Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-18T10:52:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruna Rodrigues Pereira.pdf: 2671756 bytes, checksum: b38e36947fda465d9d78272a81b2e947 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T10:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruna Rodrigues Pereira.pdf: 2671756 bytes, checksum: b38e36947fda465d9d78272a81b2e947 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the quality of 'Sweet Celebration' and 'Sweet Globe' grapes, subjected to minimally processing, as well as the effectiveness of three rinsing solutions (water, sodium metabisulfite and chlorine) and pedicel cut intensity (with and without pedicel), in the conservation of these fruits during 12 days refrigerated storage to temperature at 8 ? C . The experiments were performed at Embrapa Agroind?stria de alimentos. For both experiments were applied rinse solutions, with water, sodium metabisulfite (20 mg. L-1) and chlorine (8 mg. L-1), that characterized the treatments, during the rinse step of minimally processing grapes, it being used two pedicel cut intensities:full cut and maintenance of a little fragment about 0,5 cm. Quality analyzes were performed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of storage, and it was determined fresh weight loss cumulative , fruit firmness, color analysis, acidity, pH, total soluble solids, SST/ATT rate , sugars (sucrose , fructose and glucose) and enzymatic activity of pectinametilesterase for both cultivars. For Sweet Celebration grapes were also carried out the percentage fruit loss (9th and 12th day of storage) and anthocyanins. In 'Sweet Globe' grapes were realized total carotenoids, chlorophylls (a, b and total) and microbiological analyses. To the cultivate Sweet Celebration was possible identify berries out of commercial standard in the 9? day of storage. In the fresh weight loss cumulative, berries without pedicel had higher loss in the rinse with water from the 6th day of storage. For berries with pedicel the rinse with chlorine had the lowest fresh weight loss cumulative up 9th day of storage. For the firmness , berries without pedicel (4.44 N) had lower firmness compared to berries with pedicel (5.04 N), there wasn't significant difference between the rinsing solutions (p> 0.05). To cultivate Sweet Globe, berries with pedicel and rinsed with water had higher fresh weight loss cumulative from the 9th day of storage. In the berries without pedicel the rinse with water led to lower fresh weight loss cumulative from the 6th day of storage. There was no difference between the isolated factors rinse solutions and pedicel cut intensit to the firmness analysis. All rinse solutions were efficient in the microbiological analysis, so the minimally processed Sweet Globe grapes were in the standard established by law for human consumption / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade de uvas ?Sweet Celebration? e ?Sweet Globe?, submetidas ao processamento m?nimo, assim como a efetividade de tr?s solu??es enxaguantes (?gua, metabissulfito de s?dio e cloro) e da intensidade de corte do pedicelo (com e sem pedicelo), na conserva??o desses frutos, durante 12 dias de armazenamento refrigerado a 8?C. Os experimentos foram realizados na Embrapa agroind?stria de alimentos. Para ambos experimentos, foram aplicadas solu??es de enx?gue, com ?gua, metabissulfito de s?dio (20 mg. L-1) e cloro (8 mg. L-1), que caracterizaram os tratamentos, durante a etapa de enx?gue do processamento m?nimo das uvas, sendo adotadas duas intensidades de corte do pedicelo: retirada total do mesmo e manuten??o de um pequeno fragmento com aproximadamente 0,5 cm. Foram realizadas an?lises de qualidade nos 0, 3, 6, 9, e 12 dias de armazenamento, sendo determinadas a perda acumulada de massa fresca, firmeza dos frutos, an?lise de cor, acidez, pH, s?lidos sol?veis totais, rela??o SST/ATT, a??cares (sacarose, frutose e glicose) e atividade enzim?tica da pectinametilesterase para as duas cultivares. Para as uvas Sweet Celebration, foram tamb?m realizadas a porcentagem de perda de frutos (9? e 12? dia de armazenamento) e antocianinas totais. Para as uvas ?Sweet Globe?, foram realizadas as an?lises de caroten?ides totais, clorofilas (a, b e total) e an?lise microbiol?gica. Para a cultivar Sweet Celebration, foi poss?vel detectar bagas fora de padr?o comercial no 9?dia de armazenamento. Na perda acumulada de massa fresca, bagas sem pedicelo apresentaram maior perda no enx?gue com ?gua a partir do 6? dia de armazenamento. Para bagas com pedicelo o enx?gue com cloro apresentou a menor perda acumulada de massa fresca at? o 9? dia de armazenamento. Para a firmeza das bagas, bagas sem pedicelo (4,44 N) apresentaram menor firmeza, quando comparadas ?s bagas com pedicelo (5,04 N), n?o havendo diferen?a significativa entre as solu??es de enx?gue (p> 0,05). Para a cultivar Sweet Globe, bagas com pedicelo e enxaguadas com ?gua, apresentaram maior perda acumulada de massa fresca , a partir do 9? dia de armazenamento. Para bagas sem pedicelo o enx?gue com ?gua levou a menor perda acumulada de massa fresca a partir do 6? dia de armazenamento. N?o houve diferen?a entre os fatores isolados solu??es de enx?gue e intensidade de corte do pedicelo para a an?lise de firmeza. Todas as solu??es de enx?gue foram eficientes do ponto de vista microbiol?gico, estando as uvas Sweet Globe minimamente processadas dentro do padr?o estabelecido pela legisla??o para consumo humano

Molybdenum experiments: In Australia young Merlot vines sometimes suffer from vegetative disorders such as slow, zigzagged growth and leaf distortion. Merlot is also particularly known as a low- and inconsistent-yielding grape variety. Previous research showed that when foliar applications of molybdenum (Mo) were applied to Merlot vines the vegetative symptoms improved. More recently, when sodium molybdate was applied to Mo-deficient Merlot, yield improved; a function of increased bunch weight brought about by bigger berries. It has also been reported that at high concentrations, molybdenum might be detrimental to yield. Experiments were conducted on own-rooted Merlot (clone D3V14) vines in commercial vineyards in the Adelaide Hills (Hills) and at McLaren Vale, South Australia. Effects of molybdenum deficiency on the vegetative growth and yield of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot: The aims of the current study were to: a) elucidate the mechanism by which molybdenum affects yield of Merlot; b) to monitor the effects of Mo-treatment on the balance between vine reproductive and vegetative growth; c) to monitor the residual effects of Mo-treatment on growth and yield of Merlot and; d) to determine whether high concentrations of molybdenum are detrimental to yield. Three rates of sodium molybdate were applied to vines in springtime (control = 0g, rate 1 = 0.101g and rate 2 = 0.202g sodium molybdate per vine). Vine molybdenum status was measured prior to treatment and again at flowering time using petiole, shoot tip and inflorescence analysis. The effects on vegetative growth were monitored at veraison, during dormancy and at budburst in the seasons following Mo-treatment. At flowering time, pollen vitality, pollen tube growth and flower structure were examined. Bunch number per vine, fruitset, berry weight and berry composition were measured at harvest. In the Hills, the controls had adequate molybdenum however, at McLaren Vale petiolar molybdenum concentration fell within the suggested deficiency range of 0.05-0.09 mg/kg in the petioles at flowering time. No visual symptoms of Mo-deficiency were observed on the experimental vines. At McLaren Vale, Mo-treatment reduced pruning weight and improved vine balance. Mo-treated vines in the Hills and at McLaren Vale were affected by delayed budburst in the season following Mo-treatment irrespective of their Mo-status. However, no seasonal carryover of molybdenum could be detected in tissue analysis at flowering time. Juice total soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were not affected by Mo-treatment at McLaren Vale or in the Hills. However, juice from Mo-treated vines in the Hills had a significantly higher concentration of molybdenum than the controls. At McLaren Vale there was no significant difference in juice molybdenum concentration between treatments. In the Hills, yield was not affected by Mo-treatment. However, Mo-treated vines at McLaren Vale had significantly higher yields (approximately double) than the Mo-deficient controls. Bunch number per vine was not affected by Mo-treatment, either in the year that treatments were applied or in the following season. However, bunches from Mo-treated vines had significantly better fruitset resulting in more berries per bunch. Berry weight was affected by Mo-treatment in one season only. Yield was not detrimentally affected on vines that received the higher rate of sodium molybdate. In the Hills, Mo-treatment did not affect pollen numbers, pollen vitality or pollen tube growth. At McLaren Vale, where the controls were Mo-deficient, pollen vitality was not affected by Mo-treatment. However, pollen tube growth was significantly enhanced by Mo-treatment. Significantly more pollen tubes penetrated the ovules from Mo-treated vines and a higher proportion of ovaries had at least one penetrated ovule. Structural observations revealed that a significantly higher proportion of ovules from Mo-deficient vines were defective. The absence of an embryo sac in those ovules is probably the cause of pollen tube growth inhibition and subsequent poor fruitset. Effects of mode of pollination on yield of Merlot and the interacting effects of sodium molybdate sprays: Pollination experiments were conducted on field-grown own-rooted Merlot (clone D3V14) vines in commercial vineyards in the Adelaide Hills and at McLaren Vale in 2003-04 and in 2004-05. Inflorescences were supplied with supplementary Merlot pollen (self-pollination), with pollen from another variety (cross-pollination) or they were left to pollinate naturally (open pollination). In the Hills, mode of pollination did not affect fruitset or berry weight. In 2003-04 fruitset increased significantly at McLaren Vale when inflorescences were cross-pollinated with Semillon. Applying supplementary Merlot pollen also tended to improve fruitset, however none of the treatments affected berry weight. In 2004-05 there was no significant difference between treatments. These results indicate that Merlot may be a poor producer of pollen and may suffer from self-incompatibility. Given the significant improvements in yield gained by spring foliar applications of sodium molybdate to Mo-deficient Merlot vines, in 2005-06 a reciprocal experiment was conducted to separate the effects of Mo-treatment and mode of pollination on the male and female flower parts. The aims of this experiment were to: a) determine whether the male or female reproductive organs are more important in determining the success of fruitset of Merlot and; b) determine which remedial measure, Mo-treatment or pollination, is more effective at overcoming poor fruitset. Supplementary pollination treatments—cross-pollination (Semillon); self-pollination (Mo-deficient pollen); self-pollination (Mo-treated pollen) and; open-pollination—were applied to Mo-treated and Mo-deficient vines. Cross-pollinating Mo-deficient vines with Semillon significantly improved fruitset of Merlot compared to other pollination treatments on those vines, however applying molybdenum to the vines in springtime was more effective at improving fruitset. Within the Mo-treated vines the effects of supplementary pollination on fruitset were not thought to be of any practical significance. The results of this experiment provide further evidence that Mo-deficiency affects the female flower parts more than the male reproductive organs of Merlot. The occurrence of ‘star’ flowers in Australia: In 2003 faulty flowers were discovered on Canada Muscat grown in the Coombe Vineyard at the University of Adelaide’s Waite Campus. The Canada Muscat flowers opened from the top in ‘star’ formation in contrast to normal grape flowers, which shed the calyptra from its base. Star flowers were reported in French literature in the late 1800s. They were reported to as a symptom of a ‘disease’ that caused ‘coulure’, the cure for which was vine removal. The current report is the first known report of star flowers occurring in Australia. Through dissemination of the news of this discovery, several star flower variants were found in other varieties in South Australia. The association of star flowers with poor berry development and the frequency of the occurrence of star flowers suggest that this flower aberration may be affecting yield to a greater extent than previously recognised. This study provides a detailed description of two types of star flowers: those that occur in response to environmental conditions and those that occur every season. Other star flower variants are also documented. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1280856 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007

The 1920’s and 30’s saw the advent of the automotive era in America as Henry Ford’s vision of production and technological progress was fully realized. But the pleasure of automobility was initially afforded to a select few, and so the automobile revealed a growing chasm between social classes. Additionally, the automobile contributed to a transformation of the social ideology of gender as more and more women spent time in cars as passengers and as drivers. And while some viewed this ideological shift as a welcome change, many Americans worried about the negative implications of women in cars. Representations of automobiles in American literature reveal this juxtaposition between positive and negative reactions, and this thesis explores the cultural impetus behind this duality, as well as the manifestations of this duality in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, James M. Cain’s Double Indemnity, and John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath.

M.Tech. Business Administration. Business School. / The Cape Grape/Wine Industry has developed into an international industry renowned for producing some of the world's best grapes and wines. This industry is under constant threat from pests and diseases which have to be managed to remain competitive. Within this ever changing agricultural environment, the producers of crop protection products uses specific strategies to enter and capture the market with innovative new products. Agents/representatives as well as Grape growers were surveyed by means of a questionnaire to establish the needs, expectations, risks, knowledge and various other criteria that are required for an Agro-Chemical company like Bayer CropScience to be the supplier of choice of crop protection products to the industry by providing the best solutions to agents and growers alike.

Molybdenum experiments: In Australia young Merlot vines sometimes suffer from vegetative disorders such as slow, zigzagged growth and leaf distortion. Merlot is also particularly known as a low- and inconsistent-yielding grape variety. Previous research showed that when foliar applications of molybdenum (Mo) were applied to Merlot vines the vegetative symptoms improved. More recently, when sodium molybdate was applied to Mo-deficient Merlot, yield improved; a function of increased bunch weight brought about by bigger berries. It has also been reported that at high concentrations, molybdenum might be detrimental to yield. Experiments were conducted on own-rooted Merlot (clone D3V14) vines in commercial vineyards in the Adelaide Hills (Hills) and at McLaren Vale, South Australia. Effects of molybdenum deficiency on the vegetative growth and yield of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot: The aims of the current study were to: a) elucidate the mechanism by which molybdenum affects yield of Merlot; b) to monitor the effects of Mo-treatment on the balance between vine reproductive and vegetative growth; c) to monitor the residual effects of Mo-treatment on growth and yield of Merlot and; d) to determine whether high concentrations of molybdenum are detrimental to yield. Three rates of sodium molybdate were applied to vines in springtime (control = 0g, rate 1 = 0.101g and rate 2 = 0.202g sodium molybdate per vine). Vine molybdenum status was measured prior to treatment and again at flowering time using petiole, shoot tip and inflorescence analysis. The effects on vegetative growth were monitored at veraison, during dormancy and at budburst in the seasons following Mo-treatment. At flowering time, pollen vitality, pollen tube growth and flower structure were examined. Bunch number per vine, fruitset, berry weight and berry composition were measured at harvest. In the Hills, the controls had adequate molybdenum however, at McLaren Vale petiolar molybdenum concentration fell within the suggested deficiency range of 0.05-0.09 mg/kg in the petioles at flowering time. No visual symptoms of Mo-deficiency were observed on the experimental vines. At McLaren Vale, Mo-treatment reduced pruning weight and improved vine balance. Mo-treated vines in the Hills and at McLaren Vale were affected by delayed budburst in the season following Mo-treatment irrespective of their Mo-status. However, no seasonal carryover of molybdenum could be detected in tissue analysis at flowering time. Juice total soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were not affected by Mo-treatment at McLaren Vale or in the Hills. However, juice from Mo-treated vines in the Hills had a significantly higher concentration of molybdenum than the controls. At McLaren Vale there was no significant difference in juice molybdenum concentration between treatments. In the Hills, yield was not affected by Mo-treatment. However, Mo-treated vines at McLaren Vale had significantly higher yields (approximately double) than the Mo-deficient controls. Bunch number per vine was not affected by Mo-treatment, either in the year that treatments were applied or in the following season. However, bunches from Mo-treated vines had significantly better fruitset resulting in more berries per bunch. Berry weight was affected by Mo-treatment in one season only. Yield was not detrimentally affected on vines that received the higher rate of sodium molybdate. In the Hills, Mo-treatment did not affect pollen numbers, pollen vitality or pollen tube growth. At McLaren Vale, where the controls were Mo-deficient, pollen vitality was not affected by Mo-treatment. However, pollen tube growth was significantly enhanced by Mo-treatment. Significantly more pollen tubes penetrated the ovules from Mo-treated vines and a higher proportion of ovaries had at least one penetrated ovule. Structural observations revealed that a significantly higher proportion of ovules from Mo-deficient vines were defective. The absence of an embryo sac in those ovules is probably the cause of pollen tube growth inhibition and subsequent poor fruitset. Effects of mode of pollination on yield of Merlot and the interacting effects of sodium molybdate sprays: Pollination experiments were conducted on field-grown own-rooted Merlot (clone D3V14) vines in commercial vineyards in the Adelaide Hills and at McLaren Vale in 2003-04 and in 2004-05. Inflorescences were supplied with supplementary Merlot pollen (self-pollination), with pollen from another variety (cross-pollination) or they were left to pollinate naturally (open pollination). In the Hills, mode of pollination did not affect fruitset or berry weight. In 2003-04 fruitset increased significantly at McLaren Vale when inflorescences were cross-pollinated with Semillon. Applying supplementary Merlot pollen also tended to improve fruitset, however none of the treatments affected berry weight. In 2004-05 there was no significant difference between treatments. These results indicate that Merlot may be a poor producer of pollen and may suffer from self-incompatibility. Given the significant improvements in yield gained by spring foliar applications of sodium molybdate to Mo-deficient Merlot vines, in 2005-06 a reciprocal experiment was conducted to separate the effects of Mo-treatment and mode of pollination on the male and female flower parts. The aims of this experiment were to: a) determine whether the male or female reproductive organs are more important in determining the success of fruitset of Merlot and; b) determine which remedial measure, Mo-treatment or pollination, is more effective at overcoming poor fruitset. Supplementary pollination treatments—cross-pollination (Semillon); self-pollination (Mo-deficient pollen); self-pollination (Mo-treated pollen) and; open-pollination—were applied to Mo-treated and Mo-deficient vines. Cross-pollinating Mo-deficient vines with Semillon significantly improved fruitset of Merlot compared to other pollination treatments on those vines, however applying molybdenum to the vines in springtime was more effective at improving fruitset. Within the Mo-treated vines the effects of supplementary pollination on fruitset were not thought to be of any practical significance. The results of this experiment provide further evidence that Mo-deficiency affects the female flower parts more than the male reproductive organs of Merlot. The occurrence of ‘star’ flowers in Australia: In 2003 faulty flowers were discovered on Canada Muscat grown in the Coombe Vineyard at the University of Adelaide’s Waite Campus. The Canada Muscat flowers opened from the top in ‘star’ formation in contrast to normal grape flowers, which shed the calyptra from its base. Star flowers were reported in French literature in the late 1800s. They were reported to as a symptom of a ‘disease’ that caused ‘coulure’, the cure for which was vine removal. The current report is the first known report of star flowers occurring in Australia. Through dissemination of the news of this discovery, several star flower variants were found in other varieties in South Australia. The association of star flowers with poor berry development and the frequency of the occurrence of star flowers suggest that this flower aberration may be affecting yield to a greater extent than previously recognised. This study provides a detailed description of two types of star flowers: those that occur in response to environmental conditions and those that occur every season. Other star flower variants are also documented. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1280856 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007

Thesis (MSc (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Technological advances made over the past century have had a major impact on traditional wineries. Software solutions for management issues are widely available and give rise to the prospect of computerized decision support systems assisting in various aspects of managing a winery. The most popular applications seem to be concerned with supply chain management or harvest scheduling. Such projects are under way all over the globe and great success has been achieved to this e ect. However, prior to this study no such project has been considered in South Africa. The phrase active cellar scheduling problem refers to the assignment of grape batches to processors inside the cellar where bottlenecks often occur during the busy harvesting period. The phrase harvest scheduling problem, on the other hand, refers to selecting the best possible dates to harvest the respective vineyard blocks in order to preserve grape quality. A mixed integer programming model for the active cellar scheduling problem is derived in this thesis, but proves to be too time consuming to solve exactly via the branch-and-bound method. A meta-heuristic tabu search approach is therefore designed to solve the problem approximately instead. When applied to a small, ctitious cellar, it is found that the tabu search method often solves the problem optimally. The computer processing time associated with the tabu search approach also constitutes a signi cant (often thousand-fold) improvement over that of the branch-and-bound approach for realistically sized problem instances. A generic tabu search is also designed to solve the over-arching harvest scheduling problem for a general winery. This schedule is found by referring to the smaller tabu search of the active cellar scheduling in order to verify the impact that harvesting moves have on activities in the cellar. One harvesting schedule is considered a better schedule than another when it has a lower harvest evaluation score, determined by the placement of the vineyard blocks in the harvesting schedule. The harvest evaluation score takes into account the combination of vineyard blocks selected for harvesting on the same day (and their e ect on the active cellar) as well as the ripeness and quality of the grapes. Both tabu searches are nally included in a exible, computerized decision support system, called VinDSS. This system is found to produce good harvesting schedules when compared to an actual ve day schedule during the 2009 harvesting period at Wamakersvallei, a winery serving as case study for this thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tegnologiese vooruitgang oor die afgelope eeu het 'n groot invloed op tradisionele wynkelders gehad. Sagteware-oplossings wat besluitsteun tot bestuursaangeleenthede bied, is algemeen beskikbaar en het gelei tot die rekenaarmatige implementering van besluitsteunstelsels vir wynkelders. Dit blyk dat die mees popul^ere besluitsteuntoepassings in die wynindustrie te make het met besluite rakende van voorsieningskettings en oes-skedulering. Sulke besluitsteunprojekte is w^ereldwyd onderweg en het alreeds groot sukses behaal. Daar is egter tot dusver geen so 'n projek in Suid-Afrika onderneem nie. Die frase aktiewe kelderskeduleringsprobleem verwys na die toekenning van druifvragte aan masjiene binne die kelder waar bottelnekke algemeen tydens die besige parstydperk voorkom. Die frase oes-skeduleringsprobleem, daarenteen, verwys na die seleksie van bes moontlike oesdatums vir elk van die wingerdblokke om sodoende druifkwaliteit te verseker. 'n Gemengde heeltallige programmeringsmodel is vir die aktiewe kelderskeduleringsprobleem ontwikkel, maar die rekenaaroplossingstyd van hierdie benadering blyk te lank te wees om die probleem eksak deur middel van 'n vertak-en-begrens metode op te los. 'n Meta-heuristiese tabu soektog is dus ontwikkel om die probleem benaderd op te los. Wanneer hierdie benadering op 'n klein, ktiewe kelder toegepas word, word optimale oplossings dikwels verkry. Verder toon die rekenaaroplossingstyd van die tabu soektog 'n groot (in sommige gevalle byna 'n duisendvoudige) verbetering op di e van die eksakte oplossingsmetode. 'n Generiese tabu soektog is ook ontwikkel om die oorkoepelende oes-skeduleringsprobleem vir 'n algemene wynkelder op te los. So 'n oes-skedule word gevind deur na die kleiner tabu soektog vir die aktiewe kelderskedulering te verwys om sodoende die e ekte van veranderinge in die oesskedule op die prosesse binne die aktiewe kelder na te speur. Een oes-skedule word beter as 'n ander skedule beskou wanneer dit met 'n beter oes-evalueringswaarde gepaard gaan, soos deur die plasing van die wingerdblokke in die skedule bepaal. Die oes-evalueringswaarde neem die moontlike kombinasies van wingerblokke wat op dieselfde dag geoes word, in ag (en ook die e ek wat dit op aktiwiteite in die kelder het), asook die rypheid en kwaliteit van die druiwe. Beide tabu soektogte word in 'n plooibare, rekenaar-ge mplementeerde besluitsteunstelsel, bekend as VinDSS, ingesluit. Daar word gevind dat hierdie stelsel goeie oes-skedules lewer wanneer dit vergelyk word met 'n werklike vyf-dag skedule tydens die 2009 parsseisoen van Wamakersvallei, die kelder wat as gevallestudie vir hierdie tesis gedien het.

CAPES / A busca por substâncias capazes de agir na defesa vegetal é necessária para o manejo de doenças, especialmente na vitivinicultura orgânica. Na primeira parte dos testes, avaliou-se as concentrações 0; 3; 6; 9 e 12% de extrato aquoso de bagaço de uva (EABU), tratamentos padrões calda bordalesa (CB) 1% e Saccharomyces cerevisae (SC) (1 mL L-1) no controle do míldio (Plasmopara viticola) em discos de folhas e em plantas de videira, além da indução de β-1-3-glucanases e quitinase em videira e síntese de fitoalexinas em mesocótilos de sorgo. A composição química do bagaço de uva e o perfil cromatográfico do EABU a 12% foram determinados com objetivo de identificar compostos com possível ação contra míldio. O EABU aplicado em discos foliares, na concentração de 12%, reduziu em mais de 50% a severidade do míldio. Em condições de campo, o extrato foi eficiente de forma análoga ao tratamento padrão CB. Além disso, induziu a atividade das enzimas de defesa β-1-3- glucanases e quitinase 24 e 48 horas após o inicio dos primeiros sintomas da doença. A síntese de fitoalexinas também foi resposta ao tratamento com EABU. Os minerais identificados fósforo, enxofre, potássio, cálcio e magnésio e os compostos fenólicos ácidos gálico, cafeíco e vanílico e; os flavonóides catequina e epicatequina podem ter agido na defesa contra o míldio da videira. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, empregou-se a canola na forma de extrato aquoso (EAC) no controle do míldio da videira e como saches de farinha dessa brássica no controle do mofo cinzento in vivo e in vitro em Botrytis cinerea. As concentrações do EAC foram às mesmas do experimento com anterior. E, em saches utilizou-se 0; 0,8; 1,7; 2,55 e 3,4g. Constatou-se, nos dois ciclos de cultivo da videira, que o extrato prejudicou o desenvolvimento do míldio controlando entre 20 a 30% em relação ao tratamento testemunha, na concentração de 6% de extrato. A farinha de canola, possivelmente liberou compostos voláteis em todas as concentrações capazes de reduzir o crescimento micelial, produção de conídios de B. cinerea e o mofo cinzento em bagas de uva cv. Rubi. / The search for substances capable of acting in the defense of plants is a necessity for the management of diseases in the vitiviniculture organic. In the first part of the tests, 0 concentrations were evaluated; 3; 6; 9 and 12% aqueous extract of grape marc (AEGM), standard treatments Bordeaux mixture (BM) 1% and Saccharomyces cerevisae (SC) (1 mL L-1) in the control of mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in leaf and in vine plants, as well as the induction of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinase in vines and the synthesis of phytoalexins in sorghum mesocotyls. The chemical composition of the grape marc and the chromatographic profile of the AEGM at 12% were measured with a purpose of identification with anti-mildew action. The AEGM applied in foliar discs in the concentration of 12% reduced in more than 50% the severity of the mildew. In field conditions, the extract was efficient in a manner analogous to the CB standard. In addition, it induced the activity of the defense enzymes β-1-3- glucanases and chitinase 24 and 48 hours after the onset of the disease's first symptoms and phytoalexin synthesis. The minerals identified as phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium and the phenolic compounds galic, caffeic and vanillic acids; the catechin and epicatechin flavonoids. In the second part of this work, the Brassica napus in the form of aqueous extract (AEB) without control of the media and as sachets (0; 0.8; 1.7; 2.55 and 3.4g), releasing volatile compounds without raw carbon control in vivo and in vitro is used. As extract concentrations as their previous works. It was verified that the aqueous extract of B. napus harmed the development of mildew by controlling between 20 and 30% in relation to the control treatment, when 6% of extract was used in the two cycles of grapevine cultivation. Canola meal possibly released volatile compounds at all concentrations capable of reducing B. cinerea mycelial growth and conidia production as gray mold on cv. Rubi.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the recent years, the concern about wines with better sensory characteristics and biological properties has motivated many studies on the phenolic compounds. The knowledge of ripening process of these substances is related to the necessity to produce high quality wines. In this study, red grape varieties VitisviniferaMalbec, Shiraz and Tannat were evaluated in relation to their phenolic ripeness. In the first two varieties, three harvest dates of a same vineyard were evaluated. In Tannat variety, one harvest date for three different vineyards was compared. All vineyards are situated in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and they were studied in the crops of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. The grape berries were evaluated in relation to the rate of skins, seeds, and pulps; and in relation to the industrial (pH, Brix and total acidity) and phenolic ripeness. For this last evaluation, 125 berries were crushed and macerated at pH 1.0 and pH 3.2 for 4 hours. Then, the following parameters were evaluated: extractability of anthocyanins (EA%), tannins in the skins (dpell%), tannins in the seeds (Mp%), total polyphenolic index (TPI 280), total anthocyanins (ApH1,0) and extractable anthocyanins (ApH3,2). Malbec and Shiraz varieties were micro-vinified by traditional method of red vinification, then the final wine was evaluated for its physic-chemical properties (pH and total acidity) and the content of phenolic compounds (IPT, total polyphenols, tannins, and anthocyanins). The analyses were performed in triplicate and statistically evaluated by the Tukey test at 5% of probability, by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and by linear correlation. For Malbec variety, the outcomes showed a bigger industrial and phenolic ripeness (more Brix, less Total Acidity, more IPT, more content of anthocyanins and low values of Mp% and dpell%) to the 2010/2011 crop and later harvests. The Shiraz variety showed higher levels of total anthocyanins, extractable anthocyanins, and IPT in the second harvest date. The phenolic ripeness in the second crop was also higher for this variety, which had a higher extractability of anthocyanins (less EA%) and a great ripeness of tannins from the seeds and skins (lower Mp% and higher dpell%, respectively). For Tannat variety, the sample of Itaqui (warmer region) showed a higher content of anthocyanins and IPT in the first crop, which is similar to the sample of Dom Pedrito (less warmer region than Itaqui) in the following crop. In PCA, the samples were amounted by the influence of crop and the harvest date. The wine of both varieties presented higher levels of total phenolic, anthocyanins, and IPT in the vinification of later harvest and the crop of 2010/2011. The total polyphenol content, IPT 280, and the content of anthocyanins in wines were highly correlated with the rate of the industrial ripeness of the grape, content of extractable anthocyanins (ApH 3.2), tannin content in skins (Mp%). It is possible to conclude that later harvest can provide a grape with a higher phenolic ripeness. However, this ripeness is closely related and dependent on appropriate weather conditions of harvest. / Nos últimos anos, a preocupação por vinhos com melhores características sensoriais e propriedades biológicas tem motivado inúmeros estudos sobre os compostos fenólicos. O conhecimento sobre o processo de maturação dessas substâncias vem ao encontro da necessidade de se produzir um vinho de maior qualidade. Neste estudo, as variedades tintas Vitis vinifera Malbec, Shiraz e Tannat foram avaliadas quanto à sua maturação fenólica. Para as duas primeiras variedades, avaliaram-se três datas de colheita de um mesmo vinhedo. Para a variedade Tannat, comparou-se uma data de colheita de três vinhedos distintos. Todos os vinhedos localizam-se no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e foram estudados nas safras de 2009-2010 e 2010-2011. As bagas de uva foram avaliadas quanto à proporção de cascas, sementes e polpa, quanto à maturação industrial (pH, Brix e Acidez Total) e quanto à maturação fenólica. Para esta última avaliação, 125 bagas foram triturados e macerados em pH 1,0 e pH 3,2 por 4 horas; após, avaliou-se os seguintes parâmetros: extratibilidade de antocianinas (EA%), taninos nas cascas (dpell%), taninos nas sementes (Mp%), Índice Polifenólico Total (IPT 280), antocianinas totais (ApH1,0) e antocianinas extraíveis (ApH3,2). As variedades Malbec e Shiraz foram microvinificadas pelo método tradicional de vinificação em tinto, e o vinho final foi avaliado quanto às propriedades físico-químicas (pH e Acidez Total) e ao teor de compostos fenólicos (IPT280, Polifenóis Totais, Taninos e Antocianinas). As análises foram realizadas em triplicata e estatisticamente avaliadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, por Análise de Componente Principal (PCA) e por correlação linear. Para a variedade Malbec, os resultados evidenciaram maior maturação industrial e fenólica (maior Brix, menor Acidez Total, maior IPT280, maior teor de antocianinas e dpell%e baixos valores de Mp%) para a safra de 2010-2011 e para as colheitas mais tardias. A variedade Shiraz demonstrou maiores teores de antocianinas totais, antocianinas extraíveis e IPT na segunda data de colheita. A maturação fenólica na segunda safra também foi superior para esta variedade, observando-se maior extratibilidade de antocianinas (menor EA%) e maior maturação dos taninos das sementes e das cascas (menor Mp% e maior dpell%, respectivamente). Para a variedade Tannat, a amostra de Itaqui (região de clima mais quente) apresentou maior teor de antocianinas e IPT280 na primeira safra, equiparando-se à amostra de Dom Pedrito (região de clima menos quente que Itaqui) na safra seguinte. Na PCA, as amostras foram agrupadas pela influência da safra e data de colheita. Os vinhos de ambas as variedades apresentaram maiores teores de compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas e IPT280 nas vinificações de colheitas mais tardias e na safra de 2010-2011. O conteúdo de polifenóis totais, IPT 280 e o conteúdo de antocianinas nos vinhos foram altamente correlacionados com os índices de maturação industrial da uva, teor de antocianinas extraíveis (ApH 3,2), teor de taninos nas cascas (dpell%) e teor de taninos nas sementes (Mp%). Conclui-se que colheitas mais tardias podem proporcionar uma uva de maior maturação fenólica. Porém, esta maturação está intimamente relacionada e dependente de adequadas condições climáticas da safra.

Submitted by ANA PAULA MAIA PAIVA (anapaula.agro@ymail.com) on 2018-10-18T14:38:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE ANA PAULA MAIA PAIVA-Final.pdf: 2467388 bytes, checksum: c5d2a5d139387fb46d6c4ecbefc34c9d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (algkempinas@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-10-18T17:16:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_apm_dr_botfca.pdf: 2471505 bytes, checksum: e8cdc3ef558b842f8b02e93e3f5dd2f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T17:16:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_apm_dr_botfca.pdf: 2471505 bytes, checksum: e8cdc3ef558b842f8b02e93e3f5dd2f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de uva para suco e vinho, cultivadas em São Manuel, SP, nas variáveis de fenologia, evolução da maturação, produção, características físicas, químicas e bioquímicas nas bagas e cachos. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção de São Manuel, SP, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu FCA/UNESP, no Laboratório de Fruticultura do Departamento de Horticultura da FCA/UNESP e no Laboratório de Química e Bioquímica Vegetal do Departamento de Química e Bioquímica do Instituto de Biociências do IBB/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP, no período de agosto de 2014 a janeiro de 2017. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro cultivares de uvas para suco e vinho (BRS Violeta, Bordô, BRS Cora e BRS Carmem) sobre o porta-enxerto ‘IAC 572’. Foram avaliadas a produção e produtividade; massas frescas de cacho (MFC) e engaço (MFE); comprimento e largura de cachos e engaços; número de bagas por cacho; massa fresca (MFB), comprimento (CB) e largura de bagas (LB); número e massa fresca de sementes por baga (MFSB); relação MFSB/MFB; sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT; pH, antocianinas monoméricas totais, polifenóis totais, flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante das uvas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Embora com variações entre os ciclos produtivos, as cultivares BRS Violeta e BRS Cora apresentaram maiores produção e produtividade nos ciclos avaliados. Por sua vez, apesar das boas características físicas de cachos da cultivar BRS Carmem, essa videira juntamente com as videiras da cultivar Bordô apresentaram baixo potencial produtivo, o que pode ser um fator limitante para seu cultivo na região de estudo. Apesar dos altos níveis de acidez titulável em todas as uvas produzidas no segundo ciclo, pode-se afirmar que as condições climáticas na região de São Manuel proporcionaram boas características químicas das uvas, que apresentaram teor de sólidos solúveis mínimos para a elaboração de sucos. Ainda assim a uva ‘BRS Cora’ manteve altos níveis de acidez titulável. A avaliação do cultivo das diferentes cultivares para a elaboração de suco e/ou vinho de mesa, mostrou ter potencial, pois os possíveis desequilíbrios de cada uma podem ser corrigidos por meio de cortes durante o processamento. Uvas da cultivar BRS Violeta apresentaram os maiores teores de polifenóis totais e maior atividade antioxidante. Alto conteúdo desses compostos também foi encontrado nas uvas Bordô e BRS Cora. O conteúdo de antocianinas monoméricas totais, polifenóis totais e, principalmente, de flavonoides totais está correlacionada positivamente à atividade antioxidante das uvas. / The objective of this work was to evaluate grape cultivars for juice and wine, cultivated in São Manuel, SP, in phenology, production, physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm for Teaching Research and Production of São Manuel, SP, belonging to the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Campus de Botucatu FCA / UNESP, at the Fruit Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture of FCA / UNESP and at the Laboratory of Chemistry and Plant Biochemistry of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Institute of Biosciences of IBB / UNESP, in Botucatu-SP, from August 2014 to January 2017. The treatments consisted of four cultivars of grapes for juice and wine (BRS Violeta, Bordô, BRS Cora and BRS Carmem) on the rootstock 'IAC 572'. Production and productivity were evaluated; Fresh bunch (MFC) and stalks (MFE); Length and width of bunches and stalks; Number of berries per cluster; Fresh mass (MFB), length (CB) and width of berries (LB); Number and fresh mass of seeds per berry (MFSB); MFSB / MFB ratio; Soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), SS / AT ratio; PH, total monomeric anthocyanins, total polyphenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of grapes. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test, at 5% probability. Although with variations between the productive cycles, cultivars BRS Violeta and BRS Cora presented higher production and productivity in the evaluated cycles. On the other hand, in spite of the good physical characteristics of curls of the BRS Carmem cultivar, this vine along with the vines of the cultivar Bordô presented / displayed low productive potential, what can be a limiting factor for its cultivation in the region of study. In spite of the high levels of titratable acidity in all the grapes produced in the second cycle, it can be stated that the climatic conditions in the São Manuel region provided good chemical characteristics of the grapes, which presented minimum soluble solids content for juice production. Still the 'BRS Cora' grape maintained high levels of titratable acidity. The evaluation of the cultivation of the different cultivars for the elaboration of juice and / or table wine, showed to have potential, because the possible imbalances of each one can be corrected through cuts during the processing. Grapes of the cultivar BRS Violeta showed the highest total polyphenol content and higher antioxidant activity. High content of these compounds was also found in Bordô and BRS Cora grapes. The content of total monomeric anthocyanins, total polyphenols and, mainly, total flavonoids correlates mainly with the antioxidant activity of grapes. / 001

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaEOS_TESE.pdf: 1511636 bytes, checksum: 3d05a219dcdd34974dc4081e78197054 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-23 / This study aims at characterizing the phenological behaviour, thermal requirements and the ripening evolution of seedless grapes 'BRS Morena', 'BRS Clara' and 'BRS Linda' varieties, as well as improving techniques for postharvest storage according to the conditions of the Sub-middle São Francisco River Valley.Three experiments were carried in Petrolina, PE, in the 2010 harvest. Experiment I was aiming to identify the phenology, thermal requirements and the physical and physicochemical features in the harvest point. For this purpose, phenological periods were characterized, since pruning until early stage of budding, flowering, fruiting, ripening and harvesting, in addition to thermal requirements for each phase, expressed in degree-days. In the harvest point, it was also determined, the weight of the bunches, the diameter of the berries, the pulp firmness, the soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and the pH. Due to the results obtained during the study period, the cycles of the vines from pruning and harvesting were 95 days and DG 1,449, for 'BRS Morena'; DG 1,497 and 97 days for 'BRS Clara', and 103 days and 1,592 DG to 'BRS Linda '. In general, the cultivars 'BRS Morena' and 'BRS Clara' had the physical and physicochemical potential for domestic and international marketing, provided that management practices are used to improve physical characteristics of these cultivars. Experiment II, in turn, aimed at monitoring the weekly progress of ripening. After the change of color of the berries, physical and physicochemical properties were assessed, with emphasis on bunch weight, berry diameter and length, pulp firmness, SS, TA, pH and skin anthocyanins. The last one held only for 'BRS Morena'. The evolution of the ripening of the grapes 'BRS Morena', 'BRS Clara' and 'BRS Linda' is characterized by significant increases in bunch weight, berry diameter and length, SS content, pH and anthocyanins, and decreases of acidity and pulp firmness, the harvest can be conducted from 95 days for cultivar 'BRS Morena'; 97 days for 'BRS Clara', and 103 days for 'BRS Linda'. Experiment III studied the influence of packaging associated with post-harvest cooling. In this experiment, the bunches were packaged in PET containers, plastic bags and contention plastic bags and packed in cardboard boxes, and then stored under refrigeration at 0 ± 1 º C and 83 ± 3% RH for 0, 15, 25 and 35 days. For each storage period, the bunches were evaluated for: weight loss, stalk quality, pulp firmness, SS and TA. In the specific conditions of this experiment, we recommend the use of plastic packaging, PET containers and plastic bags, associated with contention bags for the conservation of 'BRS Morena', 'BRS Clara' and 'BRS Linda' postharvest grapes / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento fenológico, a exigência térmica e a evolução da maturação das uvas apirênicas 'BRS Morena', 'BRS Clara' e 'BRS Linda'; bem como aprimorar as técnicas de conservação pós-colheita, nas condições do Vale do Submédio do Rio São Francisco. Foram conduzidos três experimentos em Petrolina, PE, na safra de 2010. O Experimento I teve com objetivo caracterizar o comportamento fenológico, a exigência térmica e as características físicas e físico-químicas, no ponto de colheita. Para tanto, foram caracterizados os períodos fenológicos, desde a poda até o início das fases de brotação, floração, frutificação, maturação e colheita, além dos requerimentos térmicos para cada fase, expressos em graus-dia. No ponto de colheita, foram determinados, também, a massa dos cachos, o diâmetro das bagas, a firmeza da polpa, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), a acidez titulável (AT) e o pH. Em função dos resultados obtidos durante o período estudado, os ciclos das videiras entre a poda e a colheita foram de 95 dias e 1.449 GD, para 'BRS Morena'; 97 dias e 1.497 GD, para 'BRS Clara'; e 103 dias e 1.592 GD, para 'BRS Linda'. De maneira geral, as uvas dos cultivares 'BRS Morena' e 'BRS Clara' apresentaram características físicas e físico-químicas com potencial de comercialização para os mercados, nacional e internacional, desde que, práticas de manejo sejam utilizadas, no sentido de melhorar algumas características físicas desses cultivares. O Experimento II, por sua vez, objetivou acompanhar a evolução semanal da maturação. Após a mudança de cor das bagas, foram realizadas avaliações físicas e físico-químicas, com destaque para massa dos cachos, diâmetro e comprimento das bagas, firmeza da polpa, SS, AT, pH e antocianinas da casca. Esta, realizada apenas para BRS Morena . A evolução da maturação das uvas 'BRS Morena', 'BRS Clara' e 'BRS Linda' caracterizou-se por aumentos significativos de massa dos cachos, diâmetro e comprimento das bagas, teor de SS, pH e antocianinas, e por decréscimos da acidez e firmeza da polpa, podendo ser realizada a sua colheita a partir de 95 dias, para cultivar 'BRS Morena'; 97 dias, para 'BRS Clara'; e 103 dias, para 'BRS Linda'. No Experimento III estudou-se a influência de embalagens associadas à refrigeração na pós-colheita. Neste experimento, os cachos foram embalados em recipientes PET, sacolinhas e bolsas contentoras plásticas e acondicionados em caixas de papelão, sendo, em seguida, armazenados sob refrigeração a 0±1 ºC e 83±3% de U.R., por 0, 15, 25 e 35 dias. Para cada período de armazenamento, os cachos foram avaliados quanto a: perda de massa, qualidade do engaço, firmeza da polpa, SS e AT. Nas condições específicas desse experimento, recomenda-se o uso das embalagens plásticas, recipiente de PET e sacolinha plástica, associados às bolsas contentoras, para a conservação pós-colheita das uvas 'BRS Morena', 'BRS Clara' e 'BRS Linda'