In the ever-changing digital era, the surge of online informal language learning platforms has revolutionized the way we learn new languages. This dissertation delves into the critical role of interactional feedback (IF) in synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC), a cornerstone for optimizing these digital learning spaces. Anchored in the interactionist perspective and usage-based linguistics, this research seeks to illuminate the pathways through which IF can enhance language acquisition in virtual settings. The proliferation of online language learning tools has not been matched by a comprehensive understanding of feedback dynamics. This study, therefore, sets out to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the impact of IF on language learners' proficiency, particularly in article usage - a notorious challenge for language learners. Over a span of ten weeks, ten pairs of native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers (NNS) engaged in SCMC sessions, generating a rich dataset of 49 hours and 197 transcripts. This corpus served as the foundation for a mixed-method analysis, scrutinizing the types of NS feedback, the NNS errors that prompted such feedback, and the subsequent NNS responses, with a focus on article usage across varying proficiency levels and discussion topics. The investigation uncovered a spectrum of eleven distinct feedback types, with embedded corrections and interrogative recasts emerging as the most potent in eliciting learner uptake. The comparative analysis of text-based and voice-based feedback revealed a notable disparity in effectiveness, with text-based feedback succeeding in 33% of instances, while voice-based feedback achieved a higher success rate of 43%. The study also highlighted article errors as the predominant trigger for NS corrective feedback, with a remarkable 69% of NNSs adjusting their article usage in response to such feedback. A qualitative dive into the data exposed personal subjects as the most frequent topics of conversation, underscoring the significance of contextually relevant interactions in language learning. Employing a dynamic coding approach, complemented by rigorous statistical analyses such as the Friedman test and subsequent post hoc comparisons, the study meticulously charted the evolution of article usage over the course of the ten-week period. The post hoc comparisons, in particular, shed light on the intricate relationship between learners' proficiency levels and their mastery of article usage. These analyses confirmed a positive correlation between proficiency and article accuracy, with higher proficiency learners consistently demonstrating more precise article usage in both text and voice-based SCMC. The implications of these findings are far-reaching for the field of language education. They underscore the necessity for educators to cultivate a nuanced understanding of the diverse feedback mechanisms at play in different communicative contexts. The study advocates for the strategic use of varied feedback techniques, such as integrated corrections and clarification requests, and the design of activities that foster target-like language production. In crafting SCMC tasks, educators are encouraged to prioritize feedback that bridges communicative gaps, ensuring that such activities are in harmony with pedagogical objectives and learner preferences. In conclusion, this research contributes to the body of knowledge on digital language learning by providing empirical evidence on the efficacy of IF in SCMC. It offers actionable insights for language educators seeking to refine online instructional practices and curriculum development, with the ultimate goal of enhancing learners' linguistic competence in an increasingly digitalized world.

Thesis submitted for the joint institutional requirements for the double-badged degree of Doctor of Philosophy and Docteur de l'Université de Provence, Spécialité : Informatique. / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Information and Communication Sciences, Department of Computing, 2008. / Includes bibliography (p. 229-240) and index. / Introduction -- Background -- A model-theoretic framework for PG -- Loose constraint-based parsing -- A computational model for gradience -- Conclusion. / The grammaticality of a sentence has conventionally been treated in a binary way: either a sentence is grammatical or not. A growing body of work, however, focuses on studying intermediate levels of acceptability, sometimes referred to as gradience. To date, the bulk of this work has concerned itself with the exploration of human assessments of syntactic gradience. This dissertation explores the possibility to build a robust computational model that accords with these human judgements. -- We suggest that the concepts of Intersective Gradience and Subsective Gradience introduced by Aarts for modelling graded judgements be extended to cover deviant language. Under such a new model, the problem then raised by gradience is to classify an utterance as a member of a specific category according to its syntactic characteristics. More specifically, we extend Intersective Gradience (IG) so that it is concerned with choosing the most suitable syntactic structure for an utterance among a set of candidates, while Subsective Gradience (SG) is extended to be concerned with calculating to what extent the chosen syntactic structure is typical from the category at stake. IG is addressed in relying on a criterion of optimality, while SG is addressed in rating an utterance according to its grammatical acceptability. As for the required syntactic characteristics, which serve as features for classifying an utterance, our investigation of different frameworks for representing the syntax of natural language shows that they can easily be represented in Model-Theoretic Syntax; we choose to use Property Grammars (PG), which offers to model the characterisation of an utterance. We present here a fully automated solution for modelling syntactic gradience, which characterises any well formed or ill formed input sentence, generates an optimal parse for it, then rates the utterance according to its grammatical acceptability. -- Through the development of such a new model of gradience, the main contribution of this work is three-fold. -- First, we specify a model-theoretic logical framework for PG, which bridges the gap observed in the existing formalisation regarding the constraint satisfaction and constraint relaxation mechanisms, and how they relate to the projection of a category during the parsing process. This new framework introduces the notion of loose satisfaction, along with a formulation in first-order logic, which enables reasoning about the characterisation of an utterance. -- Second, we present our implementation of Loose Satisfaction Chart Parsing (LSCP), a dynamic programming approach based on the above mechanisms, which is proven to always find the full parse of optimal merit. Although it shows a high theoretical worst time complexity, it performs sufficiently well with the help of heuristics to let us experiment with our model of gradience. -- And third, after postulating that human acceptability judgements can be predicted by factors derivable from LSCP, we present a numeric model for rating an utterance according to its syntactic gradience. We measure a good correlation with grammatical acceptability by human judgements. Moreover, the model turns out to outperform an existing one discussed in the literature, which was experimented with parses generated manually. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xxviii, 283 p. ill

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis. / bibl.; diags.; Typescript (processed). eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 442-447).

Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T02:52:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_AnaLuizaAraujo_M.pdf: 520095 bytes, checksum: dbb4f565b8b57a9bfbeb809370397a20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A dissertação investiga a ênclise em orações dependentes na história do PE - entre os séculos 16 e 19. A colocação pronominal é um dos assuntos mais estudados da língua portuguesa, mas sempre priorizando as orações principais finitas onde há grande variação na colocação dos clíticos, com a mudança gramatical ocorrida no século 18 (Galves, Brito e Paixão de Sousa 2005, Galves, Namiuti e Paixão de Sousa2005; Paixão de Sousa, 2004). As orações dependentes sempre foram consideradas como contexto de próclise categórica. No entanto, nos dados extraídos do Corpus Histórico Tycho Brahe, apesar da predominância proclítica, foram atestados dados de ênclise em dependentes. A ênclise ocorre em orações dependentes nas gramáticas do Português - Clássico e Europeu moderno- sempre que há pelo menos um constituinte entre o complementador e o verbo. A ênclise ocorre em todo o período - Português Clássico ao Português Europeu moderno - em vários tipos de oração: relativas, completivas, dependentes iniciadas em porque. Mostro ainda que há uma estabilidade ao longo do tempo na colocação de clíticos em orações dependentes, ao contrário do que acontece nas orações principais A pergunta a ser respondida foi: como estas duas gramáticas geram a ênclise nas dependentes? Analiso o fenômeno com base no CP expandido de Rizzi (1997), e ainda retomando a proposta de Galves e Sandalo 2009 para a colocação de clíticos no PCl e no PE / Abstract: The aim of this work is to investigate the enclisis on subordinate clauses in the history of the European Portuguese. The clitic placement is one of the most popular subjects about the Portuguese language, but these researches always focus on the main clauses, there is a large variation on the clitics placement, after the language change around 18 century (Galves, Brito e Paixão de Sousa 2005; Paixão de Sousa 2004). The subordinate clauses were always considered as categorical proclisis context. Nevertheless, despite the high rates of proclisis on subordinates clauses, there are enclisis data from Tyhco Brahe Parsed Corpus of historical Porutuguese. The enclisis is only possible on subordinate clauses in Classical Portuguese and European Portuguese, when there is at least on constituent between the complement and the verb. The enclisis occurs in all type of subordinate clauses: relatives, completives, dependent clauses beginning with porque (because), during all the period - from Classical Portuguese to European Portuguese, and there are a stability during time. The aim of this work was to answer the question: How these two grammar produce the enclisis on subordinates? The phenomena was analyzed based on expanded CP proposed by Rizzi (1997), and the proposal from Galves and Sandalo (2009) for clitic placement on Classical Portuguese and European Portuguese / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

<p align="justify">Cette thèse analyse les propriétés sémantiques et discursives des prédicats d'état (<i>laid, généreux</i>) ainsi que des prédicats causatifs et résultatifs, et plus particulièrement des verbes psychologiques à Expérienceur objet (<i>stimuler, encourager</i>). Le cadre adopté est celui de la sémantique néo-davidsonienne (Parsons, 1990) et de la sémantique du discours (Kamp & Reyle 1993, Asher 1993). La première partie (chap 1-7) est consacrée aux prédicats d'état, et la seconde aux prédicats causatifs et résultatifs (chap. 8-9). </p><p><p><p align="justify">Dans le chapitre 1, on expose les arguments en faveur de l'idée que les verbes d'état ont un argument implicite davidsonien comme les verbes d'action. Abordant ensuite les constructions en <i>by/in</i> (<i>by/in smoking, he broke his promise</i>), l'auteur propose de considérer, avec Goldman et contre Davidson, que celles-ci décrivent deux événements distincts, liés par une relation de génération. L'analyse goldmanienne de ces constructions est ensuite étendue aux prédicats d'état (<i>in doing this, he was clever</i>), ce qui permet de distinguer les prédicats qui dénotent un état dépendant d'une action, comme <i>clever</i> en usage occurrentiel, des prédicats qui dénotent un état indépendant d'une action, comme <i>beautiful</i> (cf. <i>in doing this, he was beautiful</i>). </p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 2 fait le point sur les spécificités des prédicats d'état par rapport aux prédicats d'activité. Y est notamment montré que certains prédicats d'état acceptent le "progressif interprétatif" (<i>tu es en train de croire au Père Noël!</i>). Ce type de progressif est distingué du progressif standard et du progressif actif anglais (<i>he was being clever</i>); sont définis également les "prédicats interprétatifs" qui n'acceptent que ce progressif.</p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 3 élabore une typologie aspectuelle des prédicats d'état. Sont d'abord distingués quatre types d'états en fonction de l'intervalle pendant lequel l'état en cause est vérifié. On montre que cette quadri-partition rend mieux compte des données linguistiques que la dichotomie classique en <i>stage level predicates et individual level predicates</i>. Ensuite sont définis les "prédicats d'état pur" comme <i>beau</i>, qui dénotent un état indépendant de toute action, et les "prédicats d'état endo-actionnel" comme <i>généreux/bruyant</i> en usage occurrentiel, qui dénote un état généré par une action. On présente des arguments contre l'assimilation de ces derniers prédicats à des prédicats d'action. Est alors analysée l'ambiguïté des prédicats comme "généreux" dans l'emploi occurrentiel: <i>Pierre m'a donné des bonbons. Il a été généreux</i> peut vouloir dire soit que Pierre a été généreux de (décider de) me donner des bonbons (lecture-d), soit qu'il a été généreux dans la manière de me les donner (lecture-m). Dans la foulée, on examine la relation temporelle qui prend place entre un état <i>s</i> et l'action <i>e</i> dont il dépend. Enfin, on montre que l'analyse proposée peut rendre compte de la concurrence entre passé composé et imparfait dans les phrases dénotant un état occurrentiel.</p><p><p><p align="justify">A partir de la typologie aspectuelle élaborée au chapitre 3, le chapitre 4 revisite le problème que soulèvent certains prédicats d'état dans les constructions à prédicat second descriptif (<i>Pierre a donné des bonbons saoul/?généreux</i>) et propose une nouvelle solution. On montre ensuite que cette solution peut être adaptée pour résoudre un problème moins étudié, à savoir celui que posent certains prédicats d'état dans les subordonnées temporelles en <i>quand</i> (cf. <i>Il était généreux, quand il a distribué les bonbons versus ?Il a distribué des bonbons quand il était généreux</i>). Enfin, on fait le point sur la difficulté qu'éprouvent les prédicats évaluatifs à entrer dans les constructions présuppositionnelles, parmi lesquelles les subordonnées temporelles, mais les GN définis (<i>La femme rousse/?généreuse commanda une bière</i>).</p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 5 est consacré aux relations rhétoriques qui s'établissent entre la description d'un état et la description d'un événement, aux combinaisons possibles entre ces relations rhétoriques, et à la manière dont tel ou tel prédicat d'état, vu ses propriétés sémantiques, contribue à établir telle ou telle relation rhétorique avec la description d'événement. </p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 6 revient sur le problème que soulève l'indéfini des en lecture non générique avec certains prédicats d'état, notamment les prédicats évaluatifs (<i>Des livres étaient sales versus ?Des livres étaient merveilleux</i>). En se fondant sur les outils de la <i>Decision Theoretic Semantics</i> (Merin 1999), l'auteur fait l'hypothèse qu'un prédicat <i>P</i> n'accepte <i>des</i> que si la quantité des éléments satisfaisant <i>P</i> dans le contexte est non pertinente pour les fins du discours, et s'il est clair, par ailleurs, que les <i>qualités</i> implicites que peuvent instancier les dits éléments ne contribuent en aucune façon à expliquer qu'ils satisfont <i>P</i>. On montre que ces deux conditions sont respectées (resp. violées) avec les prédicats d'état compatibles (resp. incompatibles) avec <i>des</i> dans sa lecture non générique.</p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 7 est consacré à la sémantique qu'il faut assigner aux prédicats d'état <i>évaluatifs</i>. On expose tout d'abord les arguments en faveur d'une sémantique "réaliste", qui analyse les prédicats évaluatifs comme des prédicats unaires dénotant de vraies propriétés. On distingue ensuite, dans le contenu informationnel des énoncés évaluatifs, un composant assertif et deux implicatures associées. On termine par l'analyse des prédicats évaluatifs superlatifs (<i>merveilleux</i>); est argumentée l'idée que ces prédicats ont un composant expressif, en ce sens que le locuteur, en les utilisant, implicite qu'une entité satisfaisant le prédicat a déclenché en lui une émotion, vécue ou rejouée lors de l'énonciation. On montre en quoi ce composant expressif contribue à expliquer pourquoi de tels prédicats sont difficilement utilisables à l'impératif ou dans certains types de questions.</p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 8 répertorie trois classes parmi les verbes, dits "résultatifs", qui présupposent l'occurrence d'un événement <i>e</i> causant ou générant l'événement asserté <i>e'</i>. On présente d'abord le problème que pose la définition de cette présupposition, puis une nouvelle solution est exposée. On montre alors que la présupposition des verbes résultatifs -- achèvements droits et accomplissements strictement forts --- est de nature scalaire et peut s'expliquer par la Loi d'exhaustivité de Ducrot.</p><p><p><p align="justify">Le chapitre 9 est consacré aux verbes psychologiques à Expérienceur objet (VPEO). Après avoir classé ces verbes en fonction de leur structure événementielle, on fait le point sur les différentes lectures qu'ils peuvent accepter. On montre ensuite qu'à la différence des VPEO acceptables dans les constructions agentives, les VPEO qui y sont peu acceptables exhibent deux propriétés cruciales. D'abord, ils présupposent toujours, à l'instar des verbes étudiés dans le chapitre 8, l'occurrence de l'événement impliquant le sujet; ensuite, certains d'entre eux sont "interprétatifs", en ce sens que l'assertion du changement d'état psychologique ne s'avère pertinente pour les fins du discours que si l'interprétant connaît, par ailleurs, l'événement qui cause ce changement. Cela permet d'expliquer pourquoi les verbes en question ne peuvent faire avancer la narration comme le ferait un prédicat d'action normal, et pourquoi ils sont peu compatibles avec les adverbes de manière orientés sur l'agent, les pseudo-clivées ou les compléments de lieu.</p><p><p align="justify">On termine par l'analyse aspectuelle de la classe des VPEO, en montrant qu'on y trouve des membres des cinq classes aspectuelles distinguées dans le chapitre précédent.</p><p><p> / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation linguistique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 1976. / No Abstract Available

Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study aims to investigate the speech act of complimenting in Zulu. It is divided into five chapters, which are arranged as follows: Chapter one provides special details regarding the aim of this study, the method that has been followed, and the organizational structure of the study. Chapter two focuses on both speech act and politeness theories. The central notion relates to (a) the acts of locution, (b) illocution and (c) perlocution. These elements of speech acts entail the notion that utterances that are produced by participants in a conversation comprises of (a) the actual sounds and words uttered, and those words and sounds (b) are intended towards the fulfillment of the force or intention behind them and (c) the effect of that force is intended to the hearer. Although there are other related elements, this notion is prominent in this chapter. Chapter three examines the speech acts of complimenting in Zulu along with their responses. This examination is informed by various ideas from the respective researchers. For an effective and successful investigation of speech acts, a guideline which serves as a base follows a method of ethnography of communication. Almost all these researchers are putting emphasis on this view. The elements of the responses, the principles, their nature, structure and appearance in general conversations with specific reference to complimenting, are other key properties examined in this chapter. Chapter four focuses on the functions of compliments. For example, almost all the researchers in the field are in agreement that compliments serve to revitalize, establish or create or encourage solidarity. Although there are other functions relating to this speech act, such as replacing other conversational formulas, e.g. greetings, softening criticism, the function of solidarity is perceived to be central. Another area which receives attention is the structural qualities of the compliment, along with syntactic and lexical features. This analysis explores the syntactic categories that relate to this work, together with the formulaic nature of this speech act. Chapter five is the last chapter of this study. It represents the conclusion in which the main findings in the study are summarized.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of this study is Break and Bend verbs in isiZulu, which can be classified as verbs of change of state. This study examines the semantic as well as the syntactic analysis of these verbs of change of state in Zulu. Semantically Bend verbs are divided into verbs denoting the bending of body parts, e.g: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, and verbs that denote the bending of body parts as well as physical objects, e.g. goba, qethuka/qethula as shown in the sentences below: Indoda igobe ucingo The man bent the wire. Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda The man bent the head backwards. Inkosikazi igobe amadolo The woman bent the knees. Uthe qethu isigxobo He made the pole bend backwards. The study will demonstrate that Break verbs are semantically divided into verbs denoting break or fracture, e.g. aphula/aphuka; those denoting "break off" e.g. nqamuka/nqamula; a verb denoting "to smash", e.g. fahlaza/fahlaka; those denoting " crack", e.g. chachamba, verbs meaning "to tear", e.g. dabula/dabuka; verbs denoting "to demolish", e.g. bhidliza/bhidlika and verbs denoting "to break open", e.g. havuka I havula. Syntactically, Break predicates may occur as ideophones, which are ergative with transitive/intransitive alternation, e.g. aphulaj aphuka, In addition, Break predicates may consist of ideophones with verbal suffixes: [-k-] is the suffix of intransitive ideophone [-I-] or [-z-] is the suffix of transitive ideophone Intransitive ideophone: Intambo ithe nqamu The rope broke Intransitive verb with [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile The rope broke Transitive ideophone: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo The man broke the rope Transitive verb with [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo. The man broke a rope Transitive verb with [-z-]: Indoda iphoqoze intambo. The man broke a bone The study demonstrates that with Bend verbs there are two ergative verbs, namely thoba and goba. -- The study further demonstrates that Bend verbs are mostly intransitive with a shadow argument; there is an ideophone qethu, which takes the transitive / intransitive alternation with the suffix [-k-] for the intransitive and [-1-] for the transitive alternation, respectively. The study provides evidence that Break and Bend verbs are characterised by specific selection restrictions as well as event structures. Some alternations were also investigated in the study, such as the Possessive alternation and Instrument-Subject alternation. Lastly, the Lexical conceptual paradigm and the Lexical Inheritance Structure of each verb were examined. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie studie is Breek en Buig werkwoorde in isiZulu, wat geklassifiseerword as werkwoorde van toestandverandering. Hierdie studie ondersoek die semantiese en die sintaktiese analise van die werkwoordtipe van toestandverandering in isizulu. Buigwerkwoorde word semanties ingedeel in werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdeleaandui, byvoorbeeld: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, en werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdele sowel as die fisiese objekte aandui, byvoorbeeld: goba, qethuka/qethula, soos aangedui word in die sinne hieronder: Indoda igobe ucingo Die man het die draad gebuig Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda Die man het sy kop agteroor gebuig Inkosikazi igobe amadolo Die vrou het (haar) knieë gebuig Uthe qethu isigxobo Hy het die paal agtertoe gebuig. Hierdie studie toon aan dat Breek-werkwoorde semanties ingedeel kan word in werkwoorde wat "breek" aandui, bv. aphula/aphuka: werkwoorde wat "afbreek" aandui, bv. nqamuka/nqamula; werkwoorde wat "flenters breek" aandui, bv. fahlaza/fahlaka; werkwoorde wat "bars" aandui, bv. chachamba, werkwoorde wat "skeur" aandui, bv. dabula/dabuka; werkwoorde wat "ruineer" aandui, bv. bhidliza/bhidlika en werkwoorde wat "oopbreek" aandui, bv. havuka/havula. Breek-predikate kan sintakties as ideofone verskyn, wat ergatief (ergative) is met 'n transitief/intransitief alternasie, bv.. aphula/aphuka. Voorts kan Breek-predikate ook verskyn as ideofone met werkwoordagtervoegsels: [-k-] is die suffiks van die intransitiewe ideofoon [-1-] of [-z-] is die suffiks van die transitiewe ideofoon Intransitiewe ideofoon: Intambo ithe nqamu Die tou het gebreek Intransitiewe werkwoord met [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile Die tou het gebreek Transitiewe ideofoon: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo Die man het die tou gebreek Transitiewe werkwoord met [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo. Die man het die tou gebreek Transitiewe werkwoord met l-e-l: Indoda iphoqoze umlenze Die man het die been gebreek Die studie toon aan dat met Buigwerkwoorde, twee ergatiewe werkwoorde gevind is, naamlik thoba en goba. Die studie toon ook aan dat Buigwerkwoorde meestal intransitiewe werkwoorde is wat met 'n skadu-argument verskyn. Daar is 'n ideofoon qethu, wat die transitief/intransitief alternasie vertoon met die suffiks [-k-] vir die intransitief en [-I-] vir die transitief alternasie, respektiewelik Die studie bied bewys daarvoor dat Breek- en Buigwerkwoorde gekenmerk word deur seleksiebeperkings en gebeure ('event') strukture. Sommige alternasies is ook ondersoek in die studie, byvoorbeeld die Possessief alternasie en Instrument-Subjek alternasie. Laastens, is die leksikaal-konseptuele paradigma en die Leksikale-erwingstruktuur van elke werkwoord ondersoek.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts