This thesis presents results from two separate studies. First, the impact of bearer length on yield components within the canopy was investigated in season 2005/06, on a commercially-managed, mechanically-pruned vineyard of Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon in Coonawarra, South Australia. Pruning resulted in the retention of bearers with 1-7 nodes, with the weighted average bearer length being two nodes for the canopy. As bearers of one to five nodes in length were the most common, these were studied. Yield components (on a per shoot basis) were analysed according to the node position on the bearer at which the shoot arose. Both budburst and inflorescence number per node were highest at the distal node positions on each length bearer, even if the nodes were at the same positions from the base of the bearer and would normally be expected to have similar fertility. Budburst appeared to act by modifying inflorescence number per node based on the relative location of each node from the apex of the bearer. Shoots that arose from the most distal node positions had the highest flower number per inflorescence and berry number per bunch. Flower number per inflorescence was significantly higher on two-inflorescence shoots than single-inflorescence shoots. The relationship between bunch size and node position, unlike that between inflorescence number and node position, was dependent on bearer length. The relative size of the inflorescence appeared to be affected more so by the node pOSition at which the shoot occurred on the bearer, as opposed to the actual node position on the shoot at which the inflorescence occurred. There was a positive, non-linear relationship between average fruit yield per bearer and bearer length. Although yield was highest from the bearer with the highest node number (five nodes), there was no significant difference in yield per bearer for the bearers of three to five nodes in length. If average bearer length was increased from two to three nodes, the potential yield gain per bearer is estimated at 38 per cent. The second study presents results of correlations between bunch number and components of bunch weight (flower number and berry number) to investigate co-development of bunch number and bunch size. These data were collected from 4 vineyards in the Limestone Coast Zone of South Australia from Vilis vinifera L. Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabemet Sauvignon during seasons 2002/03 to 2006/07. The significant correlations found between fertility and both bunch weight and flower number per inflorescence suggest that the same factors that affect bunch number in a particular season will also affect bunch size. When inflorescence primordia were initiated and differentiated under cool conditions, actual bunches per node and flowers per inflorescence were low. Differences in climate between the vineyard sites were found to be minimal and therefore did not strongly affect the magnitude of the yield components at the vineyard sites. Cultural practices at each vineyard site were sufficiently variable to affect fertility levels. Genotype is thought to determine the range of flowers per inflorescence that a variety can potentially carry, whereas actual flower number per inflorescence is thought to be determined by inflorescence primordium initiation and differentiation temperatures, as well as temperatures during budburst. Despite significant correlations between flower number per inflorescence and berry number per bunch, flower number per inflorescence preflowering for Cabemet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Chardonnay is inversely related to actual percentage fruit set. This is possibly a survival mechanism for the grapevine as it allows the vine to maximise yield each season without detriment to its longevity. Bunches per vine accounted for the majority of the seasonal variation in yield per vine. Fluctuations in bunch number per vine (and therefore yield) are likely to be reduced by varying the number of nodes retained per vine according to the relative fruitfulness per node present pre-pruning. This practice is therefore likely to result in the seasonal variation of berries per bunch becoming a stronger driver of yield. The commercial impacts of these studies are two-fold. Data presented will assist growers to understand the reasons for which their pruning regimes are affecting yield production and how these pruning regimes may be modified to achieve a target yield-particularly when growers are faced with seasons of low predicted fertility. In addition, data presented will allow growers to improve their crop forecasting accuracy, with a greater understanding of the link between bunch number and bunch size. In the current situation of oversupply in the wine industry, wineries are adopting a tough stance towards growers over-delivering on their grape contracts. Therefore, any assistance that can be provided to growers on improving accuracy of yield estimates will be beneficial both to the grower and winery. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1352744 / Thesis (M.Ag.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2009

Downy mildew, caused by the biotrophic Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most important diseases of grapevines world wide. It is particularly destructive in temperate viticultural regions that experience warm wet conditions during the vegetative growth of the vine (Wong et al., 2001). The disease is not normally a problem in mediterranean climates where the growing season tends to be hot and dry (Mullins et al., 1992; Sivasithamparam, 1993). Grape downy mildew is however a major disease in Australian viticulture (McLean et al., 1984; Magarey et al., 1991). Grape downy mildew was first reported in Europe in 1878 (Viennot-Bourgin, 1981). In Australia, it was recorded for the first time in 1917 at Rutherglen in Victoria (Vic) (de Castella, 1917). The first recorded outbreak of the disease in Western Australia (WA) occurred in 1997 in a small planting of vines in the far north of the state. In the subsequent year, it was detected in widespread commercial viticulture in the Swan Valley production area, near Perth (McKirdy et al., 1999). The pathogen has since been found in all grape growing regions of WA. Since its introduction into European vineyards in the 1880?s, P. viticola has become one of the world?s most investigated grapevine pathogens. Many aspects its basic biology however remain unknown (Wong et al., 2001). Due to the recent detection of P. viticola in WA, little is known of the nature of strains of the pathogen in the state and their response to local environmental conditions. Much of the research concerning the influence of environmental factors on the development of P. viticola has been conducted in Europe e.g. parts of France and Germany. Due to significant differences in climatic conditions and a shorter selection time on the pathogen in WA, much of the information described in European studies may not be directly applicable to the grape downy mildew disease situation in WA. The focus of this thesis was to examine epidemiological aspects of P. viticola in the mediterranean climate of WA. The environmental conditions that could favour the development of epidemics by strains of the pathogen that have been detected in the state were determined. The existence of P. viticola ecotypes and genetic variation among strains from WA and the Eastern states of Australia was also investigated.

Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Title page: Dept. of Genetics, Faculty of Science / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Next-generation sequencing technologies are increasingly used in metagenomic studies, largely due to the high sequence data throughput capacity and unbiased approach in determining the genetic composition of an unknown environmental sample. This study investigated the applicability of the Illumina next-generation sequencing platform for metagenomic sequencing of grapevine viruses to provide the first complete viral profile, or virome, of a diseased vineyard. Leaf material was harvested from 44 randomly selected vines in a leafroll-diseased vineyard in South Africa. Sample material was pooled and double-stranded RNA extracted. The dsRNA was sequenced as a paired-end sequencing run using the Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis technique, and more than 19 million sequence reads, equivalent to approximately 837 megabases of metagenomic sequence data, were obtained. Of these data, approximately 400 megabases could be assembled into 449 scaffolds, using the de novo assembler Velvet. These scaffolds were subjected to BLAST searches against the NCBI databases and top hit scores were used for virus identification. Based on the BLAST results, suitable sequences were selected from the NCBI database and used as reference sequence in MAQ mapping assemblies. The bioinformatic analyses allowed for the determination of the virus species present, the most prominent variants, and the relative abundance of each. Four known grapevine viral pathogens were identified. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, representing 59% of the analyzed short read sequence data, was identified as the most prominent virus species. Three variants of this virus were detected: GP18 was the most abundant, followed by a minor Cl766/NY1 variant and a potential novel grapevine leafroll-associated ampelovirus. A single Grapevine rupestris stem pitting ]associated virus variant, similar to SG1, and a Grapevine virus A variant, a member of molecular group III, were identified. This study is also the first to report the presence of Grapevine virus E (GVE) in South African vineyards. Grapevine virus E was further genetically characterized and the genome sequence of GVE isolate SA94 determined. The GVE SA94 genome sequence, 7568 nucleotides in length, is the first complete genome sequence for the virus species. The genome organization of GVE SA94 is typical of vitiviruses, but in contrast to other RNA viruses, the AlkB domain is located within the helicase domain in open reading frame 1 (ORF 1). Grapevine virus E SA94 shares nearly 100% nucleotide identity with the Japanese TvP15 isolate and GVE 3404, a de novo scaffold generated from the metagenomic sequence data. Bioinformatic analysis of metagenomic sequence data further revealed the presence of three fungus-infecting viral families, Chrysoviridae, Totiviridae and the unclassified dsRNA virus, Fusarium graminearum dsRNA mycovirus 4. A virus from the family Chrysoviridae, similar to Penicillium chrysogenum virus, was the second most abundant virus detected. We demonstrated the successful application of a short read sequencing technology, such as the Illumina platform, for viral profiling of an infected vineyard. To our knowledge this is the first application of the Illumina technology for this purpose. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volgende-generasie tegnologie om basis volgordes van nukleiensure te bepaal, word al meer gebruik in metagenomiese studies. Dit is veral weens die hoe data-omset kapasiteit en onbevooroordeelde aanslag in die bepaling van die genetiese samestelling van onbekende omgewingsmonsters. Hierdie studie het die aanwending van die Illumina volgende-generasie volgorde-bepalingsplatform in 'n metagenomiese studie van wingerdvirusse, ondersoek. Dit het ten doel gehad om die eerste volledige virus profiel, of viroom, van 'n geinfekteerde wingerd saam te stel. Blaarmateriaal is verkry vanaf 44 lukraak-gekose wingerdstokke in 'n rolblad-geinfekteerde wingerd in Suid-Afrika. Monster materiaal is saamgevoeg en dubbelstring-RNS geekstraheer. Die dubbelstring-RNS is onderwerp aan gepaarde-ent volgorde-bepaling deur gebruik te maak van die Illumina volgorde-bepaling-deur-sintese tegniek. Meer as 19 miljoen volgorde reekse, ekwivalent aan ongeveer 837 megabasisse volgorde data, is verkry. Van hierdie data kon ongeveer 400 megabasisse saamgevoeg word in 449 konstrukte ("scaffolds"), deur gebruik te maak van die de novo samesteller Velvet. Hierdie konstrukte is onderwerp aan BLAST soektogte teen die NCBI databasisse en die hoogste trefslag-telling is gebruik vir virus identifikasie. Op grond van die "BLAST" resultate is geskikte volgordes geselekteer vanaf die NCBI databasis en gebruik as verwysingvolgordes in MAQ kartering-analises. Met die bioinfomatika analises kon die virus spesies teenwoordig, asook die mees prominente variante en relatiewe voorkoms van elk, bepaal word. Vier bekende virus wingerdpatogene is geidentifiseer. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, verteenwoordig deur 59% van die geanaliseerde kort-reeks volgorde data, is identifiseer as die mees prominente virus spesie. Drie variante van die virus is in die wingerdmonster opgespoor: GP18 kom die mees algemeen voor, gevolg deur 'n CL-766/NY1 variant en 'n potensiele nuwe wingerd rolblad-geassosieerde ampelovirus. 'n Enkele Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus variant, soortgelyk aan SG1, en 'n Grapevine virus A variant, 'n lid van molekulere groep III, is geidentifiseer. Hierdie studie is ook die eerste om die teenwoordigheid van Grapevine virus E (GVE) in Suid-Afrikaanse wingerde te rapporteer. Grapevine virus E is verder geneties gekarakteriseer en die genoomvolgorde van GVE isolaat SA94 is bepaal. Die GVE SA94 genoomvolgorde, 7568 nukleotiede lank, is die eerste volledige genoomvolgorde vir hierdie virus spesie. Die genoomorganisasie is tipies van vitivirusse, maar in kontras met ander RNA virusse is die AlkB domein binne-in die helikase domein van oopleesraam 1 (ORF 1) geleë. Grapevine virus E SA94 deel byna 100% nukleotied identiteit met die Japannese TvP15 isolaat en GVE 3404, 'n de novo konstruk gegenereer vanaf die metagenomiese volgorde data. Bioinformatika analises van die metagenomiese volgorde data het verder die teenwoordigheid van drie swam-infekterende virus families, die Chrysoviridae, Totiviridae en ongeklassifiseerde dubbelstring-RNS virus, Fusarium graminearum dsRNA mycovirus 4, aangetoon. 'n Virus van die Chrysoviridae familie, soortgelyk aan Penicillium chrysogenum virus, het die tweede meeste voorgekom in die wingerd monster. Hierdie studie demonstreer die suksesvolle toepassing van 'n kort reeks volgorde-bepalingstegnologie soos die Illumina platform, vir die opstel van 'n virusprofiel van 'n geinfekteerde wingerd. Sover ons kennis strek is hierdie die eerste aanwending van die Illumina tegnologie vir hierdie doel.

Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as possible source of resistance against a range of pathogens in grapevine. Whilst the ultimate aim would be to express AMPs in grapevine, the development of transgenic grapevine is time consuming and therefore pre-screening of potential AMPs is necessary. These small molecules, of less than 50 amino acids in length, are expressed by almost all organisms as part of their non-specific defence system. In vitro pre-screening of AMP activity is valuable but is limited since the activity on artificial media may differ from the AMP activity in planta. These tests are also restricted to pathogens which can be cultured in vitro. These limitations can be overcome by using transient expression systems to determine the in planta activity of AMPs against pathogens of interest. In this study transient systems were used to express AMPs in developed plant tissue to test their efficacy against grapevine pathogens such as Agrobacterium vitis, Xylophilus ampelinus and aster yellows phytoplasma. Aster yellows phytoplasma, which was recently discovered in local vineyards, is known to cause extensive damage and therefore pose a great threat to the South African grapevine industry. To study the in planta effect of AMPs against the abovementioned pathogens, transient expression vectors were constructed expressing either of the AMPs D4E1 or Vv-AMP1. D4E1 is a synthetically designed AMP known to be active against bacteria and fungi, while Vv-AMP1, isolated from grapevine berries, has already shown activity against fungi. In a transient approach in grapevine, the expression of foreign genes from viral and non-viral vectors was confirmed by expression of the marker genes β-glucuronidase and Green Fluorescent Protein, while tissue-printing immunoassays confirmed viral replication and systemic spread in Nicotiana benthamiana. The viral vectors were based on the phloem-limited virus grapevine virus A. Only Agrobacterium-mediated 35S transient expression vectors were used for AMP in planta activity screening since the viral-mediated expression in grapevine was insufficient for screening against A. vitis and X. ampelinus as it was restricted to phloem tissues after whole-leaf infiltration. No phytoplasma-infected material could be established and as a result AMP activity screening was only performed against the A. vitis and X. ampelinus. Quantification of the bacteria was performed by qPCR. Vv-AMP1 did not show activity against either of the two bacteria in planta while D4E1 was found to be active against both. The observed in planta activity of D4E1 correlated with the in vitro activity as measured in an AMP plate bioassay. In contrast to in vitro screenings, the in planta AMP activity screening might give a more accurate representation of the potential antimicrobial activity of the peptide in a transgenic plant environment. This study proved that transient expression systems can be used as a pre-screening method of AMP activity in planta against grapevine pathogens, allowing the screening of various AMPs in a relatively short period of time before committing to transgenic grapevine development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die gebruik van antimikrobiese peptiede (AMPe) as 'n moontlik bron van weerstand teen 'n reeks van patogene in wingerd ondersoek. Alhoewel die uiteindelike doel sal wees om AMPe uit te druk in wingerd, is transgeniese wingerd ontwikkeling tydrowend en daarom is vooraf evaluering van potensiële AMPe nodig. Hierdie klein molekules, van minder as 50 aminosure in lengte, word uitgedruk deur amper alle organismes as deel van hul nie-spesifieke verdedigingsisteem. In vitro vooraf evaluering van AMP aktiwiteit is van waarde, maar is beperk aangesien die aktiwiteit op kunsmatige media mag verskil van die AMP-aktiwiteit in planta. Hierdie toetse is ook beperk tot patogene wat in vitro gekweek kan word. Hierdie beperkinge kan oorkom word deur gebruik te maak van tydelike uitdrukkingsisteme om die in planta aktiwiteit van AMPe te bepaal teen patogene van belang. In hierdie studie is tydelike uitdrukkingsisteme gebruik om AMPe uit te druk in ontwikkelde plantweefsel om hul effektiwiteite te toets teen wingerdpatogene soos Agrobacterium vitis, Xylophilus ampelinus en aster yellows fitoplasma. Aster yellows fitoplasmas, wat onlangs in plaaslike wingerde ontdek is, is bekend vir die uitgebreide skade wat hul aanrig en hou daarom 'n groot bedreiging in vir die Suid-Afrikaanse wingerd industrie. Om die in planta effek van AMPe teen die bogenoemde patogene te bestudeer is tydelike uitdrukkingsvektore ontwikkel wat die AMPe D4E1 of Vv-AMP1 uitdruk. D4E1 is 'n sinteties-ontwerpte AMP wat aktief is teen bakterieë en fungi, terwyl Vv-AMP1, wat uit druiwekorrels geïsoleer is, alreeds aktiwiteit teen fungi getoon het. In 'n tydelike uitdrukkingsbenadering in wingerd is die uitdrukking van transgene, vanaf virus of nie-virus gebaseerde vektore, bevestig deur die uitdrukking van die merker gene β-glukuronidase en die Groen Fluoresserende Proteïen, terwyl weefsel afdrukkings-immunotoetse virus replisering en sistemiese beweging in Nicotiana benthamiana bevestig het. Die virusvektore was gebaseer op die floëem-beperkte virus, wingerdvirus A. Slegs Agrobacterium-bemiddelde 35S tydelike uitdrukkingsvektore is gebruik om die AMP in planta aktiwiteit te bepaal aangesien die virus-bemiddelde uitdrukking in wingerd onvoldoende was vir evaluering teen A. vitis en X. ampelinus weens die beperking tot die floëem weefsel na infiltrering van die totale blaar. Geen fitoplasma geïnfekteerde materiaal kon gevestig word nie, en daarom is AMP aktiwiteitsevaluering slegs teen A. vitis en X. ampelinus uitgevoer. Kwantifisering van die bakterieë is deur middel van qPCR uitgevoer. Vv-AMP1 het geen aktiwiteit getoon teen enige van die bakterieë in planta nie, terwyl D4E1 aktief was teen beide. Die waargenome in planta aktiwiteit van D4E1 het ooreengestem met die in vitro aktiwiteit soos bepaal deur 'n AMP plaat bio-toets. In kontras tot in vitro evaluering kan die in planta AMP-aktiwiteit evaluering 'n meer akkurate voorspelling bied van die potensiële antimikrobiese aktiwiteite van die peptied in 'n transgeniese plant omgewing. Hierdie studie het bewys dat tydelike uitdrukkingsisteme gebruik kan word as 'n voorafgaande evalueringsmetode vir AMP in planta aktiwiteit teen wingerdpatogene, wat die evaluering van 'n verskeidenheid AMPe in 'n relatiewe kort tydperk toelaat voor verbintenis tot die ontwikkeling van transgeniese wingerd.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS12DA010.pdf: 3217381 bytes, checksum: 345dcfe3caa8168fae0e2fe64e17df72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The wine industry has been expanding its participation in the economy of the Planalto Sul Santa Catarina. The soil and climate are two important factors in defining the composition of grapes for winemaking. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of the chemical, physical and soil water storage elevation and assess what are the conditions that foster productivity and composition of wine grapes. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard, located in São Joaquim (SC), Cfb type climate, subtropical (mesothermal) in a Pachic Humudepts and a Typic Dystrudepts in yields between 2008 and 2011. The variety was Cabernet Sauvignon, established in 2003, grafted on Paulsen in 1103 and conducted cordon training system, shady. Each soil in a grid with 37 points, samples were collected for determination of physical and chemical properties of soil. Soil moisture was measured periodically in two seasons. At each point were collected bunches of grapes to determine their physical, physico-chemical and phenolic compounds. Data were submitted to exploratory analysis, geostatistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson linear correlation. Means were compared by "t" test. The soil type and its position in the landscape influence the spatial variability of physical and chemical properties of soils in the vineyards of altitude. There is spatial variability of chemical and physical attributes in the two Inceptisols, classified as medium to high for the physical attributes and high and very high for the chemical. In Pachic Humudepts variability water storage is less than the Typic Dystrudepts, and is more water available to the vines. The Typic Dystrudepts, with better drainage produces grapes with the most suitable composition to the making of fine wines, while the Pachic Humudepts in years with higher rainfall has negatively affected the composition of the grape. The physical and physico-chemical properties of the grape are dependent on soil and climate, with more pronounced effect of climate / A vitivinicultura vem expandindo a sua participação na economia da região do Planalto Sul Catarinense. O solo e o clima são dois fatores importantes na definição da composição da uva para vinificação. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal de atributos químicos, físicos e o armazenamento de água de solos de altitude e avaliar quais são as condições que favorecem a produtividade e a composição das uvas viniferas. O experimento foi realizado em um vinhedo comercial, localizado em São Joaquim (SC), com clima do tipo Cfb, subtropical (mesotérmico), em um Cambissolo Húmico e um Cambissolo Háplico, nas safras entre 2008 a 2011. A variedade foi a Cabernet Sauvignon, implantada em 2003, enxertada sobre Paulsen 1103 e conduzida no sistema de condução espaldeira, sob sombrite. Em cada solo, em uma malha com 37 pontos, amostras foram coletadas para a determinação dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. A umidade do solo foi determinada periodicamente, em duas safras. Em cada ponto foram coletados cachos de uvas para a determinação de suas características físicas, físico-químicas e compostos fenólicos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise exploratória, geoestatística, análise de variância (ANOVA) e correlação linear de Pearson. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste t . O tipo de solo e sua posição na paisagem influenciam a variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos e químicos dos solos nos vinhedos de altitude. Há variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos e físicos nos dois Cambissolos, classificada em média a alta para os atributos físicos e alta e muito alta para os atributos químicos. No Cambissolo Húmico a variabilidade do armazenamento de água é menor do que no Cambissolo Háplico, e tem mais água disponível para as videiras. O Cambissolo Háplico, com melhor drenagem produz uva com composição mais adequada à elaboração de vinhos finos, enquanto o Cambissolo Húmico em anos de maior pluviosidade tem a composição da uva afetada negativamente. As características físicas e físico-químicas da uva são dependentes do solo e do clima, com efeito mais pronunciado do clima

Resumo: Realizou-se nos municípios de Jundiaí e Louveira-SP, levantamento do estado nutricional e de produtividade de 20 vinhedos de þNiagara Rosadaþ enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 766 e outros 20 enxertadas sobre o 'Ripária do Traviú'. Coletaram-se amostras de solo a 0-20 e 20-40cm de profundidade na linha e na entrelinha de plantio; amostras de folha completa, limbo e pecíolo nas épocas de pleno florescimento e no início da maturação dos bagos. Avaliou-se o comportamento dos porta-enxertos em relação ao estado nutricional e produtividade da copa þNiagara Rosadaþ, interpretando os resultados das análises de solo e folhas, e correlacionando-os aos dados de produtividade. Constatou-se um comportamento semelhante entre os porta-enxertos quanto à produtividade, características físicas dos cachos, duração do ciclo e número de ramos, havendo no entanto diferenças no estado nutricional, com diferenças nos teores de nutrientes nas amostras foliares. Para o porta-enxerto IAC 766 houve correlações significativas entre a produtividade com os resultados das análises de solo e de folhas. A baixa produtividade verificada nos vinhedos esteve relacionada ao excesso de nutrientes no solo, especialmente cálcio e magnésio, em função da calagem e adubação serem realizadas sem levarem em consideração a análise do solo. A produtividade correlacionou-se positivamente com os teores de potássio no solo, a relação K/Mg nas folhas e os teores de potássio nas folhas; e negativamente com a relação (Ca+Mg)/K no solo e os teores de cálcio e magnésio nas folhas, exibindo o antagonismo entre o magnésio e o potássio. A amostragem de folhas realizada na época do início da maturação dos bagos e a amostragem de solo na entrelinha e linha de plantio a 0-20cm de profundidade, correlacionaram-se melhor com a produtividade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An experiment was carried out in Jundiaí and Louveira-SP, to verify the relationships between nutritional and productive aspects of the table grapevine cv. Niagara Rosada grafted on two differents rootstocks: IAC 766 and 'Ripária do Traviú'. Twenty vineyards of each rootstock were selected. Soil samples were collected at the 0-20 and 20-40cm depth within the rows and interrows; samples of leaves, leaf blades and petioles were collected at full bloom and veraison. It was evaluated the response of the rootstocks in relation to the nutritional status and the yield of the Niagara Rosada grapevine, explaining the results of the soil and leaves analyses, and establish a relationship to the yield data. It was observed a similar response in both rootstocks in the yield, physical characteristics of the clusters, cycle lenght and the number of branches, there were however differences in the nutritional status, with differences on the nutrients contents of the leaf samples. For the rootstock IAC 766 it was verified significant correlations between yield and soil fertility also between yield and mineral leaf content. The vineyard yield was negatively correlated to calcium and magnesium content in soil and leaf tissue, basically due to the fact that neither soil nor leaf analyses are taken into account in fertilizatin schedules. The productivity was positively correlated to potassium content in the soil K/Mg relationship and potassium contents in the leaves; and was negatively correlated to (Ca+Mg)/K relationship in the soil and calcium and magnesium leaf content, showing an antagonism between magnesium and potassium nutritional status. The leaves sampled in the begining of veraison and the soil sampled lines in rows and interrorws at 0-20 cm depth were the variables highest correlated to yield. It was verified the necessty of reviewing the critical leaf nutrient levels considering the region and the rootstock of the vineyard. / Orientador: Erasmo José Paioli Pires / Coorientador: Maurilo Monteiro Terra / Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Renato Vasconcelos Botelho / Banca: José Carlos Fráguas / Doutor

CAPES; Fundação Araucária / A produção de uvas no Brasil é uma atividade rentável, porém são necessários tratamentos pós-colheita, já que esta apresenta suceptibilidade à desidratação e infecções causadas por patógenos. Estes problemas podem ser evitados pelo tratamento com compostos como a curcumina, proveniente da Curcuma longa, que possui atividade antimicrobiana reconhecida, e o propionato de cálcio (CaP), amplamente usado na panificação e que pode também prevenir a maturação prematura das uvas pela reposição de íons Ca+2. Neste estudo, o efeito de revestimentos comestíveis compostos por gelatina enzimaticamente reticulada adicionados de CaP e curcumina nanoencapsulada em zeína foram caracterizados quanto as propriedades reológicas e de textura bem como seu efeito nas características de qualidade da uva Benitaka recoberta. Nanopartículas de zeína contendo curcumina foram sintetizadas por nanoprecipitação e apresentaram eficiência de encapsulação de 96,0 ± 1,5%, diâmetro médio em intensidade de 585 ± 45 nm (Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz) e geometria esférica (Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão). Também foram caracterizadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) confirmando a encapsulação. A influência destas nanopartículas e do CaP nas propiedades reológicas e de textura dos hidrogéis de gelatina foi avaliada para caracterizar a solução filmogênica a ser aplicada na superfície das uvas. As propiedades reológicas mostraram que o hidrogel de gelatina apresenta baixa energia de ativação e comportamento pseudoplástico, confirmados pelos modelos matemáticos (Lei da Potência, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson e Mizraki-Berk). Também observou-se que as formulações adicionadas de agentes antifungicos tiveram seu comportamento pseudoplastico aumentado em função de aumento de temperatura confirmado pelo ajuste a Lei da Potência. Um comportamento reopético foi obtido bem como um aumento na viscosidade da mistura quando o tempo de reticulação foi aumentado. Os hidrogéis adicionados de CaP apresentaram maior força de compressão comparados aos com nanopartículas indicando que os íons Ca+2 também contribuíram para a rede de proteína formada. Finalmente, os hidrogéis controle (gelatina), contendo CaP e contendo as nanopartículas (1%p/p em relação a gelatina) foram aplicados nas uvas Benitaka como recobrimento comestível. Os parâmetros de qualidade das uvas (sólidos solúveis, cor, acidez titulável, perda de massa e Análise do Perfil de Textura, TPA) foram avaliados durante 15 dias de armazenamento a 25 ± 1°C. Não foi possível prevenir a perda de massa após 15 dias de armazenamento. Também não houve influência na acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis das uvas. A cor não foi influenciada pelo revestimento a não ser no tratamento contendo as nanopartículas sendo consequência da cor característica da zeína e da curcumina (amarelo). Um aumento na firmeza das uvas foi observado na análise de TPA das amostras recobertas. Um padrão para a mastigabilidade foi mantido para as amostras recobertas quando comparado com as amostras controle (sem recobrimento). / The grape production in Brazil is a profitable activity, but post-harvest treatment are still necessary since grapes show dehydration and infections caused by pathogens susceptibility. These problems can be avoided by treatment with compounds such as curcumin from the Curcuma longa, which has antimicrobial activity recognized, and calcium propionate (CaP), widely used in baking and that can also prevent grapes premature ripening with Ca+ 2 replacement. In this study the effect of an edible coating composed of enzymatically cross-linked gelatin added of CaP and curcumin nanoencapsulated in zein was characterized on the rheological and textural properties as well as its effect as an edible coating on Benitaka grape quality characteristics. Zein nanoparticles containing curcumin were synthesized by nanoprecipitation and presented encapsulation efficiency of 96.0 ± 1.5%, average ntensity diameter of 585 ± 45 nm (Dynamic Light Scattering) and spherical geometry Transmission Electron Microscopy). Nanoparticles were also characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR) confirming curcumin encapsulation. The influence of these nanoparticles and CaP addition on rheological and textural properties of gelatin hydrogels was evaluated to characterize the filmogenic solution to be applied at grapes surface. The heological properties showed that gelatin hydrogel has low activation energy and pseudoplastic behavior, confirmed by mathematical models (Power Law, Herschel-Bulkley and Casson). It was also observed that formulations added of antifungal agents presented an increase on pseudoplastic behavior with temperature elevation confirmed by the power law modell adjustment. A rheopectic behavior was obtained as well as an increase in mixture viscosity when crosslinking time was increased. Hydrogels added of CaP had higher compressive strength when compared to those with nanoparticles indicating that the Ca+2 also contributed to protein network. Finally, control formulation (gelatin), the hydrogel containing CaP as well as the one containing nanoparticles (1%w/w related to gelatin) were applied to Benitaka grapes as an edible coating. The quality of the grapes parameters (soluble solids, color, acidity, weight loss and analysis of the texture profile, TPA) were evaluated over 15 days of storage at 25 ± 1 °C. It was not possible to prevent weight loss after 15 days of storage. The tretments also did not present effect on grapes soluble solids and itratable acidity. The color was not affected by the coating with the exception of the reatment containing nanoparticles as a result of the characteristic color of zein and curcumin (yellowish). An increase on grapes firmness was observed in TPA analysis of grape coated samples. A standard for chewiness was maintained for the coated samples compared with control samples (without edible coating).

CAPES; Fundação Araucária / A produção de uvas no Brasil é uma atividade rentável, porém são necessários tratamentos pós-colheita, já que esta apresenta suceptibilidade à desidratação e infecções causadas por patógenos. Estes problemas podem ser evitados pelo tratamento com compostos como a curcumina, proveniente da Curcuma longa, que possui atividade antimicrobiana reconhecida, e o propionato de cálcio (CaP), amplamente usado na panificação e que pode também prevenir a maturação prematura das uvas pela reposição de íons Ca+2. Neste estudo, o efeito de revestimentos comestíveis compostos por gelatina enzimaticamente reticulada adicionados de CaP e curcumina nanoencapsulada em zeína foram caracterizados quanto as propriedades reológicas e de textura bem como seu efeito nas características de qualidade da uva Benitaka recoberta. Nanopartículas de zeína contendo curcumina foram sintetizadas por nanoprecipitação e apresentaram eficiência de encapsulação de 96,0 ± 1,5%, diâmetro médio em intensidade de 585 ± 45 nm (Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz) e geometria esférica (Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão). Também foram caracterizadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) confirmando a encapsulação. A influência destas nanopartículas e do CaP nas propiedades reológicas e de textura dos hidrogéis de gelatina foi avaliada para caracterizar a solução filmogênica a ser aplicada na superfície das uvas. As propiedades reológicas mostraram que o hidrogel de gelatina apresenta baixa energia de ativação e comportamento pseudoplástico, confirmados pelos modelos matemáticos (Lei da Potência, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson e Mizraki-Berk). Também observou-se que as formulações adicionadas de agentes antifungicos tiveram seu comportamento pseudoplastico aumentado em função de aumento de temperatura confirmado pelo ajuste a Lei da Potência. Um comportamento reopético foi obtido bem como um aumento na viscosidade da mistura quando o tempo de reticulação foi aumentado. Os hidrogéis adicionados de CaP apresentaram maior força de compressão comparados aos com nanopartículas indicando que os íons Ca+2 também contribuíram para a rede de proteína formada. Finalmente, os hidrogéis controle (gelatina), contendo CaP e contendo as nanopartículas (1%p/p em relação a gelatina) foram aplicados nas uvas Benitaka como recobrimento comestível. Os parâmetros de qualidade das uvas (sólidos solúveis, cor, acidez titulável, perda de massa e Análise do Perfil de Textura, TPA) foram avaliados durante 15 dias de armazenamento a 25 ± 1°C. Não foi possível prevenir a perda de massa após 15 dias de armazenamento. Também não houve influência na acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis das uvas. A cor não foi influenciada pelo revestimento a não ser no tratamento contendo as nanopartículas sendo consequência da cor característica da zeína e da curcumina (amarelo). Um aumento na firmeza das uvas foi observado na análise de TPA das amostras recobertas. Um padrão para a mastigabilidade foi mantido para as amostras recobertas quando comparado com as amostras controle (sem recobrimento). / The grape production in Brazil is a profitable activity, but post-harvest treatment are still necessary since grapes show dehydration and infections caused by pathogens susceptibility. These problems can be avoided by treatment with compounds such as curcumin from the Curcuma longa, which has antimicrobial activity recognized, and calcium propionate (CaP), widely used in baking and that can also prevent grapes premature ripening with Ca+ 2 replacement. In this study the effect of an edible coating composed of enzymatically cross-linked gelatin added of CaP and curcumin nanoencapsulated in zein was characterized on the rheological and textural properties as well as its effect as an edible coating on Benitaka grape quality characteristics. Zein nanoparticles containing curcumin were synthesized by nanoprecipitation and presented encapsulation efficiency of 96.0 ± 1.5%, average ntensity diameter of 585 ± 45 nm (Dynamic Light Scattering) and spherical geometry Transmission Electron Microscopy). Nanoparticles were also characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR) confirming curcumin encapsulation. The influence of these nanoparticles and CaP addition on rheological and textural properties of gelatin hydrogels was evaluated to characterize the filmogenic solution to be applied at grapes surface. The heological properties showed that gelatin hydrogel has low activation energy and pseudoplastic behavior, confirmed by mathematical models (Power Law, Herschel-Bulkley and Casson). It was also observed that formulations added of antifungal agents presented an increase on pseudoplastic behavior with temperature elevation confirmed by the power law modell adjustment. A rheopectic behavior was obtained as well as an increase in mixture viscosity when crosslinking time was increased. Hydrogels added of CaP had higher compressive strength when compared to those with nanoparticles indicating that the Ca+2 also contributed to protein network. Finally, control formulation (gelatin), the hydrogel containing CaP as well as the one containing nanoparticles (1%w/w related to gelatin) were applied to Benitaka grapes as an edible coating. The quality of the grapes parameters (soluble solids, color, acidity, weight loss and analysis of the texture profile, TPA) were evaluated over 15 days of storage at 25 ± 1 °C. It was not possible to prevent weight loss after 15 days of storage. The tretments also did not present effect on grapes soluble solids and itratable acidity. The color was not affected by the coating with the exception of the reatment containing nanoparticles as a result of the characteristic color of zein and curcumin (yellowish). An increase on grapes firmness was observed in TPA analysis of grape coated samples. A standard for chewiness was maintained for the coated samples compared with control samples (without edible coating).

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-18T13:52:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE VERSÃO FINAL (1).pdf: 1652142 bytes, checksum: 8cfa7d7aa0a1bb490bcc59124133eeba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T13:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE VERSÃO FINAL (1).pdf: 1652142 bytes, checksum: 8cfa7d7aa0a1bb490bcc59124133eeba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-17 / CETENE / Frutas são ricas em vitaminas, minerais, fibras e outros compostos que trazem benefícios à saúde. O conhecimento desses benefícios tem proporcionado aumento no consumo nos últimos anos, pois, além do interesse em fitoconstituintes os consumidores têm buscado produtos de elevada qualidade e seguros para o consumo. Devido à alta perecibilidade da matéria-prima e às falhas ocorridas nas diferentes fases da cadeia pós-colheita, grande parte dos vegetais produzidos no Brasil são desperdiçados. Dentre os diversos fatores envolvidos as doenças ocasionadas por fungos fitopatógenos se destacam. O controle de doenças fúngicas pós-colheita é comumente realizado através da aplicação de fungicidas, de elevado custo de produção e apresentados como ameaça à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. Tendo em vista a problemática apresentada, no presente estudo foi avaliada a eficácia de revestimentos elaborados com quitosana (QUI) e óleos essenciais de Mentha piperita L. (MPOE) ou Mentha x villosa Huds (MVOE) como alternativa para o controle de infecções causadas pelos fungos Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum e Rhizopus stolonifer em tomates cereja e uvas de mesa durante o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente e em baixas temperaturas. A quitosana foi obtida da carapaça do camarão Litopenaus vannamei, em meio alcalino. Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por arraste de vapor. Para o preparo do revestimento, o polímero de quitosana foi diluído em ácido acético sob agitação por 6 horas, seguido da adição do óleo e agitação por mais 18 horas em presença de glicerol como agente dispersante. As Concentrações Inibitórias Mínima da quitosana e de cada óleo foram determinadas por meio da macrodiluição em caldo. Os efeitos dos revestimentos sobre as características fúngicas (crescimento micelial radial e germinação espórica), físico-químicas (perda de peso, firmeza, cor, acidez e sólidos solúveis) e sensoriais (aceitação e intenção de compra) dos frutos durante a armazenagem também foram avaliados. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de QUI contra todos os fungos-teste foi de 8 mg / mL, ao passo que a CIM para ambos MPOE e MVOE foi de 5 μL / mL. Combinações de QUI (8 e 4 mg/mL) e MPOE (QUI-MPOE) ou (QUI-MVOE) (5, 2,5 e 1,25 μL/mL) inibiu fortemente a germinação de esporos e o crescimento micelial dos fungos estudados. Os revestimentos compostos de QUI-MPOE ou QUI-MVOE retardaram o crescimento dos fungos causadores de mofos ensaiados em frutos artificialmente infectados durante a armazenagem em temperatura ambiente (12 dias) ou em baixa temperatura (24 dias). Os revestimentos ensaiados também preservaram a qualidade de frutos de tomate cereja e uvas de mesa durante a armazenagem, em termos de características físico-químicas e sensoriais. Nas uvas de mesa, houve uma melhoria nos valores de firmeza, cor L* e cor h* indicando frutos mais brilhosos e um possível retardo no desenvolvimento do "browning" das uvas revestidas com QUI-MPOE ou QUI-MVOE em relação aos frutos controle. Estes resultados indicam que os revestimentos que compreendem CHI-MPOE ou CHI-MVOE, apresentam-se como alternativa promissora para inibir a infecção de fungos pós-colheita em tomate cereja e uvas de mesa durante o armazenamento sem afetar a qualidade desses frutos. / Fruits are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber and other compounds that provide health benefits. Knowledge of these benefits has provided an increase in vegetable consumption in recent years because in addition to the interest in phytochemicals that benefit the health and nutritional value, consumers have sought high quality products and safe for consumption. Due to the high perishability of the raw material and the failures occurred in different stages of post-harvest chain, most of the vegetables produced in Brazil are wasted. Among the many factors involved diseases caused by fungi pathogens in fruits stand out, they result in significant economic losses. Control of post-harvest fungal diseases commonly is achieved through the application of fungicides, increase the cost of production and presented to public health and the environment. In view of the problems presented, in the present study we evaluated the efficacy comprising shrimp chitosan (CHI) and Mentha piperita L. (MPEO) or Mentha x villosa Huds (MVEO) essential oils as an alternative for the control mold infections caused by Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer of cherry tomatoes and table grapes during storage at room temperature and low temperatures. Chitosan was obtained from the shell of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in alkaline medium. The essential oils were obtained by vapor dragging. To prepare the coating, the polymer chitosan was diluted acetic acid with stirring for 6 hours, followed by addition of the oil and shaken for 18 more hours in the presence of glycerol as a dispersing agent. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in chitosan and each oil were determined by the broth macrodilution. The effects of the coatings on the fungal characteristics (radial mycelial growth and esporic germination), physico-chemical (weight loss, firmness, color, acidity and soluble solids) and sensory (acceptance and purchase intention) of the fruit during storage were also evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CHI against all the test fungi were 8 mg / mL, whereas the MIC for both MPOE and MVOE was 5 uL / mL. Combinations CHI (8 and 4 mg / mL) and MPOE (CHI-MPOE) or (CHI-MVOE) (5, 2.5 and 1.25 uL / mL) strongly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of of target fungi. The coatings comprising CHI-MPEO or CHI-MVEO delayed the growth of mold-causing fungi in artificially infected fruits during storage at either room (12 days) or low temperatures (24 days). The assayed coatings preserved the quality of cherry tomato fruits and table grapes during storage, in terms of physical, physicochemical and sensory attributes. In table grapes, there was an improvement in the firmness values, color L * and h * color indicating more glossy fruit and a possible delay in the development of "browning" of grapes coated with CHI-CHI-MPOE or MVOE compared to control fruits. These results indicate that coatings comprising CHI-MPEO or CHI-MVEO represent promising post-harvest treatments to inhibit common postharvest mold infections in cherry tomato fruits and in table grapes during storage without affecting the quality of these fruits.

Precision agriculture applied to vitiviniculture can bring several advantages to vitis crop production with positive effects on grape and wine quality. This study s objective was to put into practice precision vtiticulture, aiming to improve the administration and management of vinifera grapes. This research was carried out in a commercial vitis cropland with 2.4 ha located in Encruzilhada do Sul (RS) close to RS/BR km 471. In this area, sandy clay loam Palleudult soil prevails. Sampling for the purposes for soil characterisation was carried out in 0-0,2 m depth. The soil attributes determined were: pH, SOM, texture, Ca, Mg, Al, N, MO, K and P, and the plant attributes were: productivity, alcoholic potential and tartaric acid, using a 35 X 35m grid. Data were analyzed through geostatistics by interpolation technique of kriging. The data of yield and enological parameters were obtained by manual harvest in georeferenced points. Grape data were collected during the harvest in 2007 and 2008 seasons. Soil and plant data were submitted to statistical analysis and basic geostatistic. Spatial variability of soil chemical attributes in the area behaved in accordance with the nutrient evaluated. pH showed low variability, clay, Ca, Mg, and N, showed median variability while MO, P and K , a high variability was found, and for Al, very high. In 2007 harvest, tartaric acid and alcoholic potential showed low variability, number of bunches per plant and weight per bunch presented median variability while weight per plant showed high variability. In 2008 harvest, alcoholic potential showed low variability, while tartaric acid, number of bunches per plant, weight per plant, weight per bunch and number of gems showed median variability. The 35 X 35 m sampling grid has shown itself adequate for soil attributes excepting clay, which obtained a 30.06 m distance reach. In 2007 harvest, the alcoholic potential was the plant attribute that showed smaller reach n the area, 18.42 m. In 2008 harvest, all the plant attributes studied showed a below 35 m reach. The correlation analysis has revealed itself significant among nitrogen and alcoholic potential in 2007 harvest. In 2008 harvest, phosphorus and potassium showed significant correlation with alcoholic potential. The comparison of the demand for the application of fertilizer at varied rate, with application at steady rate of lime, phosphorus and potassium was based on the soil sampling. In the case of lime, there was a 700 kg saving of it with varied rate application, the same was not observed with phosphorus and potassium, which would increase the product quantity if implemented this way, this happens because the levels of them in the soil are appropriate. The adoption of precision viticulture can help the wine grower to know better and further the productive area, allowing to improve the quality and quantity of the vineyard. / O uso da agricultura de precisão aplicada à vitivinicultura pode trazer benefícios à cultura da vitis e à cadeia produtiva, com reflexos na qualidade da uva e do vinho. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a vitivinicultura de precisão, visando aprimorar a gestão e o manejo de áreas produtivas de uvas viníferas. O estudo foi conduzido em um vinhedo comercial, numa área de 2,4 ha, destinado à fabricação de espumantes situada às margens da RS/BR km 471, em Encruzilhada do Sul-RS. Na área predominam solos classificados como Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. A amostragem para fins de caracterização do solo foram realizadas na profundidade de 0-0,2m. Os atributos de solo determinados foram: pH, SMP, Argila, Ca, Mg, Al, N, MO, K e P, e os atributos de planta foram produtividade, ácido tartárico e potencial alcoólico usando uma malha de amostragem de 35 X 35 m. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica de interpolação geoestatística por krigagem. Os dados de rendimento e parâmetros enológicos foram obtidos por colheita manual em pontos georreferenciados. Os dados de uva foram coletados durante a colheita nas safras 2007 e 2008. Os dados de solo e de planta foram submetidos à analise estatística básica e geoestatistica. A variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo na área comportou-se de forma distinta de acordo com o nutriente avaliado. O pH apresentou variabilidade baixa, a Argila, o Ca, o Mg, e o N, o apresentaram variabilidade média enquanto que a MO, o K e o P, a variabilidade encontrada foi alta, e para o Al muito alta. Na safra 2007, o ácido tartárico e o potencial alcoólico apresentaram variabilidade baixa, o número de cachos por planta e o peso por cacho apresentaram variabilidade média enquanto que o peso por planta apresentou variabilidade alta. Na safra 2008, o potencial alcoólico apresentou variabilidade baixa, enquanto que o ácido tartárico, o número de cachos por planta, o peso por planta, o peso por cacho e o número de gemas apresentaram variabilidade média. A malha de amostragem de 35X35m se mostrou adequado para os atributos de solo com exceção da argila, que obteve uma distância de alcance de 30,06m. Na safra 2007 o potencial alcoólico foi o atributo de planta que apresentou menor alcance na área, de 18,42 m. Na safra 2008, todos os atributos de planta estudados apresentaram alcance inferior a 35 m. A analise da correlação se revelou significativa entre o nitrogênio e o potencial alcoólico na safra 2007. Na safra 2008, o fósforo e o potássio mostraram correlação significativa com o potencial alcoólico. A comparação da demanda de aplicação de fertilizantes a taxa variada, com a aplicação à taxa fixa de calcário, fósforo e potássio foi feita com base na amostragem de solo. No caso do calcário observou-se uma economia de 700 kg do mesmo com aplicação a taxa variada, o mesmo não foi observado com o fósforo e com o potássio, que aumentaria a quantidade do produto caso fosse aplicado desta forma, isso se dá pelo fato dos teores dos mesmos no solo serem adequados. A adoção da vitivinicultura de precisão pode auxiliar o viticultor a conhecer melhor e mais detalhadamente a área produtiva, permitindo aprimorar a qualidade e quantidade do vinhedo.