Der Zugang zu wirtschaftsstrategischen Bodenschätzen ist für moderne Industriegesellschaften von essenzieller Bedeutung. Für Deutschland besteht für die Versorgung mit nichtenergetischen Rohstoffen wie Stahlveredlern und Seltenen-Erden eine weitgehende Importabhängigkeit. Vorhandene heimische Lagerstätten weisen eine komplexe geologische Struktur mit geringen Abbaumächtigkeiten in großen Teufen auf. Um diese Lagerstätten nutzen zu können, soll ein untertagetaugliches Positionierungs- und Navigationssystem, UPNS4D+, für die Erkundung der Lagerstätte entwickelt und als Demonstrationssystem gebaut werden. Das Institut für Markscheidewesen und Geodäsie der TU Bergakademie ist Teil des Entwicklerkonsortiums. Es ist zuständig für die markscheiderische und bergmännische Nutzbarkeit der mit dem Erkundungssystem gewonnen Daten. Entsprechend dem aktuellen Arbeitsfortschritt werden im vorliegenden Beitrag die Lösungen für die Kluftflächen- und die Haufwerksanalyse vorgestellt. Die teilautomatisierte Haufwerksanalyse dient der Detektion großer Partikel und deren Lagebestimmung in einem relativen Koordinatensystem. / Access to strategic mineral resources is essential for modern industrial societies. Germany is largely dependent on imports of non-energy raw materials such as steel refiners and rare earth elements. Existing indigenous deposits have a complex geological structure with low extraction thickness in large depths. In order to use these deposits, an underground positioning and navigation system, namely UPNS4D+, as a demonstration system has to be developed for deposit exploration. As part of the developer consortium, the Institute for Mining Surveying and Geodesy of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg is responsible for the utilization of the acquired data in the field of mining. According to the current work status, in this paper the solutions for rock fracture analysis and grain size analysis are presented. The partly automated grain size analysis is used for the detection of large particles and their position in a relative coordinate system.

This thesis deals with the measurement of water content in soil using electrical impedance spectrometry. The aim is to characterize and determine the conditions of applicability of this method and of measuring apparatus with device Z-meter III for instance for the application of the field measurements of earth dams.

The main purpose of this diploma thesis is to check up and compare empirical formulae (Hazen, Slichter, Terzaghi, Beyer, Zauerbrej, Krüger, Kozeny, Zunker, Zamarin, USBR, Pavčič) for determining hydraulic conductivity, which are mostly publicated in different and dimensionally inhomogenous forms. The importance of an accurate determination of hydraulic conductivity and the derivation of a general formula for determining hydraulic conductivity are listed in the first part of this diploma thesis. Assessment methodology and empirical formulae in dimensional homogenous form are described in the following part. Evaluating and comparing of empirical formulae is mentioned in the last part. According to the results of this diploma thesis, the best empirical formula for determinig and estimating hydraulic conductivity is Hazen formula. Formula with the widest range of validity is Slichter formula.

Shape and size of rocks are important physical characteristics of aggregates used in engineering and for interpretation of the genesis of naturally occurring sediment. Several image processing programs are available for measure the size and shape of various types of objects. The accuracy and reproducibility of results of a new imaging method and new matlab based 3D imaging program has been studied. 3D results are obtained by coupling two images of particles one of their largest and one of the smallest projected areas. The accuracy of results depends on the focal length used for imaging as well as the positioning of particles in the view field.

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a vital process that transfers heat and nutrients throughout the world's oceans, helping to regulate global climate and support marine ecosystems. The timing and nature of the shift to modern AMOC, and especially to deep-water formation in the North Atlantic, has been a topic of ongoing study, with the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT, ~34 Ma) as a potential focal point of this shift. However, the role played by abrupt EOT cooling and Antarctic glaciation in North Atlantic circulation remains unclear. Improved constraints on Paleogene circulation will provide insight into the sensitivity of AMOC to perturbations in global climate, which is particularly relevant in light of contemporary climate change. To examine deep North Atlantic circulation response to the EOT we obtained grain-size data from the terrigenous fraction of the mud-dominated sediments of the Southeast Newfoundland Ridge contourite drift complex at IODP Site U1411, which is interpreted to have formed under the influence of the Deep Western Boundary Current. We analyzed 195 samples that span 150 m of stratigraphy from 36-26 Ma. The main objective was to use the 'sortable silt' fraction (10-63 µm) to generate a record of relative change in bottom-current intensity. These data are complemented with a record of the abundance and size of lithogenic sand (>63 µm). Here we present the first physical proxy record of abyssal current intensity in the North Atlantic, from late Eocene to mid Oligocene. Invigoration of North Atlantic deep circulation occurred gradually (over Myr timescales), with no significant changes linked temporally to the EOT. We infer that deep circulation in the North Atlantic was not sensitive to the abrupt global cooling and Antarctic glaciation associated with the EOT. Rather, our data suggest that changes in North Atlantic circulation were likely governed by longer-term processes related to the opening of key tectonic gateways, such as the Greenland-Scotland Ridge in the North Atlantic, and the Drake and Tasman Passages in the Southern Ocean. Additionally, we identify a significant mid-Oligocene invigoration of North Atlantic abyssal circulation, which climaxes around 27.9 Ma, and is coeval with a decrease in atmospheric CO2. / Master of Science

Η λεπτομερής ιζηματολογική ανάλυση των αποθέσεων της τομής Μακρυλιά, έδειξε την ύπαρξη τουλάχιστον 5 κύκλων ιζηματογένεσης με αυξανόμενο προς τα πάνω κοκκομετρικό μέγεθος που αναπτύχτηκαν σε ένα περιβάλλον υφαλοκρηπίδας. Η κύρια λιθολογία είναι αμμούχος πηλός και τα ιζήματα μεταφέρθηκαν ως ομογενές αιώρημα. Το ποσοστό του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου είναι χαμηλό και τείνει αυξανόμενο προς τα πιο αδρομερή κλάσματα. Το ποσοστό του οργανικού υλικού έδειξε την παρουσία αρκετών δειγμάτων με αυξημένο οργανικό υλικό προτείνοντας την ύπαρξη εν δυνάμει μητρικών πετρωμάτων για την γένεση υδρογονανθράκων. Η σχέση μεταξύ του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου και οργανικού υλικού είναι κύρια αρνητική προτείνοντας ανοξικές συνθήκες. Η βιοστρωματογραφική ανάλυση έδειξε Πλειοκαινική ηλικία των ιζημάτων που αποτέθηκαν σε εναλλασσόμενες οξικές – ανοξικές συνθήκες. Από τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα και περνώντας υπόψη τα υπάρχοντα αποτελέσματα των ιζημάτων που περιβάλλουν την περιοχή μελέτης φαίνεται πως οι μελετηθείσες αποθέσεις συγκεντρώθηκαν σε μια ρηχή με ήσυχα νερά ενδο-ορεινή λεκάνη στα περιθώρια της κύριας λεκάνης της Ιεράπετρας. / Detailed sedimentological analysis, in Makrylia cross-section deposits, showed at least five coarsening-upward cycles developed in a shelf environment. The main lithology is sandy silt and sediments transported as homogenous suspension in a low energy environment that deposited in a shallow water basin. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is low and tends to increase to the coarse-grained clasts. Organic carbon (TOC) ratio showed the presence of many high content samples in TOC suggesting potential hydrocarbon source rocks. There is mostly a negative relation between CaCO3 and TOC introducing generally anoxic conditions. Biostratigraphy analysis showed a Pliocene age for the studied deposits in alternating conditions with oxic- anoxic events. According to the above results and taking into account previous results from the surrounding sediments it seems that studied deposits accumulated in a shallow, low energy, intra-mountain basin at the margins of the main Ierapetra basin.

Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η μελέτη των ιζηματολογικών και γεωχημικών χαρακτηριστικών του νεογενούς σχηματισμού Μετόχια στην νήσο Γαύδο με κατεύθυνση την αναζήτηση πιθανών μητρικών πετρωμάτων υδρογονανθράκων. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση της γεωλογίας της περιοχής μελέτης καθώς και γενικότερα της λεκάνης Μεσσαρά-Γαύδου, περιγραφή της τομής δειγματοληψίας και τέλος της γεωδυναμικής και παλαιογεωγραφικής εξέλιξης της ευρύτερης περιοχής. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο καταρχήν πραγματοποιείται μια επιγραμματική αναφορά των συνθηκών που απαιτούνται για την γένεση πεδίων υδρογονανθράκων και κατόπιν δίνεται έμφαση στα χαρακτηριστικά του οργανικού υλικού που εγκλωβίζεται στα ιζήματα και στον τρόπο δημιουργίας των μητρικών πετρωμάτων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται οι γεωχημικές αναλύσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν. Το κεφάλαιο αυτό χωρίζεται σε δυο μέρη. Στο πρώτο περιγράφεται η ανάλυση ανθρακικού ασβεστίου και τα αποτελέσματα της. Στο δεύτερο μέρος παρουσιάζονται βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα του ολικού οργανικού άνθρακα από την περιοχής της Μεσσαρά και τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης του ολικού οργανικού άνθρακα καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά του οργανικού υλικού που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα διατριβή. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια περιγραφή των μεθόδων κοκκομετρικής ανάλυσης που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, η σύγκριση των μεθόδων, τα αποτελέσματα και η σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν. Τέλος στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής. / The aim of this thesis is to study the sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the Neogene Metochia formation on the island of Gavdos towards the exploration for potential hydrocarbon source rocks. The first chapter is a review of the geology of the study area and generally the geology of the Messara-Gavdos basin, a description of the sampling section and the geodynamic and paleogeographic evolution of the area. In the second chapter a brief review of the conditions required for the genesis of hydrocarbons fields is provided, and then the characteristics of the organic material trapped in sediments and how source rock being creating, is emphasised. In the third chapter the geochemical analysis don are described. This chapter is divided into two parts. First part describes the analysis of the total calcium carbonate and the results obtained. Second part presents bibliographical data for total organic carbon from Messara area samples and the results of the total organic carbon analysis derived from this thesis, as well as the characteristics of organic material of the studied samples. The fourth chapter describes the grain-size analysis methods used in this thesis, a comparison of these methods, the results obtained and a comparison of them. Finally in the fifth chapter the outcomes of this thesis are presented.

Η εργασία αυτή έχει ως σκοπό τη συλλογή και την εργαστηριακή επεξεργασία ενός α-ριθμού δειγμάτων από τη νοτιοδυτική Κρήτη και συγκεκριμένα από τον Πλάτανο. Τα δείγματα μελετήθηκαν εργαστηριακά με τη μέθοδο του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου, του ορ-γανικού υλικού με τιτλοδότηση και της κοκκομετρίας με κόσκινα (για τα πιο ανδρομε-ρή κλάσματα)και με πιπέττες (για τα λεπτόκοκκα κλάσματα). Τα αποτελέσματα που προκύπτουν φανερώνουν το περιβάλλον και τις συνθήκες απόθεσης των δειγμάτων της περιοχής, τις διαδικασίες μεταφοράς και απόθεσης, την περιεκτικότητα τους σε CaCO3 και TOC. Στην συνέχεια, εφόσον είναι γνωστοί αυτοί οι παράγοντες σε συνδι-ασμό με τη γενικότερη γεωλογία της περιοχής μπορούμε να εξετάστηκαν οι πιθανότη-τες που υπάρχουν να σχηματιστούν οι υδρογονάνθρακες, να αποθηκευτούν αλλά και να μεταναστέψουν. / Sedimetological analysis of 42 samples, sieve and pipette grain size analysis in rela-tion with statistical analysis, from a cross-section from Platanos basin in NW Crete island, shows that sedimentation took place in a shelf environment with low energy, where sediments transported through suspension. Depositional conditions changed during sedimentation, with changes in depositional depth from shallower to deeper. The main lithology is sandy clay and from the samples is seen that the fraction of clay has small values. TOC analysis showed that organic matter ranges from 0% to 2.38%. The presence of TOC values, more than 0.5%>, suggest that the studied de-posits could be source rocks under special conditions. CaCO3 analysis, with values from 34,87to 87,47, with an average 53.3%, indicate rapid sedimentary conditions. Comparison between TOC-CaCO3 seems to show that majority of samples are negative with low TOC and CaCO3 showing increased oxidative environment condi-tions sedimentation. At least 3 cases where we have increased TOC could character-ize the relationship as positive. Where high rates of both indicators show the oxidiz-ing conditions of the environment to maintain the high rate of organic carbon may be due to the high rate of sedimentation in a quickly plunge basin. Finally, in the heterolithic phase where most changes occur in the rates of both indicators also confirm the alternation of lithology showing strong variation of depth due to sedi-mentation apparently of tectonic activity. In this case it could and the correlation mentioned above to be connected with the change of tectonic regime in the passage from the phase of clay in heterolithic phase

Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ιζηματογενείς δομές και υφές, και την βιοστρωματογραφία κατα-λήγουμε στο συμπέρασμα ότι η ιζηματογενής ακολουθία κατά μήκος της νότιας ακτής της Ζακύνθου από το χωριό Κερί μέχρι και τη χερσόνησο του Άγιου Σώστη έχει επη-ρεαστεί από ισχυρή τεκτονική δραστηριότητα, παράγοντας τουλάχιστον τέσσερις κύ-κλους με αυξανόμενο κοκκομετρικό μέγεθος προς τα πάνω. Η παρουσία της ακολου-θίας Bouma και των οριζόντων ολίσθησης συστήνουν ένα βαθύ θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον απόθεσης. Η κοκκομετρική ανάλυση έδειξε μια σταδιακή πλήρωση του κάθε κύκλου ιζηματογένεσης, αλλά και ολόκληρης της περιοχής. Επιπροσθέτως, η ανάλυση του TOC και του CaCO3 έδειξε ότι υπάρχει μια σχέση του ποσοστού τους με το περιβάλ-λον απόθεσης, καθώς και ότι υπάρχουν αρκετά καλές πιθανότητες για ανάπτυξη μη-τρικών πετρωμάτων με μέτρια έως καλή δυνατότητα γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων. / Taking into account sedimentary structures and textures, and biostratigraphy we conclude that the sedimentary sequence along the southern coast of Zakynthos is-land from Keri village as far as Ag. Sostis peninsula was influenced by strong tec-tonic activity, producing at least four coarsening upward cycles. The presence of Bouma sequence and slump horizons within the studied sediments introduce gener-ally deep sea depositional conditions. Grain size analysis showed a gradual upward swallowing of depositional conditions both to each cycle and general to the whole area. In addition, TOC and CaCΟ3 analysis showed that there is a relation of their content with the depositional conditions and moreover there are quite enough condi-tions for the development of source rocks with fair to good hydrocarbon generation.

In the Circum-Caribbean, long timescale paleoenvironmental records, which are used to establish important baseline data for climatological phenomena such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes, are rare. This project uses geological and geochemical proxies (X-Ray fluorescence core scanning data, grain-size analysis, loss on ignition) from a nine-meter-long sediment core from a coastal karst basin near Haiti’s southwestern peninsula to reconstruct Holocene environmental and climatic changes in a region that is both understudied and highly sensitive to the effects of storms, sea level change, tectonics, and anthropogenic impacts. The chronology of the core is established with 4 AMS dates from terrestrial organic matter and shows continuous sedimentation from ~8500 cal BP to the present, with an abrupt increase in sedimentation rate at ~2900 cal BP. High values of Ti and Ti/Ca are associated with finer sediments in the core and indicate relatively humid conditions at ~6500 cal BP, followed by a gradual drying trend. This is consistent with data from elsewhere in the Caribbean that reflects a southward migration of the ITCZ during the early Holocene. After 2500 cal BP, a series of large and abrupt increases in Ti and Ti/Ca are associated with an influx of finer, terrestrially-derived sediment into the bay due to enhanced discharge from the nearby Baradères River, possibly as a result of short-duration shifts to wetter climate conditions, hurricane-induced precipitation, and/or prehistoric-era human settlement. Variations in silicate input (e.g., K/Ti), marine productivity (e.g., Ca/Ti), and redox conditions (e.g., Mn/Fe) are linked to local climate changes and resulting changes in the depositional environment, while peaks in Rb/Sr and Ti/Ca could be signals for erosion related to events such as hurricanes and/or land use changes. Finally, high values of silt and clay, in conjunction with enhanced organics, Ti, Fe, K and P over the last couple centuries reflect historic-era deforestation and erosion. This study presents an excellent opportunity to further our understanding of the diverse relationships between ecosystem dymanics, climate, and anthropogenic forcings and adds to the growing inventory of paleoclimatological records in the Caribbean, improving the spatial distribution of such studies, and ultimately improving our understanding of the driving forces of both short- and long-term climate variability.