This dissertation investigates, within a Government-Binding framework, the licensing mechanisms which regulate the distribution of sentence-internal constituents. It is proposed that the licensing requirements apply across components, in the spirit of the Projection Principle of Chomsky (1981). Under the extended view of licensing proposed here ("Universal Licensing"), maximal projections must comply with the appropriate licensing requirements at every syntactic level of representation. / This allows for a more constrained model of grammar, under which a number of facts follow in a principled way; this is the case particularly with respect to constructions involving null operators. Thus, from the D- and S-Structure conditions on null operator licensing, we derive the cross-linguistic as well as the language-internal distribution of resumptive pronouns. Furthermore, some of the well-known, but so far stipulated, constraints on parasitic gap (PG) constructions are shown to follow from general principles: we explain for instance the fact that PGs must be sanctioned at S-Structure, as well as the inability of adjunct movement to license PGs. / The consequences of Universal Licensing on the distribution of PGs are examined with particular reference to adnominal PGs in French genitival relatives. It is shown that the properties displayed by these little-studied ("double dont") constructions, in conjunction with the Universal Licensing Principle, shed significant light on a number of issues, among which the thematic structure of nominals, and the nature of the locality constraints on null operator identification.

No description available.

This study provides a description and critical analysis of the grammatical structure of isiXhosa as used in the Revised Union Version of the Bible, published in 1942 and republished in 1975. This translation records what was regarded as proper isiXhosa at the beginning of the 20th century, reflecting the consensus inter alia of prominent isiXhosa writers, such as W.B. Rubusana, J.H. Soga, C. Koti, Y. Mbali and D. D. T. Jabavu, who served on the committee that produced the revision. In this study isiXhosa is described in its own right, without approaching it with preconceived ideas derived from other languages. That is to say this is a phenomenological analysis describing the grammatical structures of isiXhosa as they present themselves to the analyst. It is comprehensive, with no structure being overlooked or being described in such a manner that it complicates an understanding of other structures. In the first chapter the context of the research and a brief outline of the historical growth in understanding the structure of isiXhosa are set out and the goals and the method followed in this study are described. In the following chapters the findings of this study are presented. The initial focus is on isiXhosa phonology and the orthography used to put it to writing. Then isiXhosa morphology and syntax is set out. Initially the substantives, i.e. the nouns and pronouns in their distinctive classes and forms, and how they are qualified, receive attention. Then the predicates are explored, i.e. the verbs and copulatives, as linked to the substantives with concords, and reflecting various moods, tenses, actualities and aspects. Finally attention is given to ideophones and interjections and words that can be grouped together as adverbs, conjunctions, avoidance words and numerals. In the concluding chapter consideration is given to the question of whether this study has in fact achieved the aim of setting out a description of the structure of isiXhosa based solely on the language itself, free of preconceived ideas, and attention is drawn to insights gained in respect of the true nature of the isiXhosa grammatical structures, such as, for example, the variable prefix qualificative nouns, traditionally referred to as adjectives. This study is therefore a revisionist study in the sense that it reinvents isiXhosa as a language in its own right, free from Western influenced perspectives.

<p>Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i denna studie är den skolnära forskning som bedrivs inom grammatikämnet. Denna har mening först när den tillämpas och syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka om och i så fall hur svensklärare i grundskolans senare år tar del av forskning som rör grammatikundervisning samt om och i så fall hur forskningen påverkar deras undervisning. Fem svensklärare i grundskolans senare år har intervjuats och resultatet visar att lärarna främst utgår från kursplan, kollegial tradition och läromedel. De söker inte aktivt forskning om grammatikundervisning och denna påverkar inte deras undervisning på något märkbart sätt. Det framkommer också att lärarna inte fått någon grammatikdidaktik i sin lärarutbildning. Dessutom visar undersökningen att den nya funktionella grammatik som sätter undervisningen i meningsfulla sammanhang inte slagit igenom i svensk grammatikundervisning.</p> / <p>The aim of this study is to examine if and how teachers in Swedish secondary school acquaint themselves with research on grammar education and if this research affect their grammar lessons. Five in-depth interviews with teachers have produced information that show that the teachers base their grammar lessons on the curricula, textbooks and collegial tradition. The interviews show that because of insufficient grammar didactics in their teacher education the teachers support their education with this material. The teachers do not actively look for research on grammar and it does not affect their grammar lessons in any obvious way. The new functional grammar which promotes grammar education in a meaningful context has not yet become generally accepted.</p>

Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i denna studie är den skolnära forskning som bedrivs inom grammatikämnet. Denna har mening först när den tillämpas och syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka om och i så fall hur svensklärare i grundskolans senare år tar del av forskning som rör grammatikundervisning samt om och i så fall hur forskningen påverkar deras undervisning. Fem svensklärare i grundskolans senare år har intervjuats och resultatet visar att lärarna främst utgår från kursplan, kollegial tradition och läromedel. De söker inte aktivt forskning om grammatikundervisning och denna påverkar inte deras undervisning på något märkbart sätt. Det framkommer också att lärarna inte fått någon grammatikdidaktik i sin lärarutbildning. Dessutom visar undersökningen att den nya funktionella grammatik som sätter undervisningen i meningsfulla sammanhang inte slagit igenom i svensk grammatikundervisning. / The aim of this study is to examine if and how teachers in Swedish secondary school acquaint themselves with research on grammar education and if this research affect their grammar lessons. Five in-depth interviews with teachers have produced information that show that the teachers base their grammar lessons on the curricula, textbooks and collegial tradition. The interviews show that because of insufficient grammar didactics in their teacher education the teachers support their education with this material. The teachers do not actively look for research on grammar and it does not affect their grammar lessons in any obvious way. The new functional grammar which promotes grammar education in a meaningful context has not yet become generally accepted.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sin duda la lectura tiene un papel importante en el aula de segunda lengua. No solo es una manera efectiva de adquirir vocabulario y gramática sino también es un buen instrumento para presentar la cultura de la lengua meta. Por lo tanto, es necesario que los estudiantes puedan leer bien. No obstante, los problemas de comprensión surgen cuando a los estudiantes les falta competencia lingüística o conocimiento previo o, las diferencias en las aptitudes de leer, varían en cada estudiante. Entonces es importante que los maestros les den a los estudiantes los instrumentos que les permitan acceder a las estrategias de comprensión. La meta de este trabajo es probar que entre más conciencia metacognitiva tenga un estudiante de segunda lengua, mejor será su comprensión del texto. En general, los maestros de segunda lengua entienden la importancia del conocimiento de vocabulario y gramática en cuanto al éxito de lectura, pero quizás no se dan cuenta de que la conciencia metacognitiva tiene un papel igualmente importante. Por ello, este trabajo es tanto para los maestros que no están familiarizados con la instrucción de las estrategias de la comprensión de lectura como para los que dudan del valor en el currículo, ya lleno de lecciones y ejercicios comunicativos.