Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-26T11:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Amelia Detoni Santos da Costa.pdf: 338183 bytes, checksum: 334d0b47335503e1ab4cb3cc14dddb07 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T11:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Amelia Detoni Santos da Costa.pdf: 338183 bytes, checksum: 334d0b47335503e1ab4cb3cc14dddb07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-26 / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the behavior of grasses in the establishment phase in Caruaru, Pernambuco. The treatments consisted of four species of tropical grasses (buffel grass - Cenchrus ciliaris L.; “pangolão” grass - Digitaria pentzii Stent;“corrente” grass - Urochloa mosambicensis Hackel Dandy, and a genotype of Panicum maximum Jacq.), And a treatment with the spontaneous vegetation of the region, evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The experiment lasted from May 2009 to April 2010, consisting of seven evaluations were carried out from 76 days after planting the experimental plots. We evaluated the survival of seedlings planted, flowering, plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), (LI), the leaf angles (AFM) and soil cover. The greatest height reached was 1.6 m for the grass of the genus Panicum. The grass “pangolão” had maximum LAI of 5.4, with 98.6% of IL. We observed progressive reductions of AFMS in all treatments throughout the experimental period. The grasses that stood out in the establishmet phase were the grass “pangolão” and access P. maximum Jacq. The establishment of “corrente” grass running through rooted plants did not show satisfactory results / O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o comportamento de gramíneas forrageiras na fase de estabelecimento no município de Caruaru, Pernambuco. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro espécies de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais (capim buffel - Cenchrus ciliaris L.; capim pangolão - Digitaria pentzii Stent; capim corrente - Urochloa mosambicensis Hackel Dandy; e um genótipo de Panicum maximum Jacq.), além de um tratamento com a vegetação espontânea da região, avaliados em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O período experimental foi de maio de 2009 a abril de 2010, consistindo de sete avaliações, realizadas a partir de 76 dias após o plantio das parcelas experimentais. Foram avaliados a sobrevivência das mudas plantadas, o florescimento, a altura da planta (AP), o índice de área foliar (IAF), a interceptação luminosa (IL), os ângulos foliares médios (AFM) e cobertura do solo. A maior altura atingida foi 1,6 m pela gramínea do gênero Panicum. O capim pangolão chegou a atingir IAF de 5,4, com 98,6 % de IL. Foram observadas reduções progressivas dos AFMs de todos os tratamentos ao longo do período experimental. As gramíneas que mais se destacaram na fase de estabelecimento foram o capim-pangolão e o acesso de P. maximum. O estabelecimento de capim-corrente por meio de mudas enraizadas não apresentou resultados satisfatórios.

As mudanças no uso do solo, como por exemplo a remoção de áreas florestais para a implantação da agricultura e pecuária, promovem alterações no teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Em contrapartida, a regeneração natural surge como uma possibilidade do reestabelecimento parcial de funções ecológicas importantes, com destaque para o papel das florestas secundárias na redução do fluxo de gases atmosféricos, na influência da qualidade e quantidade da água, e no sequestro de carbono da atmosfera e estocagem no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento do carbono e do nitrogênio no solo ao longo da sequência cronológica de florestas secundárias, comparando-as com floresta madura e pastagens no município de Rio Claro (SP). Com o auxílio de imagens aéreas (dos anos de 1978, 1995, 2000 e 2008) foram selecionadas 15 parcelas com 900 m2 cada, as quais consistiram em uma sequência temporal de florestas secundárias regeneradas sob pastagem (apresentando 8 a 16 anos (FS12), 21 a 38 anos (FS30) e 38 a 54 anos (FS46)), além de floresta \"fonte\" (floresta estacional semidecidual) com mais de 55 anos (FF) e pastagem em uso há mais de 50 anos (PA50). O solo da área de estudo é classificado como Argissolo de textura média. As concentrações e estoques de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) e os valores isotópicos de C (?13C) foram analisados na serapilheira e nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm do solo. A análise de ?13C indicou presença do sinal isotópico oriundo de vegetação C3 já nos primeiros 12 anos de regeneração, representando 60% do C presente no solo (proveniente da FF e da FS12). Na área de pastagem foi constatada a presença de carbono remanescente da floresta nativa (C3), correspondendo por 30% do carbono total. A análise de componentes principais definiu os agrupamentos de acordo com as áreas de estudo, além de correlacionar negativamente os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e os teores de areia. As florestas secundárias apresentaram estoques de carbono e nitrogênio na serapilheira próximos à floresta fonte (1,8 Mg C ha-1 e 0,10 Mg N ha-1). Os estoques de C e N no solo (0-30 cm) foram maiores na floresta fonte (74,1 Mg C ha-1 e 7,6 Mg N ha-1), ocorrendo brusca redução (40%) na conversão para pastagem (41,4 Mg C ha-1 e 4,7 Mg N ha-1). Além disso, as áreas de regeneração não diferiram da área de pastagem quanto aos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio no solo / Changes in soil use, such as the removal of forest areas for the implantation of agriculture and livestock, promote changes in soil organic matter content. Due to this imbalance between the inputs and outputs of plant material in the system the MOS dynamics will be changed, affecting the ecosystem as a whole. On the other hand, natural regeneration appears as a possibility for the partial reestablishment of important ecological functions, with emphasis on the role of secondary forests in the reduction of the flow of atmospheric gases, the influence of water quality and quantity, and sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere and storage in the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of carbon and nitrogen in the soil along the chronological sequence of secondary forests, comparing them with old growth forest and pastures in Rio Claro (SP). Fifteen plots with 900 m2 each were selected using aerial images (from 1978, 1995, 2000 and 2008), which consisted of a temporal sequence of regenerated secondary forests under pasture (8 to 16 years old (FS12) 21 to 38 years old (FS30) and 38 to 54 years old (FS46)), as well as an old growth forest (seasonal semideciduous forest) with more than 55 years (FF) and pasture in use for more than 50 years (PA50). The soil of the study area is classified as Argissolo. with medium texture. The concentrations and stocks of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and the isotopic values of C (?13C) were analyzed in the litter and in the layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm of the soil. The analysis of ?13C indicated the presence of the isotopic signal from C3 vegetation already in the first 12 years of regeneration, representing 60% of the C present in the soil (coming from FF and FS12). In the pasture area, the remaining carbon of the native forest (C3) was observed, corresponding to 30% of the total carbon. The principal components analysis defined the groupings according to the study areas, in addition to negatively correlating the carbon and nitrogen stocks and the sand contents. Secondary forests presented carbon and nitrogen stocks in the litter approximate to the old growth forest (1,8 Mg C ha-1 and 0,10 Mg N ha-1). C and N stocks in the soil (0-30 cm) were higher in the old growth forest (74,1 Mg C ha-1 and 7,6 Mg N ha-1), with an abrupt reduction (40%) in conversion to pasture (41,4 Mg C ha-1 and 4,7 Mg N ha-1). In addition, the regeneration areas did not differ from the pasture area for carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Moretti, Luis Gustavo Barioni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RafaeldeOliveira_M.pdf: 1266731 bytes, checksum: c7c072db6adf998a52f0d31e791f3996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Brasil e um dos primeiros países em desenvolvimento a se comprometer com metas de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As metas estabelecidas requerem uma redução entre 36,1% a 38,9% relativos as emissões estimadas para 2020. Focando na regiao central do Cerrado, responsavel por cerca de 35% da producao total de carne bovina do Brasil, este estudo estima as emissoes totais de GEE de 2006 a 2030. O estudo tambem identifica o custo efetivo do potencial de reducao das emissoes. A analise foi feito por meio da construcao de um modelo de programacao linear, batizado de "EAGGLE" (Analise Econômica dos Gases de Efeito Estufa das Emissoes da Pecuária), que representa um sistema de producao de gado de corte a pasto, com e sem suplementação, e confinamento. Um segundo modelo foi desenvolvido para estimar os estoques de carbono no solo sob pastagens com diferentes níveis de produtividade. Neste modelo e simulado o efeito da degradação, manutenção, recuperação, e dinâmica de mudança de uso da terra nos estoques de carbono. Os resultados mostraram que, no cenário de referencia, a regiao vai emitir cerca de 1,2 Gt de CO2 entre 2010 a 2020, o que equivale a 8% das emissoes liquidas totais do pais. Um conjunto de tecnologias de mitigação de GEE, foram analisados através da construcao de Curvas de Custo de Abatimento Marginal (CCAM). Os resultados indicam que ate 2030, a regiao e capaz de reduzir as emissoes em 24,3 Mt de CO2 equivalente por ano (CO2e/yr), utilizando tecnologias com custo efetivo negativo, enquanto que o potencial de reducao total apresentado pelas CCAM e 24.7MtCO2e.yr-1. Uma analise de sensibilidade foi feita para avaliar o potencial de mitigação da recuperação de pastagens em função de variações na demanda por carne. Ao contrario do que poderia se esperar, os resultados mostraram que, se as projeções de demanda diminuírem em 10%, 20% ou 30 %, ate 2030, as emissoes totais para o período aumentam em 1%, 4% e 5%, em GWP, respectivamente. Em contrapartida, considerando que as projeções de demanda cresçam em 10%, 20%, ou 30%, ate 2030, haverá uma reducao de 2%, 3 % e 4% do total das emissoes de GEE, respectivamente. Isto sugere que a recuperação de pastagens e capaz de compensar as emissoes diretas de CH4 e N2O pelo gado brasileiro, devido ao aumentando das taxas de seqüestro de carbono do solo / Abstract: Brazil is one of the first major developing countries to commit to a national emissions target that requires a reduction of between 36.1% and 38.9% relative to baseline emissions by 2020. Focusing on the Cerrado core (Central Brazilian Savanna), responsible for about 35% of the country's beef production, this study estimates the region GHG emissions from 2006 to 2030. This work also investigates the cost-effectiveness of the GHG abatement potential. The analysis was made by means of a construction of linear programing (LP) model, coined EAGGLE (Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gases for Livestock Emissions). The LP model represents a beef production system under grazing and feedlot finishing. A second model was developed to estimate the C stocks under pastures soils with different dry-matter productivity. In this model it is simulated the effects of degradation, maintenance, restoration end the land use change dynamics over the C stocks. As a baseline, the region is going to emit 1.2 Gt from 2010 to 2020, the equivalent of 8% of the country's total liquid emissions. A set of mitigation measures, applicable to Brazil, were analyzed by constructing a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC). The results show that by 2030 the region could reduce emissions by 24.3 MtCO2e.yr-1 with negative costs; while total abatement potential shown by the MACC is 24.7MtCO2e.yr-1. Pasture restoration, involving avoided deforestation, offers the largest contribution to these results. Sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the abatement potential of pasture restoration against variations in beef demand. Counterintuitively, the results showed, if demand projections decreases by 10%, 20% or 30% until 2030, the total liquid emissions for the period increases 1%, 4%, and 5%, in GWP, respectively. Whereas increasing demand projections by 10%, 20%, and 30% until 2030, there will be a reduction of 2%, 3% and 4% in total liquid GHG emissions for the period. This suggests that PR is able to offset the cattle direct emissions of CH4 and N2O by boosting carbon soil sequestration rates / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_julia_rodegheiro_de_moraes.pdf: 5811350 bytes, checksum: 86272882a7e28229642085efacf1de0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / In southerm Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, cultivation of eucalyptus forests have been growed in the last few years, raising questions about possible impacts on local biome, characterized by herbaceous and shrub vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate soil microbial and carbon stocks changes due to eucalyptus cultivation in Pampa Biome. The evaluated soils were: Udalfs and Typic Udorthents derived from igneous plutonic rocks (granites), Lithic Udorthents derived from metamorphic rocks (schists and quartzites), and Udolls/Uderts derived from sedimentary rocks (shales and siltstones). Vegetation covers were homogeneous Eucaliptus saligna (7 years old) and native grassland. In each area three soil pits were opened with no less than 50cm deep. Pedogenetic horizons were identified and soil morphology was described. Disturbed and non disturbed soil samples were collected, the A horizon in 5cm intervals. Chemical attributes (exchangeable cations, potential acidity, water and SMP pH, total organic carbon and nitrogen) and physical attributes (particle size and coarse fractions) were determined for classification purposes. Soil bulk density was determined for soil profile carbon stocks calculation. In the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15cm A horizon layers, the organic matter granulometric fractionation was performed for quantification of carbon and nitrogen in labile (POC and PN) and mineral associated (MOC and MN) fractions, as well as carbon management index (CMI). In the 0-5 and 5-10cm layers soil microbial biomass, microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic), soil basal respiration, metabolic coefficient, and Cmic/TOC, Nmic/TN, Cmic/Nmic rates were determined. Compared to the native grassland, the seven years cultivation of eucalyptus did not modify soil carbon stocks of the profiles. Carbon stocks decrease in order Udolls/Uderts > Lithic Udorthents > Udalfs = Typic Udorthents. Labile fraction stocks (POC and PN) of the Udolls/Uderts were increased in the 0-5 and 5-10cm layers. Mineral associated fractions (MOC and MN) remained unaltered in all soils. TOC and TN distribution in the labile (POC/TOC and PN/TN) and stable (MON/TOC and MN/TN) fractions were modified only in the 5-10cm layer of the Udolls/Uderts. Carbon management indexes, except in Lithic Udorthents, indicate that eucalyptus cultivation did not decrease the organic matter quality and stocks in the soils. Soil microbial activity and biomass were not altered in comparison to the native grassland, with the exception of microbial carbon in the 5-10cm layer of the Typic Udorthents. / Na região sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul o plantio de eucalipto tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, levantando questões sobre os possíveis impactos que essa atividade possa causar sobre o bioma local, caracterizado por predomínio de vegetação herbácea e arbustiva. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações nos atributos microbiológicos e nos estoques de carbono do solo pela introdução do cultivo de eucalipto no Bioma Pampa. Os solos avaliados foram: Argissolo Amarelo e Neossolo Regolítico, desenvolvidos de rochas ígneas plutônicas (granitos), Neossolo Litólico, desenvolvido de rochas metamórficas (xistos e quartzitos), e Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico, desenvolvido de rochas sedimentares (siltitos). As coberturas vegetais selecionadas foram: área de cultivo homogêneo de Eucaliptus saligna (7 anos) e área de campo nativo. Em cada solo e tipo de cobertura foram abertas três trincheiras até a profundidade mínima de 50 cm. Os horizontes pedogenéticos foram identificados e descritos morfologicamente, coletando-se amostras deformadas e indeformadas, sendo o horizonte A estratificado de 5 em 5 cm. Em todos os horizontes e camadas avaliaram-se os atributos químicos (cátions trocáveis, acidez potencial, P disponível, pH em água e em SMP, C orgânico e N total) e físicos (granulometria e frações da amostra total) para fins de classificação e a densidade do solo para o cálculo dos estoques de carbono no perfil. Nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-15 cm do horizonte A realizou-se o fracionamento físico granulométrico da matéria orgânica, quantificando-se teores, estoques e distribuição de carbono e nitrogênio total nas frações lábil (COP e NP) e associada aos minerais (CAM e NAM) e o índice de manejo de carbono (IMC). Nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10cm, avaliou-se biomassa microbiana do solo, C microbiano (Cmic) e N microbiano (Nmic), respiração basal do solo, coeficiente metabólico, relações Cmic/COT, Nmic/NT, Cmic/Nmic. Em comparação ao campo nativo, o cultivo do eucalipto no bioma Pampa, após sete anos, não alterou os estoques totais de carbono (COT) no perfil dos solos avaliados. O COT na camada de 0-50cm decresceu na seqüência Chernossolo/Vertissolo > Neossolo Litólico > Argissolo Amarelo = Neossolo Regolítico. O estoque da fração lábil (COP e NP) do Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico foi aumentado nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10cm. A fração associada aos minerais (CAM e NAM) manteve-se inalterada em todos os solos. A distribuição do COT e NT nas frações lábil (COP/COT e NP/NT) e na fração estável (CAM/COT e NAM/NT) somente foi modificada na camada 5-10 cm do Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico. Os índices de manejo de carbono, à exceção do Neossolo Regolítico, indicam que o sistema do cultivo de eucalipto não reduziu os estoques de matéria orgânica e a qualidade desses solos. A atividade e a biomassa microbiana do solo não se mostraram alterada em comparação ao campo nativo, com exceção do carbono microbiano na camada de 5-10 cm do Neossolo Regolítico.

Les prairies représentent une source importante de biodiversité dans les paysages agricoles qu’il est important de surveiller. Les satellites de nouvelle génération tels que Sentinel-2 offrent de nouvelles opportunités pour le suivi des prairies grâce à leurs hautes résolutions spatiale et temporelle combinées. Cependant, le nouveau type de données fourni par ces satellites implique des problèmes liés au big data et à la grande dimension des données en raison du nombre croissant de pixels à traiter et du nombre élevé de variables spectro-temporelles. Cette thèse explore le potentiel des satellites de nouvelle génération pour le suivi de la biodiversité et des facteurs qui influencent la biodiversité dans les prairies semi-naturelles. Des outils adaptés à l’analyse statistique des prairies à partir de séries temporelles d’images satellites (STIS) denses à haute résolution spatiale sont proposés. Tout d’abord, nous montrons que la réponse spectrotemporelle des prairies est caractérisée par sa variabilité au sein des prairies et parmi les prairies. Puis, pour les analyses statistiques, les prairies sont modélisées à l’échelle de l’objet pour être cohérent avec les modèles écologiques qui représentent les prairies à l’échelle de la parcelle. Nous proposons de modéliser la distribution des pixels dans une prairie par une loi gaussienne. A partir de cette modélisation, des mesures de similarité entre deux lois gaussiennes robustes à la grande dimension sont développées pour la classification des prairies en utilisant des STIS denses: High-Dimensional Kullback-Leibler Divergence et -Gaussian Mean Kernel. Cette dernière est plus performante que les méthodes conventionnelles utilisées avec les machines à vecteur de support (SVM) pour la classification du mode de gestion et de l’âge des prairies. Enfin, des indicateurs de biodiversité des prairies issus de STIS denses sont proposés à travers des mesures d’hétérogénéité spectro-temporelle dérivées du clustering non supervisé des prairies. Leur corrélation avec l’indice de Shannon est significative mais faible. Les résultats suggèrent que les variations spectro-temporelles mesurées à partir de STIS à 10 mètres de résolution spatiale et qui couvrent la période où ont lieu les pratiques agricoles sont plus liées à l’intensité des pratiques qu’à la diversité en espèces. Ainsi, bien que les propriétés spatiales et temporelles de Sentinel-2 semblent limitées pour estimer directement la diversité en espèces des prairies, ce satellite devrait permettre le suivi continu des facteurs influençant la biodiversité dans les prairies. Dans cette thèse, nous avons proposé des méthodes qui prennent en compte l’hétérogénéité au sein des prairies et qui permettent l’utilisation de toute l’information spectrale et temporelle fournie par les satellites de nouvelle génération. / Grasslands are a significant source of biodiversity in farmed landscapes that is important to monitor. New generation satellites such as Sentinel-2 offer new opportunities for grassland’s monitoring thanks to their combined high spatial and temporal resolutions. Conversely, the new type of data provided by these sensors involves big data and high dimensional issues because of the increasing number of pixels to process and the large number of spectro-temporal variables. This thesis explores the potential of the new generation satellites to monitor biodiversity and factors that influence biodiversity in semi-natural grasslands. Tools suitable for the statistical analysis of grasslands using dense satellite image time series (SITS) with high spatial resolution are provided. First, we show that the spectro-temporal response of grasslands is characterized by its variability within and among the grasslands. Then, for the statistical analysis, grasslands are modeled at the object level to be consistent with ecological models that represent grasslands at the field scale. We propose to model the distribution of pixels in a grassland by a Gaussian distribution. Following this modeling, similarity measures between two Gaussian distributions robust to the high dimension are developed for the lassification of grasslands using dense SITS: the High-Dimensional Kullback-Leibler Divergence and the -Gaussian Mean Kernel. The latter outperforms conventional methods used with Support Vector Machines for the classification of grasslands according to their management practices and to their age. Finally, indicators of grassland biodiversity issued from dense SITS are proposed through spectro-temporal heterogeneity measures derived from the unsupervised clustering of grasslands. Their correlation with the Shannon index is significant but low. The results suggest that the spectro-temporal variations measured from SITS at a spatial resolution of 10 meters covering the period when the practices occur are more related to the intensity of management practices than to the species diversity. Therefore, although the spatial and spectral properties of Sentinel-2 seem limited to assess the species diversity in grasslands directly, this satellite should make possible the continuous monitoring of factors influencing biodiversity in grasslands. In this thesis, we provided methods that account for the heterogeneity within grasslands and enable the use of all the spectral and temporal information provided by new generation satellites.

Le changement climatique entraîne un changement profond des régimes thermiques qui a des conséquences importantes sur la croissance des plantes. Toutefois, les effets des températures extrêmes ont été peu étudiés chez espèces fourragères pérennes, et ne sont pas intégrés dans les modèles actuels de prairie. Or ces modèles ont un rôle central à jouer dans le développement de stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a cherché à approfondir la compréhension de la réponse de la luzerne et de la fétuque élevée à une large gamme de températures et à améliorer la prise en compte de ces réponses dans le modèle STICS. Un volet de travail expérimental en conditions contrôlées n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence de différences de réponses entre génotypes d'origine contrastées (tempéré/Méditerranéen) pour différents processus de croissance et de développement des deux espèces. En revanche, il est apparu des différences significatives entre les réponses normalisées de différents processus ; l'allongement des tiges en particulier se distinguant nettement des autres processus chez la luzerne. La réponse de la photosynthèse à la température a montré une forte acclimatation à la température de croissance, aussi bien pour des génotypes d'origine tempérée que méditerranéenne. Ces derniers sont apparus plus sensibles aux températures élevées du fait d'une désactivation de la RUBISCO. La modification des formalismes de réponse à la température de la croissance et du développement dans STICS (fonction non linéaire, pas de temps) a eu un fort impact sur le cumul de temps thermique pour des scénarios climatiques « futurs ». Toutefois, du fait de l'effet majoritaire d'autres stress conjoints durant les périodes de stress thermique et d'une rapide saturation du rayonnement intercepté, l'impact sur les projections de production fourragère s'est avéré limité pour les conditions testées. Au total ces résultats suggèrent que les productions fourragères pourraient être moins exposées au stress thermique que les cultures annuelles. / Due to climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise with marked impacts on crop growth. However, extreme temperature's impacts on perennial herbaceous species have received much less attention to date than other crops and aren’t currently implemented in grassland models. Yet, grassland models have a major role to play in defining adaptation options to global warming’s impacts on agriculture. In this context, our aims were to characterise the responses to temperature of two major perennial forage species over a large range of growth temperature and to improve the temperature response formalisms in the STICS model. First, experiment conducted in growth chambers indicated that the responses of normalized developmental rates did not differ between genotypes from contrasting thermal areas (Mediterranean/temperate) within each species. On the other hand, the responses to temperature of normalised rates differed significantly between several of the physiological processes studied; in particular stem elongation rate differed from other developmental rates in alfalfa. Irrespective of cultivar origin, a remarkable acclimation of photosynthesis to growth temperature was observed. Mediterranean genotypes displayed a greater sensitivity of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation to elevated temperatures. Modifications of temperature formalism in the STICS crop model (implementation of nonlinear response, hourly/daily step of response) had a significant impact on thermal time accumulation and crop development for future climate scenarios. However, due to larger effects of water stress and to saturation of radiation interception, impacts on projections of grassland dry matter production were limited. This result suggests that grassland production could be less exposed to thermal stress than annual crops.

La séquestration du C dans les sols réduit les effets du changement climatique, et améliore la qualité du sol. L'introduction des prairies temporaires dans le cycle des cultures pourrait améliorer les matières organiques du sol (SOM). L'objectif de la thèse était d'évaluer l'impact des modes de gestion de prairies temporaires sur la quantité, la composition et les processus de stabilisation des SOM et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GHG).Mes résultats montrent un arrière effet de la gestion des prairies temporaires sur les SOM après 3 ans de culture. La durée des prairies influence la quantité et la composition de la biomasse microbienne ainsi que la nature des SOM. La fertilisation en N de la prairie est nécessaire à la séquestration du C dans le sol sans augmenter les émissions de GHG.Pour remplacer la fertilisation en N minérale, des légumineuses peuvent être utilisées. En conséquence, je me suis intéressée à l'effet de la luzerne sur les formes de C, de N et de P dans les sols sous mélanges luzerne-graminées. Mes résultats indiquent une absence d'augmentation du stock de C dans les sols sous mélanges comparés aux monocultures de graminées fertilisées, malgré une plus forte productivité de la luzerne. Les biomarqueurs moléculaires indiquent que l'introduction de la luzerne en prairie influence la dégradation des SOM plus que leur stabilisation. De plus, la luzerne influence fortement les formes du P dans les sols sous mélanges.Ainsi, lors de l'introduction de prairie dans les cycles de culture, il est important d'optimiser les modes de gestion afin de faire le bon compromis entre le stockage du C, les émissions de GHG et l'utilisation d'engrais. / Soil C sequestration reduces the effects of climate change, improves soil quality and food security. Soil organic matter (SOM) could be enhanced by introduction of ley grassland into the cropping cycle. The objective of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the effect of management practices of ley grassland on the quantity, composition and stabilization processes of SOM and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). My data showed legacy effects of duration and fertilization of the temporary grassland phase on SOM after 3 years of cropping. The duration of grassland phase influenced the quantity and composition of the microbial biomass as well as the nature of SOM. N fertilization during the grassland phase is necessary for soil C sequestration in soil without increasing GHG emissions.To replace mineral N fertilization, legumes may be used in forage production systems. Consequently, I was interested in the effect of introduction of lucerne on C, N and P forms in soils under lucerne-grass mixtures. My results indicate similar soil C stocks under mixtures and grass monocultures, despite the high productivity of lucerne. Molecular biomarkers indicated that the introduction of lucerne in grassland influenced the degradation of the SOM more than its stabilization. Moreover, the presence of lucerne influenced P forms in soils under mixtures.In conclusion, the introduction of ley grasslands into cropping cycles requires careful evaluation of the management practices in order to optimize C storage, GHG emissions and N fertilizer use.

M.Sc. / The grassland biome of South Africa harbours rich ecosystem diversity. Some of the distinctive features of grassland biodiversity in South Africa include globally significant centres of plant endemism, half of the country's endemic mammal species, a third of its endangered butterfly species and 10 of 14 of its globally threatened bird species. Grassland is one of the most inadequately maintained biomes in Southern Africa because 23% is under cultivation, 60% is irreversibly transformed and most of the remaining natural area is used as rangeland for livestock. Only 2% of the grassland biome is currently protected. Grasslands provide essential ecosystem services for economic development, but this biome also supports a large human population whose resource demands have serious environmental implications that threaten the grasslands‘ biodiversity. Urbanisation is possibly one of the major immediate threats to the grassland ecology in South Africa. This is also the case in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COHWHS) and adjacent areas. New housing complexes and informal housing are encroaching on the COHWHS. Indigenous fauna and flora are being affected by ecologically insensitive urban development. This poses a major threat to the fauna of this region including the insects that occur in grassland habitats. The insects play a vital role as pollinators in grassland habitats and form an essential food source to a range of predators, including grass owls, shrews, bull frogs, lizards and bats. In order to conserve the insects and therefore the food web of which they form part, it is necessary to understand the diversity of the insects in the grassland in the dolomitic areas. The COHWHS is a world renowned heritage site devoted to the origin of humankind and is characterised by dolomitic caves. These caves are also the home of a large population of bats consisting of several species. The negative impact on the grasslands in the COHWHS and surroundings pose a threat to the survival of these bat populations if the food source they depend on is negatively affected. For this reason it is important to determine which flying nocturnal insect species are available in the grasslands surrounding bat roosts in the COHWHS and surroundings. 3 The choice of location for the primary trap site was made on the basis of its proximity to known bat roosts and the fact that it is situated in a nature reserve that, although the river is polluted, contains an otherwise relatively unspoilt grassland habitat. Sampling took place over a period of 14 months during which fluctuations in the insect population was observed. The fluctuations can be ascribed to seasonal climate changes and the three veld fires that occurred during this period. This fluctuation was most evident in the representatives of the Orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera sampled.

Les écosystèmes prairiaux sont soumis à une pression anthropique, essentiellement liée à la gestion agricole, qui permet de maintenir ces milieux ouverts. Cependant, lorsque cette pression s’avère trop importante, elle peut conduire à une diminution de la diversité de la communauté végétale et, en outre, de toutes les communautés qui en dépendent (de consommateurs primaires et secondaire notamment). La biodiversité jouant un rôle reconnu pour la réalisation de diverses fonctions et services écosystémiques dont les sociétés humaines tirent profit chaque jour, les pressions anthropiques fortes peuvent altérer le maintien de ces services.Afin d’obtenir des informations complémentaires sur la réponse des communautés végétales aux différents facteurs anthropiques, il est nécessaire d’intégrer la complexité de la notion de diversité, et notamment inclure les facettes taxonomiques, phylogénétiques et fonctionnelles. Par ailleurs, l’échelle spatiale doit être considérée, en comparant les composantes alpha (intra-site) et beta (inter-sites) de la diversité gamma d’une parcelle ou d’une région.Dans ce projet, une attention particulière a été portée sur la complémentarité de ces approches de la diversité afin de rendre compte de la réponse des communautés végétales du massif jurassien aux modes de gestion agricoles pratiqués dans cette région. La production de différentes AOP fromagères, dont le Comté, offre un cadre original puisque l’existence d’une telle production implique des restrictions concernant la conduite agricole des surfaces prairiales aux exploitants. Nous avons étudié la végétation de 48 parcelles du massif jurassien réparties selon un gradient altitudinal (Premier plateau, Deuxième plateau, Haute-Chaîne) par le biais d’un protocole multi-échelle original pour des surfaces équivalentes à 0,01, 1, 10 et 1000 m². Sur ces mêmes parcelles, les pratiques agricoles ont été renseignées grâce à des enquêtes réalisées auprès des exploitants ; les conditions édaphiques ont elles aussi été étudiées grâce à des sondages de profondeur du sol et des analyses physico-chimiques réalisées sur des prélèvements dans l’horizon de surface.[...]En comparant la composition floristique de 150 relevés réalisés dans les années 1990 avec de nouvelles prospections réalisées en 2012 sur les mêmes surfaces, d’importants changements de la composition floristique sont apparus pour chacune des prairies. La tendance générale pour l’ensemble des parcelles suggère que les communautés actuelles sont davantage adaptées aux défoliations fréquentes et/ou intenses, présentent despréférences écologiques pour les milieux riches en substances nutritives et valeur pastorale plus élevée. La diversité phylogénétique s’avère également différente entre les deux sessions (ce qui n’est pas le cas de la diversité taxonomique de Simpson) et témoigne ainsi d’une réduction de la diversité des lignées avec le temps.[...]L’accumulation de phosphore dans les sols prairiaux, associée aux apports croissants d’azote apportés notamment par les engrais minéraux de synthèse, sont parmi les causes potentielles de ces changements. Bien qu’aucune diminution significative de la diversité taxonomique n’ait été enregistrée dans nos travaux, les changements de composition fonctionnelle déjà observés pourraient à l’avenir aboutir à une érosion de la diversité.[...] / Grassland ecosystems are submitted to human pressure, especially due to agricultural management, preventing their natural succession toward the forest. However, when this pressure become too important, it could lead to a decrease of the diversity of plant communities (especially primary and secondary consumers) and of all communities that depend on them. As biodiversity is recognized to play an important role in the realization of ecosystem functions and services that benefit to human societies every day, important anthropic pressures could alter the maintaining of these services.In order to provide complementary information on the response of plant communities to anthropogenic factors, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of biodiversity, especially by including the various taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional facets of diversity. In addition, the spatial scale has to be taken into account, by comparing alpha (intra-site), beta (inter-site) components of the gamma diversity of a given parcel or region:.In this project, we especially focused on the complementarity of these approaches to diversity in order to assess the response of plant communities of the French Jura Mountains to agricultural practices used in this area. The production of PDO cheese, and especially the Comté cheese, offers an original framework for such investigations as the existence of this production is associated to strict regulations imposed to farmers for the management of their grassland systems. We studied the vegetation of 48 grasslands, split according to an altitudinal gradient (First Plateau, Second Plateau, High Range) by using an original multi-scale sampling design with plot sizes of 0.01, 1, 10 and 1000 m². The agricultural practices used on these 48 parcels have also been recorded by submitting questionnaires to farmers. In addition, we collected data on soil conditions in each parcel, including soil depth and physico-chemical analyses performed on 0 – 10 cm superficial soil samples.[...]The comparison of the species composition of 150 phytosociological relevés recorded in the 1990’s and repeated in 2012 reveals important changes in the floristic composition of grasslands. The general trend observed for the overall set of relevé suggests that contemporary communities are more adapted to frequent and/or intense defoliations, have a higher pastoral value and indicate a higher level of nutrient content in the soil. We also record differences in phylogenetic diversity values between the two sessions of relevés (while the taxonomic diversity of Simpson do not change) and so show that a loss of phylogenetic lineages among time.[...]The accumulation of phosphorous in the soil, associated to increasing nitrogen supply, especially in the form of inorganic fertilizers, can partly explain this trend. Even though we do not record any significant reduction of taxonomic diversity, the functional changes already observed suggest that the diversity could potentially decrease in the future.[...]

Afin d’appréhender l’impact des dépôts d’azote atmosphérique sur les écosystèmes,nous nous sommes intéressés à un écosystème d’intérêt patrimonial : les prairies acides duViolion caninae. Au sein de ces prairies, les objectifs étaient de (i) quantifier les variationsfloristiques temporelles et spatiales le long du domaine atlantique français et de déterminer siles variables de dépôts d’azote et du climat expliquaient ces patrons, (ii) comprendre lesprocessus mis en jeu lors de l’enrichissement en azote au niveau de la végétation et du sol, et(iii) examiner les moyens potentiels de conservation et de restauration.L’étude temporelle et spatiale des prairies acides a permis de mettre en évidence deschangements de composition à l’échelle locale du type de communautés mais également àl’échelle nationale du domaine atlantique français. A l’échelle locale et nationale, ceschangements ont pu être reliés à des changements climatiques d’augmentation de latempérature annuelle moyenne et de diminution de la disponibilité en eau du sol. Toutefois àl’échelle locale, les plus forts changements de végétation ont été perçus pour les sites soumiségalement aux plus forts dépôts chroniques d’azote depuis les 25 dernières années. Ceschangements de composition se sont produits au détriment des espèces de petites tailles, tellesque des dicotylédones, alors que les Poacées généralistes se sont maintenues en dominant lecouvert végétal. Ces changements sont visibles dès 10-15 kg N ha-1 an-1, déterminé comme lacharge critique d’azote pour les prairies acides.L’approche expérimentale a permis de souligner les processus mis en jeu dans ceshabitats acides lors d’un apport d’azote. Notamment, l’enrichissement en azote n’entraineraitpas de compétition pour la lumière au sein de la végétation. Ce type de milieu, principalementdéfini par son caractère oligotrophe et sa faible capacité à neutraliser l’acidité du sol,semblerait donc essentiellement affecté par des mécanismes de toxicité de l’ammonium voired’acidification du milieu à long terme.Enfin, les moyens de restauration étudiés ont montré la difficulté de conserver et derestaurer de tels habitats potentiellement affectés par les dépôts d’azote. En effet, l’utilisationde fauches répétées avec exportation de la biomasse a montré son inutilité dans un systèmequi n’est pas influencé par la compétition pour la lumière. De même, l’étude des banques degraines a montré que ce pool d’espèces ne pouvait pas représenter le seul moyen deconservation des espèces caractéristiques. Ces résultats révèlent l’importance de conserver lesprairies acides existantes, principalement dans des sites soumis à de faibles dépôts ambiants. / To assess the impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on ecosystems, we werefocused on a patrimonial interest ecosystem: acid grasslands of Violion caninae. Within thesegrasslands, we aimed to (i) characterise temporal and spatial variation in plant speciescomposition along the French Atlantic domain and determine if nitrogen deposition andclimate variables could explain these patterns, (ii) understand processes underlined bynitrogen addition on vegetation and soil, and (iii) examine the potential conservation andrestoration ways.Temporal and spatial approach of acid grasslands brought to light changes in speciescomposition at local scale of community type but also at the national French Atlantic domainscale. At both local and national scale, these changes were linked to climate change withincrease of mean annual temperature and decrease of soil water availability. However at localscale, the most changes in species composition were experienced on sites with climate changeand also the highest chronic nitrogen deposition since the last 25 years. These changes inspecies composition occurred at the expense of short stature species like forbs whereasgrasses species were persistent and dominated vegetation. These changes are visible from 10-15 kg N ha-1 an-1, determined as the critical load for nitrogen in acid grasslands.The experiment allowed to highlight processes underlined in acid grasslands afternitrogen addition. In particular, nitrogen enrichment did not lead to light competition invegetation. These grasslands, mainly defined by poor-nutrient and low capacity to bufferacidity in soil, were essentially affected by ammonium toxicity or even acidification on thelong range.Finally, the study of conservation ways showed the difficulty to conserve and restorethe grasslands affected by nitrogen deposition. Indeed, more frequent cuttings with biomassremoval were useless in a system not influenced by light competition within vegetation. Thestudy of seed banks showed also that conservation ways could not be based just on seed banksto maintain characteristic species. These results highlight the importance to conserve theexisting acid grasslands, mostly in region with low ambient nitrogen deposition.