Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Because of long-term climate changes, apparently associated with higher temperatures and fewer rainfall events, factors such as water-use efficiency and site selection for new cultivars are a matter of increasing importance for viticulture. Within this context, the root system is expected to play a key role. Its relevance to grapevine functioning is due to the numerous functions in which it is involved. In the light of this, the development of the root system is highly relevant to the viticulturist because of the fact that grapevine growth and functioning are dependent on the development of the root system. Differences can, therefore, be expected in terms of berry ripening on single grapevines of the same scion for situations with differing development of root systems, despite being grafted on the same rootstock. Root growth is influenced by several factors, among the ecological aspects. Soil parameters have a predominant influence on root growth and distribution but also annual root production can be altered by canopy manipulation. Due to the importance of root growth to the aboveground development of the vine, it is critical to gain understanding of the relationship between soil factors and root growth and distribution, and the central role that the subterranean environment plays in the concept of terroir. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected soil physical and chemical parameters on root growth and distribution and to investigate whether having very different canopies influences root growth. In order to achieve these goals, two experiments were conducted; the first was performed in two commercial Sauvignon blanc vineyards each grafted onto Richter 110, non-irrigated, with two treatments: undisturbed lateral growth and complete lateral removal. The second study included the analysis of eight commercial Sauvignon blanc vineyards grafted onto Richter 99 and Richter 110 located in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. Measurements of physical and chemical soil parameters, root growth and distribution, canopy growth and functioning, vine water status and berry composition were performed. The edaphic factors appeared to be one of the most important parameters that affected root development by changing soil water availability and possibly causing physical or chemical limitations on root growth. From the results of this study, it is clear that severe water stress and a pH (KCl) lower than 4.5 play a key role in the limitation of root growth. Due to the fact that most of the soils from the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District, especially the subsoils, are acidic, this is a factor to consider before planting. On the other hand, the combination of favourable edaphic conditions, such as a subsoil pH of higher than 5.0, light- to mediumtextured subsoil and moderate water stress, allow increased growth of thin roots. However, the effect of canopy management on root growth cannot be discounted due to its importance in the variation of carbohydrate demand by competing sinks. This study showed that lateral removal done from when the berries are at pea size results in an increase in the number of thin roots (0.5-2.0 mm). The secondary leaf area represents at least the same leaf area as the primary leaf area in all the vineyards evaluated, which reveals the relative importance of the laterals in the total leaf area of the vine and the potential importance in terms of microclimate and leaf area available for photosynthesis. Studies of root growth should take the vineyard canopy architecture into account. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van langtermyn klimaatsveranderinge wat toegeskryf kan word aan die voorkoms van hoër temperature en laer reënval, is faktore soos effektiwiteit van waterverbruik en liggingseleksie vir nuwe kultivars van kardinale belang vir wingerdkunde. Binne hierdie konteks, speel die wortelsisteem ‘n belangrike rol. Die belangrikheid hiervan vir wingerdfunksionering kan toegeskryf word aan die talle funksies waarby dit betrokke is. Die ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem is dus hoogs relevant vir die wingerdkundige, omdat wingerdgroei en funksionering afhanklik is van die ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem. Verskille kan daarom dus verwag word in terme van korrelrypwording op ‘n enkele wingerdstok van dieselfde onderstok vir gevalle met verskillende ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem, ten spyte daarvan dat dit op dieselfde onderstok geënt is. Wortelgroei word, onder ekologiese aspekte, deur verskillende faktore beïnvloed. Grondfaktore het meerendeels ‘n predominante invloed op wortelgroei en -verspreiding, terwyl jaarlikse wortelproduksie deur lowermanipulasie beïnvloed kan word. Weens die belangrikheid van wortelgroei vir die bogrondse ontwikkeling van die wingerd, is dit krities om kennis op te doen oor die verhouding tussen grondfaktore en wortelgroei en –verspreiding, asook die sentrale rol wat die subterreinomgewing op die terroir-konsep speel. Die studie was daarop gemik om die invloed van geselekteerde fisiese en chemiese parameters van grond op wortelgroei en -verspreiding vas te stel, en ook te ondersoek of verskillende lowers wortelgroei sal beïnvloed. Om laasgenoemde doelwitte te bereik, is twee eksperimente uitgevoer. Die eerste is uitgevoer in ‘n kommersïele Sauvignon blanc-wingerd wat geënt is op Richter 110, sonder besproeïng en met twee behandelings, naamlik onversteurde sêkondere lootgroei en volledige sêkondere lootverwydering. Die tweede studie het die analise van agt kommersïele Sauvignon blancwingerde geënt op Richter 99 en Richter 110 in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong Distrik. Metings van fisiese en chemiese grondfaktore, wortelgroei en -verspreiding, lowergroei en -funksionering, plantwaterstatus en korrelsamestelling is uitgevoer. Dit blyk dat edafiese faktore een van die belangrikste parameters is wat wortelontwikkeling beïnvloed deur beskikbaarheid van grondwater te verander, en wat moontlik fisiese en chemiese beperkings op wortelgroei kan veroorsaak. Uit die resultate van die studie is dit duidelik dat intense waterspanning en ‘n pH (KCl) laer as 4.5 ‘n belangrike rol in die beperking van wortelgroei speel. Aangesien die meeste van die grondsoorte in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong Distrik, veral al die subgronde, suur is, is dit ‘n faktor wat in oorweging geneem moet word voor aanplantings. Die kombinasie van gunstige edafiese toestande, soos ‘n subgrond met ‘n pH hoër as 5.0, ‘n lig tot medium tekstuur en matige waterspanning, sal dus aanleiding gee tot ‘n toename in die groei van dun wortels. Die effek van lowerbestuur op wortelgroei kan egter nie buite rekening gelaat word nie weens die belangrikheid daarvan in die variasie van koolhidraataanvraag deur kompeterende vraagpunte. Hierdie studie toon dat, indien sêkondere lootverwydering tydens ertjiekorrelgrootte toegepas is, dit aanleiding gee tot ‘n toename in die dun wortels (0.5 tot 2.0 mm). Die sêkondere blaaroppervlakte verteenwoordig minstens dieselfde blaaroppervlakte as die primêre blaaroppervlakte in al die wingerde wat ondersoek is, wat dui op die belangrikheid van sêkondere lote in die totale blaaroppervlakte van die wingerd en die potensiële belangrikheid daarvan in terme van mikroklimaat en blaaroppervlakte wat vir fotosintese beskikbaar is. Studies van wortelgroei moet lowerargitektuur in ag neem.

Thesis (MSc Agric.)--Stellenbosch University, 1987. / NO Abstract Available

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1974. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the vine mealybug, is of economic importance to the wine and table grape (viticulture) industries, as it characteristically causes more damage than other mealybug species. Mealybug infestations contaminate grapes with their waxy secretions, egg-sacs and honeydew production, on which sooty mould grows, resulting in the fruit being unmarketable. Many export grapes are rejected, prior to shipment, as a result of infestations and phytosanitary concerns with regard to mealybug infestations. They are also vectors for various plant viruses. Up to date, the most common method of mealybug control in South Africa has been the use of chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mealybugs are difficult to control chemically, due to their secretive/hidden lifestyle, where chemicals do not reach them. Of great concern is the ability of mealybugs to rapidly build up resistance to insecticides as well as the negative environmental effects associated with chemical pesticide use. Alternatively, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), belonging to the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae, have been identified as lethal insect pathogens and their insecticidal action, towards a variety of insect pests, has proven them to be valuable and effective biocontrol agents. Laboratory bio-assays, to determine the ability of eight different EPN isolates to infect and kill P. ficus, were conducted. Six of the isolates were indigenous species and the other two, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, were produced in Germany and are commercially available in South Africa. Planococcus ficus was highly susceptible to two indigenous species, Heterorhabditis zealandica and Steinernema yirgalemense; responsible for 96% ± 2% and 65% ± 10% mealybug mortalities, respectively. Biological studies illustrated that both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense are able to complete their life cycles within adult female P. ficus. There was no significant difference in the pathogenicity of commercially produced H. bacteriophora, recycled through an insect host, and those from the formulated commercial product. However, commercially produced S. feltiae individuals, that were recycled through an insect host, were statistically more effective than those that were not. The LC50 and LC90 values for H. zealandica, in the current study, were 19 and 82 infective juveniles (IJs) respectively, which were similar to the LC50 and LC90 values for S. yirgalemense at 13 and 80, respectively. The LC50 and LC90, for commercially available H. bacteriophora, were greater than they were for both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense, with values of 36 and 555, respectively. Such results indicate that there is a definite positive relationship which exists between the concentration of IJs of all three nematode species, used for inoculation, and the percentage mortality of P. ficus. Sand column tests resulted in S. yirgalemense outperforming H. zealandica significantly, with average mortalities of 95% ± 1.4% and 82% ± 4.1%, respectively. As a result S. yirgalemense was chosen for further studies in the field. IJs of commercially produced H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae were exposed to imidacloprid in laboratory bioassays to determine the effect on survival and infectivity. This study established the fact that these two EPN species can be applied, in combination with imidacloprid, in an integrated pest management scheme. Soil application field trials at Welgevallen and Nietvoorbij, using S. yirgalemense and mealybugs in Eppendorf tubes, buried 15 cm in the soil, resulted in 50% ± 10% and 52% ± 12% mealybug mortalities, respectively, when applying IJs at a concentration of 80 IJs/cm2. No significant difference was found between mealybug mortalities as a result of the three IJ concentrations applied (20, 40 and 80 IJs/cm2) for both vineyards. Persistence trials indicated that after four months post application, Cydia pomonella larval mortalities showed no significant reduction in infectivity on the Welgevallen vineyard, while on the Nietvoorbij vineyard there were no larval mortalities. Tests to establish whether or not S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica produced ant deterrent factors, showed no significant differences between the number of intact cadavers for both nematode species and for cadavers that were either four or six days old. There is, however, indication that deterrent factors may be in action in cadavers that were used six days after inoculation with 60% and 49% remaining intact for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense infected cadavers respectively. All freeze killed cadavers were consumed by Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentine ant). The effects of low temperatures on EPN movement and infectivity were tested for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense in the laboratory. The mortality of P. ficus at 14˚C, as opposed to 25˚C, for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica were found to be 9.1% ± 2.6% and 2.5% ± 1.2% respectively. Vertical sand column tests were also conducted at 14˚C for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica, which produced low mealybug mortalities of 3.5% ± 2.4% and 8.5% ± 1.4% respectively. This illustrates the low infectivity of the two local species at low temperatures. Laboratory persistence trials, conducted over a period of four months with S. yirgalemense, showed steady persistence of 100%, while H. zealandica had a statistically significant decrease of codling moth mortalities to 44% ± 5%. A three armed olfactometer was designed to establish if S. yirgalemense responds and moves towards chemical cues in the soil. A significant greater average number of IJs moved towards the grape vine roots (246 ± 0.124 IJs), than to the mealybugs (133 ± 0.168 IJs) and to the control (4 ± 1.02 IJs). This demonstrates that S. yirgalemense does actively seek out its hosts and that volatile cues produced by damaged grape vine roots, are more attractive to the EPN than cues produced by P. ficus. This study illustrates that S. yirgalemense has great potential as a biopesticide for controlling P. ficus in the soil of South African grape vineyards. Emphasis was placed on soil application of S. yirgalemense in the field, which produced good results, while laboratory tests indicate the potential for further aerial field application trials on grape vines. As the EPNs are not negatively affected by the agrochemical imidacloprid, the simultaneous use and combined action of both agents will potentially provide the farmer with excellent control against P. ficus. Further field- and aerial application studies will complement the current study and hopefully provide positive results for the efficient control of P. ficus found on grape vines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), die wingerd witluis, is van groot ekonomiese belang vir die wyn en tafeldruif industrieë, aangesien dit kenmerkend meer skade veroorsaak as enige ander witluis spesies. Witluis infestasies besmet druiwe met hulle wasagtige afskeidings, eierssakke en heuningdou produksie, waarop swamme groei, wat tot gevolg het dat die druiwe onbemarkbaar is. Baie besendings druiwe, bestem vir uitvoer, word afgekeur weens witluis besmettings en ook as gevolg van fitosanitêre oorwegings. Hulle tree ook op as vektore van verskeie plantvirusse. Die mees algemene manier waarmee witluis in Suid-Afrika beheer word, is chemiese behandeling. Ongelukkig is witluis baie moeilik om chemies te beheer vanweë hulle verskuilde lewenswyse wat dit moeilik maak vir chemikalieë om hulle te bereik. Die vermoë van witluis om vinnig weerstand op te bou teen insekdoders, asook die negatiewe effek van chemiese middels op die omgewing, is kommerwekkend. Alternatiewelik, kan entomopatogeniese nematodes (EPNs) van die families Heterorhabditidae en Steinernematidae gebruik word vir die beheer van witluis. Hierdie nematodes is geïdentifiseer is as dodelike insek patogene, vir ʼn groot verskeidenheid van pes insekte en daar is bewys dat hulle as waardevolle en effektiewe biologiese beheer agente kan optree. Laboratorium biotoetse is gedoen om die vermoë van agt EPN isolate te evalueer om P. ficus te beheer. Ses van die EPN isolate is inheems, terwyl die ander twee, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en Steinernema feltiae, in Duitsland produseer is en kommersieel beskikbaar is in Suid-Afrika. Planococcus ficus is hoogs vatbaar vir die twee inheemse EPN spesies, naamlik Heterorhabditis zealandica en Steinernema yirgalemense en hulle is verantwoordelik vir 96% ± 2% en 65% ± 10% van witluis mortaliteit. Biologiese studies het aangetoon dat beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense in staat is om hul lewensiklus te voltooi in volwasse wyfies van P. ficus. Daar is geen beduidende verskil gevind in die patogenisiteit van die geformuleerde kommersiële produk H. bacteriophora en dié wat in vivo geproduseer is nie. Daar is egter in die geval van S. feltiae, gevind dat die nematodes, wat in insekte produseer is, statisties beduidend meer effektief was, as dié wat kommersieel beskikbaar was. Die LC50 en die LC90 waardes van H. zealandica, in die huidige studie, was 19 en 82 infektiewe larwes (IJs), wat baie naby die LC50 en LC90 waarders van S. yirgalemense van 13 en 80 was. Die LC50 en LC90 vir die kommersieel beskikbare H. bacteriophora was groter as vir beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, met waardes van 36 en 555 onderskeidelik. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat daar ʼn positiewe verwantskap bestaan tussen die konsentrasie van die IJs van drie EPN spesies en die persentasie mortaliteit van P. ficus. Sand kolomtoetse dui daarop dat S. yirgalemense baie beter vaar as H. zealandica met gemiddelde mortaliteite van 95% ± 1.4% en 82% ± 4.1% onderskeidelik. Op grond van hierdie resultate is S. yirgalemense gebruik vir verdere veld studies. IJs van kommersieel geproduseerde H. bacteriophora en S. feltiae is in laboratorium biotoetse blootgestel aan imidacloprid om die effek op die oorlewing en infektiewe vermoë vas te stel. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat die twee EPN spesies aangewend kan word saam met imidacloprid in ʼn geïntegreerde plaagbestuur opset. Grond aanwendings is in veld proewe by Welgevallen en Nietvoorbij gedoen deur gebruik te maak van S. yirgalemense en P. ficus volwasse wyfies in Eppendorf buisies, 15 cm in die grond begrawe, het albei 50% ± 10% en 52% ± 10% witluis mortaliteit, respektiewelik, tot gevolg gehad, met die toediening van nematodes teen ʼn konsentrasie van 80 IJs/cm2. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die witluismortaliteit en die resultate van die verskillende EPN konsentrasies (20, 40 en 80 IJs/cm2) wat op beide wingerde toegedien is nie. Oorlewings toetse het aangedui dat, drie maande na toediening, met Cydia pomonella as indikator, geen beduidende verskille in die infeksie potensiaal van die Welgevallen wingerd to gevolg gehad het nie, terwyl daar op die Nietvoorbij wingerd geen verdere larvale mortaliteit gevind is was nie. Toetse om vas te stel of S. yirgalemense en H. zealandica afkrikmiddels vir miere in besmette insek kadawers produseer het aangetoon dat daar geen beduidende verskil is tussen die getal kadawers wat intakt is vir beide EPN spesies en kadawers wat vier of ses dae oud is nie. Daar is egter aangetoon dat die afskrikmiddels wel ses dae na infeksie deur insek kadawers afgeskei word; aangesien 60% en 49% van die oorblywende kadawers nog volledig was toe dit geïnfekteer was met H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, onderskeidelik. Al die insek kadawers, wat deur bevriesing doodgemaak is, was deur Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentynse mier) verorber.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite adherence to fungicide spray schedules and label recommendations, table and wine grape producers invariably suffer crop losses when environmental conditions are conducive to fruit and foliar pathogens. Registered fungicides are effective and poor control is often attributed to: 1) improper spray timing, 2) reduced sensitivity to fungicides in the pathogen populations, and 3) poor spray deposition. Spray timing, management of fungicide resistance and the epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea have been thoroughly researched under South African conditions on grape crops. However, limited research regarding spray deposition exists in South Africa, probably due to a lack of proper spray deposition assessment protocols. To determine minimum spray deposition quantity and quality levels needed for effective B. cinerea control, bunches and leaves of table (Waltham Cross) and wine grapes (Chenin blanc) were sprayed at various stages using different volumes with a precision spray gun. A deposition assessment protocol using fluorometry, photomicrography and digital image analyses was improved. Deposition values correlated favourably with Botrytis infection. Increasing spray volume increased spray deposition; however, at a certain point, deposition quality remained constant and B. cinerea infections did not decrease significantly with increasing spray volume, indicating the importance of both spray deposition quantity and quality. Fluorescent pigment area that effected 75% control of B. cinerea infection (FPC75 values) was calculated for leaves, pedicels and receptacles at different growth stages. The FPC75 values obtained in this study can be used as benchmarks to evaluate future spray application. In order to study the optimisation of spray deposition with existing application technology (air blast and air shear sprayers) in commercial vineyards, spray deposition quantity and quality values were assessed from leaves and structural bunch parts of wine (Chenin blanc) and table grapes (Waltham Cross) and compared with FPC75 values. Spray trials were conducted at different growth stages at current best-practice recommendations, and with a range of spray volumes but with spray mixture concentration amended accordingly (i.e. fixed dosage per hectare). Spray trails indicated that deposition levels following current best-practice spray application were sub-optimal to control B. cinerea infections on bunches and leaves. Deposition values between air blast and air shear sprayers were generally similar. The air blast sprayer resulted in higher deposition levels with diluted spraying and increased spray volume; however, when dosage per hectare was kept constant, no significant differences were calculated between spray volumes (250-1000 L/ha), indicating that this sprayer can as effectively but more efficiently be used at lower spray volume. The air shear were not as efficient at higher spray volumes (>500 L/ha), but was superior at low volume concentrate application (≈250 L/ha at 4× concentration). This study clearly demonstrated the efficacy and cost-saving potential in optimising spray application with respect to application technology. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wingerdprodusente kan oesverliese ondervind indien omgewingstoestande bevorderlik is vir swampatogene. Siektes word onvoldoende beheer ten spyte van die nakoming van korrekte swamdoder aanbevelings. Geregistreerde swamdoders is effektief, mits die vatbare plantdele voldoende spuitbedekking ontvang. Onvoldoende siekte beheer kan gewoonlik toegeskryf word aan: 1) verkeerde spuit tydsberekening, 2) vermindere sensitiwiteit in patogeen-populasies teen swamdoders, en 3) swak spuitbedekking. Spuit tydsberekening, die bestuur van weerstand teen swamdoders en die epidemiologie van Botrytis cinerea is deeglik onder Suid-Afrikaanse toestande nagevors. Nietemin is daar beperkte navorsing oor spuitbedekking, waarskynlik weens 'n gebrek aan behoorlike spuitbedekking assesseringsprotokol. Om te bepaal hoeveel spuitbedekking (% area bedek deur fluoresserende pigment) nodig is om 75% van B. cinerea infeksies (FPC75 waardes) op vatbare wingerddele te beheer, is druiwetrosse en blare van tafel- en wyndruiwe (Waltham Cross en Chenin blanc, onderskeidelik) op verskillende groei stadiums en spuitvolumes in die laboratorium gespuit. ‘n Assesseringsprotokol van spuitbedekking op vatbare druifdele en blare is ontwikkel deur gebruik te maak van fluorometrie, fotomikrografie en digitale beeldanalise. Spuitbedekking het goed met Botrytis infeksies gekorreleer. Toenemende spuitvolume het bedekking laat toeneem, maar egter net tot 'n sekere punt, waar die kwantiteit van die bedekking nog toegeneem het, maar die kwaliteit van bedekking en B. cinerea infeksies nie beduidend toegeneem het nie. Dit is ‘n aanduiding van die belangrikheid van beide die kwantiteit en kwaliteit van spuitbedekking. Die FPC75 waardes wat in hierdie studie verkry is, kan as drempelwaardes om toekomstige spuittoediening te evalueer, gebruik word. Ten einde spuitbedekking met bestaande tegnologie (druk en waaierpomp spuitmasjiene) te optimiseer, is kommersiële wyn- en tafeldruiwe (Chenin blanc en Waltham Cross, onderskeidelik), volgens huidige spuit aanbevelings vir wingerde tydens verskillende groeistadiums en met ‘n reeks van verskillende spuitvolumes gespuit. Die konsentrasie van die spuitmengsel is dienooreenkomstig gewysig, i.t.v. ‘n vaste dosis per hektaar ongeag die spuitvolume. Bedekkingswaardes is met FPC75 waardes vergelyk en het aangedui dat kommersiële spuit aanbevelings aan produsente sal lei tot sub-optimale beheer van B. cinerea op beide blare en druiwetrosse. In die algemeen was bedekkingswaardes vir beide druk- en waaierpomp spuitmasjiene soortgelyk. Vir die waaierpomp teen verskillende spuitvolumes en aanbevole konsentrasie het ‘n toename in spuitvolumes tot hoër beddekingswaardes gelei, maar indien die dosis per hektaar van die spuitmengsel konstant behou is, is geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen spuitvolumes (250-1000 L/ha) voorspel nie. Hierdie dui aan dat die waaierpomp net so doeltreffend, maar meer effektief teen laer spuitvolumes gebruik kan word. Die drukpomp was nie so doeltreffend teen hoër spuitvolumes (> 500 L/ha) nie, maar was aansienlik beter by lae volume konsentraat toediening (≈ 250 L/ha op 4 × konsentrasie). Die studie toon duidelik die doeltreffendheid en moontlike kostebesparing moontlikhede deur bespuiting relatief tot bespuitingstegnologie te optimiseer. / Department of Plant Pathology, National Research Foundation, THRIP, Deciduous Fruit Producers’ Trust, Winetech, Bayer, BASF, Dow Agrosciences, DuPont, Syngenta, Nexus, Terason, UAP and Wenkem for financial assistance

La presente investigación tiene el propósito de analizar los factores que influyen en las exportaciones de uva fresca de las Pymes en la Región Ica, como una alternativa que permita ayudar a las Pymes no exportadoras a buscar estos factores tanto internos como externos y que tienen variables que se relacionan y pueden ser fundamentales al momento de la internacionalización de una Pyme y así incrementar los volúmenes de exportación. La importancia de esta investigación radica en contribuir a que las Pymes puedan aumentar sus exportaciones e ingresos anuales, además, se tiene como finalidad de poder demostrar que existe potencial en los cuatro factores expuestos y que se desarrollan para tener un mayor alcance de cómo influyen en la exportación de las Pymes. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se realizó una encuesta con escala de Likert a una muestra de 50 Pymes exportadoras ubicadas en la Región Ica con la finalidad de tener mayor conocimiento y poder analizar los resultados mediante el método cuantitativo del coeficiente de Spearman. / This research is intended to analyze the factors influencing the exports of fresh grapes from SMEs (Small and Medium Business) in the Ica Region, as an alternative to help non-exporting SMEs to look for these internal and external factors and that have variables that are related and can be fundamental at the moment of the internationalization of a SME and thus increase the volumes of the export. The main aspects of this research lies in helping SMEs increase their exports and annual income. In addition, it objectives to demonstrate that there is potential in the four factors that are available to have a greater scope. The export of SMEs. The importance of this research lies in helping SMEs increase their exports and annual income, in addition, it aims to demonstrate that there is potential in the four factors that are available to have a greater scope in the export of SMEs. For the development of the research, a survey with a Likert scale was conducted to a sample of 50 exporting SMEs located in the Ica Region in order to have a greater knowledge and to analyze the results by means of the quantitative Spearman coefficient. / Tesis

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de manga e de uva no mercado internacional no período de 1989 a 2005. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Constant Market Share (CMS) e o modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) para evidenciar os principais fatores responsáveis pela rápida expansão das exportações nacionais para esses dois produtos, além de realizar uma análise comparativa entre as duas culturas selecionadas. O primeiro modelo busca analisar as causas de variação da quantidade (ou valor) exportada de um produto pelo país em questão em relação ao tempo, gerando três dimensões explicativas para a variação das exportações: o efeito dimensão, o efeito distribuição e o efeito competitividade. O efeito dimensão mostra como o crescimento das exportações mundiais afetou o crescimento das exportações do país analisado. O efeito distribuição refere-se às exportações para países de maior ou menor dinamismo. Por resíduo, descontando-se os demais efeitos temos o termo competitividade.Para a geração dos resultados foi necessária a sub-divisão do período de análise em três grupos trienais: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 e 2003/2004/2005.O modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada parte do pressuposto de que o país em questão tende a se especializar nas exportações de produtos que ofereçam vantagens competitivas. Para tanto, o indicador deve apresentar um valor superior a 1 para os produtos competitivos, evidenciando que a participação do produto em questão na pauta do país analisado é superior à participação do país no mercado global geral. Diferentemente do CMS, os indicadores de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) nas exportações de um produto podem ser calculados com freqüência anual. O resultado do modelo de Constant Market Share para manga, referente ao primeiro sub-período de análise, mostra que o significativo aumento das exportações brasileiras de manga foi fortemente influenciado pelo crescimento do mercado mundial, seguido pelo efeito competitividade e destino das exportações. Para o segundo subperíodo, o efeito de maior significância foi a competitividade, seguido pelo efeito crescimento do mercado mundial e destino das exportações. Para a uva, o resultado referente ao primeiro sub-período de análise mostra que o significativo aumento das exportações brasileiras dessa fruta foi fortemente influenciado pelo efeito destino das exportações, seguido pelo efeito competitividade e crescimento do mercado mundial. Para o segundo sub-período, os resultados apontam a competitividade como principal fator responsável pelo aumento das exportações brasileiras, seguido pelo efeito crescimento do mercado mundial. O efeito destino das exportações apresentou valor negativo. Para o caso da manga, foram observados altos valores para o indicador de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada, especialmente para o período após 1993. Diferentemente dos resultados apresentados para a manga, as exportações de uva revelam vantagem comparativa apenas no final do período analisado (depois de 2002). / This paper has the main purpose of analyzing competitiveness of Brazilian exports of mangoes and grapes in the international market between 1989 and 2005. Constant Market Share and Revealed Comparative Advantage were used to obtain the main factors that could explain the fast growth of Brazilian exports of the chosen fruits, doing a comparative analysis between these fruits. The first model tries to analyze the reasons of variation in the quantity (or value) of a product exported by the current country related to the time, generating three dimensions: the effect dimension, the effect distribution and the effect competitiveness. The effect dimension shows how the growth of the world exports affected the growth of the current country\'s exports. The effect distribution relates to exports to countries of bigger or smaller dynamism. As a result, discounting the other effects we have the term competitiveness. To generate the results it was necessary to have the sub-division of the analyzed period into three triennial groups: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 and 2003/2004/2005.The Revealed Comparative Advantage model considers that a country tends to specialize itself in exporting products that offer competitive advantages. Thus, the indicator must submit a value higher than 1 for competitive products, showing that the product participation in a country is superior to the country participation in the global market. Different from Constant Market Share (CMS), Revealed Comparative Advantage indicators of exports can be calculated with annual frequency. The Constant Market Share model result for mangoes, referring to the first sub-period analysis shows that the significant increase in Brazilian exports of mangoes was strongly influenced by the growth of the world market, followed by the competitiveness effect, and the destination of exports. For the second sub-period, the most significant effect was the competitiveness, followed by the growth of the world market and the destination of exports. Considering grapes, the result referring to the first sub-period analysis shows that the significant increase in Brazilian grapes exports was strongly influenced by the effect \"exports destination\", followed by the effect competitiveness and the world market\'s growth. For the second sub-period, the results indicate competitiveness as the main factor responsible for the increase of the Brazilian exports, followed by the growth of the world market. The effect \"exports destination\" showed a negative value. For the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) model, the mango case results showed a high revealed comparative advantage, especially after 1993. The grapes´ results show a comparative advantage only at the end of the period, when, from 2002 on there was a trend of grape consolidation as a competitive product in the international market, though on a distant level from mangoes.

A uva cv Niágara Rosada tem uma grande importância econômica na viticultura do estado de São Paulo, principalmente na região de Campinas, sendo consumida como fruta fresca no mercado interno. Essa cultivar pode produzir de 10 a 15 toneladas por hectare, cachos com massa de 100 a 300 g, com produção concentrada nos meses de dezembro a fevereiro; sendo que atualmente é comum se obter uma segunda safra proveniente da poda de verão, com colheita entre maio a julho. Porém a obtenção de duas safras todo ano pode reduzir a vida útil e apresentar efeito depressivo à videira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes freqüências de poda de produção e a proteção química de doenças na produção e qualidade dos frutos. Foram avaliados três tratamentos na condução de uva no sistema de espaldeira: T1: cinco podas em dois anos e meio (duas podas por ano), com tratamento fitossanitário para controle do míldio da videira (Plasmopora viticola), T2: quatro podas em dois anos e meio (1,5 podas por ano), com tratamento fitossanitário para controle do míldio da videira, T3: cinco podas em dois anos e meio (duas podas por ano), sem tratamento fitossanitário para controle do míldio. Em cada ciclo de produção foram avaliados: a) número de cachos por planta, b) massa dos cachos por planta em quilogramas , c) rendimento em quilogramas por hectare; d) SST (° Brix) dos frutos, e) porcentagem de severidade de míldio nas folhas, f) porcentagem de desfolha após a colheita. A partir da terceira safra observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, quanto ao número de cachos por planta, massa dos cachos, rendimento e sólidos solúveis totais, mostrando uma resposta estatisticamente positiva no tratamento T2 (com n - 1 podas realizadas, onde n: número de podas de verão realizadas e com tratamento fitossanitário). O tratamento fitossanitário mostrou resultados significativos quanto a redução na severidade de doença nas folhas e redução da desfolha após a colheita. / The cultivation of grapes \'hp Niagara Rosada\' has a great economic importance in viticulture in the state of Sao Paulo, mainly in the region of Campinas, being consumed as fresh fruit in the domestic market. This cultivar can produce 10-15 tons per hectare, clusters with mass 100-300 g, with manufacturing concentrated in the months from December to February, and currently it is common to get a second harvest from the summer pruning, to yield between May-July. But to obtain two harvests every year can reduce the life and present depressive effect on the vine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different pruning frequencies of production and chemical protection of disease in production and fruit quality. Three treatments were evaluated in the conduct of the grape trellis system: T1: pruning five in two and a half years (two cuttings per year), with treatment plant for control of grape downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola), T2: four pruning in two years and a half (1.5 cuttings per year), with treatment to control downy mildew of the vine, T3: pruning five in two and a half years (two cuttings per year), without a treatment to control downy mildew. In each production cycle were evaluated: a) number of clusters per plant, b) mass of clusters per plant in kilograms per plant, c) yield in kilograms per hectare; d) SST (° Brix) of fruits and) percentage of severity of mildew on the leaves, f) percentage of defoliation after harvest. From the third harvest there were significant differences between treatments regarding the number of bunches per plant, cluster weight, yield and total soluble solids, demonstrating a statistically positive response in treatment T2 (with n - 1 pruning, where n : number of summer pruning performed and treatment plant). The treatment plant showed significant results regarding the reduction in disease severity on leaves and reduction in defoliation after harvest.

A uva cv Niágara Rosada tem uma grande importância econômica na viticultura do estado de São Paulo, principalmente na região de Campinas, sendo consumida como fruta fresca no mercado interno. Essa cultivar pode produzir de 10 a 15 toneladas por hectare, cachos com massa de 100 a 300 g, com produção concentrada nos meses de dezembro a fevereiro; sendo que atualmente é comum se obter uma segunda safra proveniente da poda de verão, com colheita entre maio a julho. Porém a obtenção de duas safras todo ano pode reduzir a vida útil e apresentar efeito depressivo à videira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes freqüências de poda de produção e a proteção química de doenças na produção e qualidade dos frutos. Foram avaliados três tratamentos na condução de uva no sistema de espaldeira: T1: cinco podas em dois anos e meio (duas podas por ano), com tratamento fitossanitário para controle do míldio da videira (Plasmopora viticola), T2: quatro podas em dois anos e meio (1,5 podas por ano), com tratamento fitossanitário para controle do míldio da videira, T3: cinco podas em dois anos e meio (duas podas por ano), sem tratamento fitossanitário para controle do míldio. Em cada ciclo de produção foram avaliados: a) número de cachos por planta, b) massa dos cachos por planta em quilogramas , c) rendimento em quilogramas por hectare; d) SST (° Brix) dos frutos, e) porcentagem de severidade de míldio nas folhas, f) porcentagem de desfolha após a colheita. A partir da terceira safra observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, quanto ao número de cachos por planta, massa dos cachos, rendimento e sólidos solúveis totais, mostrando uma resposta estatisticamente positiva no tratamento T2 (com n - 1 podas realizadas, onde n: número de podas de verão realizadas e com tratamento fitossanitário). O tratamento fitossanitário mostrou resultados significativos quanto a redução na severidade de doença nas folhas e redução da desfolha após a colheita. / The cultivation of grapes \'hp Niagara Rosada\' has a great economic importance in viticulture in the state of Sao Paulo, mainly in the region of Campinas, being consumed as fresh fruit in the domestic market. This cultivar can produce 10-15 tons per hectare, clusters with mass 100-300 g, with manufacturing concentrated in the months from December to February, and currently it is common to get a second harvest from the summer pruning, to yield between May-July. But to obtain two harvests every year can reduce the life and present depressive effect on the vine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different pruning frequencies of production and chemical protection of disease in production and fruit quality. Three treatments were evaluated in the conduct of the grape trellis system: T1: pruning five in two and a half years (two cuttings per year), with treatment plant for control of grape downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola), T2: four pruning in two years and a half (1.5 cuttings per year), with treatment to control downy mildew of the vine, T3: pruning five in two and a half years (two cuttings per year), without a treatment to control downy mildew. In each production cycle were evaluated: a) number of clusters per plant, b) mass of clusters per plant in kilograms per plant, c) yield in kilograms per hectare; d) SST (° Brix) of fruits and) percentage of severity of mildew on the leaves, f) percentage of defoliation after harvest. From the third harvest there were significant differences between treatments regarding the number of bunches per plant, cluster weight, yield and total soluble solids, demonstrating a statistically positive response in treatment T2 (with n - 1 pruning, where n : number of summer pruning performed and treatment plant). The treatment plant showed significant results regarding the reduction in disease severity on leaves and reduction in defoliation after harvest.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo_Antonio_DallOglio.pdf: 9991659 bytes, checksum: 11e84eec998ded3a56473a626f4e286d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The bench grafting allowed anticipate the first vineyard harvest. The objective of this research was evaluated the development of American native grapes (Bordô, Isabel Precoce and Niagara Rosada) in rootstocks (IAC-766 Campinas and 420-A) under bench grafting in west of Paraná state. The experiments were conducted in private proprieties at Toledo (2010/ 2011) and Ouro Verde do Oeste-PR (2014/ 2015) and shared in two phases: In the first phase was evaluated the plant formation through union between graft and rootstock, percentage of rooting, average height of sprouting and survive after transplantation field. In second phase the parameters consisted of diameter of horizontal cordon, number of grow plants, number of gems and number of branches than reach the second and third line of the support system. At Toledo only the last parameter (number of branches that reached the second and third line of the support system) showed significant influence. The IAC-766 was more vigorous than 420-A. In the second experiment, the local factor doesn't show showed influence when the researches were analyzed together confirming the results the first research. Both rootstocks are able to cultivate in west of Paraná State, although IAC-766 was more vigorous than 420-A / A enxertia de mesa permite antecipar a colheita de um vinhedo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de videiras rústicas (Bordô, Isabel Precoce e Niágara Rosada) em portaenxertos (IAC-766 Campinas e 420-A) sob enxertia de mesa no Oeste do Paraná. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em propriedades particulares nos municípios de Toledo e Ouro Verde do Oeste/PR e divididos em duas partes: na primeira foi avaliado a formação da planta através da união entre enxerto e portaenxerto, a porcentagem de enraizamento, tamanho médio da brotação e sobrevivência após o transplante a campo. Na segunda fase os parâmetros consistiram no diâmetro do cordão esporonado, número de plantas formadas, número de gemas e número de ramos que atingiram o segundo e terceiro fio do sistema de sustentação. Em Toledo, somente o último parâmetro analisado (número de ramos que atingiram o segundo e terceiro fio do sistema de sustentação) apresentou diferença significativa entre os portaenxertos. O IAC-766 foi mais vigoroso que o 420-A. No segundo experimento o fator local não influenciou nos resultados quando as pesquisas foram analisadas conjuntamente e os resultados confirmaram as informações encontradas em Toledo. Ambos os portaenxertos são possíveis de serem utilizados no Oeste do Paraná, entretanto o IAC-766 foi mais vigoroso que o 420-A