These parameters always improve with the temperature raise in JL devices whereas they exhibit their maximum values around room temperatures for FinFETs. In the proximity of the threshold voltage, Junctionless with fin width of 30 nm presented Early voltage and intrinsic gain larger than 80 V and 57 dB, respectively, whereas FinFETs exhibited Early voltage of 35 V and gain of 50 dB. For all the studies performed in this work, the probable causes of the non-linearities were pointed out, from analytic models that could correlate the physical work of the devices with the experimental results.

Les technologies multimédias ont récemment connues une grande évolution surtout avec la croissance rapide d'internet ainsi que la création quotidienne de grands volumes de données vidéos. Tout ceci nécessite de nouvelles méthodes performantes permettant d'indexer, de naviguer, de rechercher et de consulter les informations stockées dans de grandes bases de données multimédia. La récupération de données basée sur le contenu vidéo, qui est devenue un domaine de recherche très actif durant cette décennie, regroupe les différentes techniques conçues pour le traitement de la vidéo. Dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat, nous présentons des applications permettant la segmentation temporelle d'une vidéo ainsi que la récupération d'information pertinente dans une séquence vidéo. Une fois le processus de classification effectué, il devient possible de rechercher l'information utile en ajoutant de nouveaux critères, et aussi de visualiser l'information d'une manière appropriée permettant d'optimiser le temps et la mémoire. Dans une séquence vidéo, le plan est considéré comme l'unité élémentaire de la vidéo. Un plan est défini comme une suite d'image capturée par une même caméra représentant une action dans le temps. Pour composer une vidéo, plusieurs plans sont regroupés en utilisant des séquences de transitions. Ces transitions se catégorisent en transitions brusques et transitions progressives. Détecter les transitions présentes dans une séquence vidéo a fait l'objet de nos premières recherches. Plusieurs techniques, basées sur différents modèles mathématiques, ont été élaborées pour la détection des changements de plans. L'utilisation de la décomposition en valeur singulière (SVD) ains que la norme Frobenius ont permis d'obtenir des résultats précis en un temps de calcul réduit. Le résumé automatique des séquences vidéo est actuellement un sujet d'une très grande actualité. Comme son nom l'indique, il s'agit d'une version courte de la vidéo qui doit contenir l'essentiel de l'information, tout en étant le plus concis possible. Ils existent deux grandes familles de résumé : le résumé statique et le résumé dynamique. Sélectionner une image représentative de chaque plan permet de créer un scénarimage. Ceci est considéré comme étant un résumé statique et local. Dans notre travail, une méthode de résumé globale est proposée. / With the recent advancement in multimedia technologies, in conjunction with the rapid increase of the volume of digital video data and the growth of internet ; it has becom mandatory to have the hability browse and search through information stored in large multimedia databases. For this purpose, content based video retrieval (CBVR) has become an active area of research durinf the last decade. The objective of this thesis is to present applications for temporal video segmentation and video retrieval based on different mathematical models. A shot is considered as the elementary unit of a video, and is defined as a continuous sequence of frames taken from a single camera, representing an action during time. The different types of transitions that may occur in a video sequence are categorized into : abrupt and gradual transition. In this work, through statistical analysis, we segment a video into its constituent units. This is achieved by identifying transitions between adjacent shots. The first proposed algorithm aims to detect abrupt shot transitions only by measuring the similarity between consecutive frames. Given the size of the vector containing distances, it can be modeled by a log normal distribution since all the values are positive. Gradual shot transition identification is a more difficult task when compared to cut detection. Generally, a gradual transition may share similar characteristics as a dynamic segment with camera or object motion. In this work, singular value decomposition (SVD) is performed to project features from the spatial domain to the singular space. Resulting features are reduced and more refined, which makes the remaining tasks easier. The proposed system, designed for detecting both abrupt and gradual transitions, has lead to reliable performances achieving high detection rates. In addition, the acceptable computational time allows to process in real time. Once a video is partitioned into its elementary units, high-level applications can be processed, such as the key-frame extraction. Selecting representative frames from each shot to form a storyboard is considered as a static and local video summarization. In our research, we opted for a global method based on local extraction. Using refined centrist features from the singular space, we select representative frames using modified k-means clustering based on important scenes. This leads to catch pertinent frames without redoudancy in the final storyboard.