Electricity generation from wind power and other renewable energy sources is increasing, and their variability introduces new challenges to the existing power system, which cannot cope effectively with highly variable and distributed energy resources. The emergence of smart grid technologies in recent year has seen a paradigm shift in redefining the electrical system of the future, in which controlled response of the demand side is used to balance fluctuations and intermittencies from the generation side. This thesis investigates the impact of smart grid technologies on the integration of wind power into the power system. A smart grid power system model is developed and validated by comparison with a real-life smart grid experiment: the Olympic Peninsula Demonstration Experiment. The smart grid system model is then expanded to include 1000 houses and a generic generation mix of nuclear, hydro, coal, gas and oil based generators. The effect of super-imposing varying levels of wind penetration are then investigated in conjunction with a market model whereby suppliers and demanders bid into a Real-Time Pricing (RTP) electricity market. The results demonstrate and quantify the effectiveness of DR in mitigating the variability of renewable generation. It is also found that the degree to which Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions can be mitigated is highly dependent on the generation mix. A displacement of natural gas based generation during peak demand can for instance lead to an increase in GHG emissions. Of practical significance to power system operators, the simulations also demonstrate that Demand Response (DR) can reduce generator cycling and improve generator efficiency, thus potentially lowering GHG emissions while also reducing wear and tear on generating equipment. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:41:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fontes_ir_dr_botfca.pdf: 6105136 bytes, checksum: 23e89a651c99005b7465ec2d3aae3e9b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a configuração de um sistema de supervisão e controle de irrigação utilizando técnicas de inteligência artificial. De acordo com metodologia adotada, o seu desenvolvimento foi realizado em três fases distintas. Inicialmente foram construídos os seguintes módulos de hardware: Unidade de Sensores, Unidade Concentradora de Dados e Sensor de Umidade do Solo do tipo Capacitivo. Em seguida foi criada uma aplicação através do programa de supervisão e controle do tipo SCADA, Elipse PRO, dedicada à supervisão e controle de uma casa de vegetação. Na fase final foram coletados os dados necessários para o treinamento de uma rede neural artificial que é parte integrante do sensor de umidade de solo do tipo capacitivo. Os resultados obtidos através de um conjunto de teste de medidas demonstraram que o sensor capacitivo apresenta comportamento e desempenho similares ao do sensor de do tipo TDR, o que permite concluir que esta solução pode representar uma significativa contribuição, viabilizando a implantação de sistemas de supervisão e controle em processos de irrigação com uma relação custo/benefício em níveis aceitáveis. / The present work had as objective the configuration of a supervisory and control system for irrigation using artificial intelligence techniques. In agreement with adopted methodology, its development was accomplished in three different phases. Initially the following hardware modules were built: Sensors Unit, Data Concentrator Unit and a Capacitive type Soil Moisture Sensor. Soon afterwards an application was created through the supervisory and control program of the type SCADA, Ellipse PRO, dedicated to the supervision and control of a green house. In the final phase the necessary data were collected for the training of an artificial neural network that is integral part of the capacitive type soil moisture sensor. With the application developed in the Ellipse PRO a database was created for the training of the artificial neural network, containing a group of 2440 measures of soil moisture obtained through a capacitive type sensor and a TDR type sensor. The results obtained through a group of test of measures demonstrated that the capacitive sensor presents a similar behavior to the of the TDR type sensor, the one that allows conclude that this solution can represent a significant contribution, making possible the implantation of supervisory and control systems in irrigation processes with a cost/benefit relationship in acceptable levels.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'évaluation du potentiel et du coût du véhicule électrique comme solution pour réduire les émissions de CO$_2$ dues au transport de passagers en ville. Elle montre comment intégrer les habitudes de déplacement des usagers dans les méthodologies de quantification modifie ces évaluations. Les analyses portant sur le véhicule électrique calculent généralement un potentiel de réduction d'émissions et un coût sans distinguer les spécificités locales des territoires où ce véhicule pourra être mis en place et de l'utilisation qui en découle. Elles ne tiennent pas compte non plus des autres politiques existantes sur ce territoire, notamment de celles jouant sur la structure de la mobilité, à savoir son volume total et son partage modal. Ainsi, les différentes solutions de réduction d'émission de CO$_2$, technologiques d'un côté et portant sur la structure de la mobilité de l'autre, sont le plus souvent discutées de manière indépendante, et les possibles rétroactions de l'une vers l'autre sont peu analysées. Cette thèse vise donc à considérer conjointement l'introduction d'une solution technologique telle que le véhicule électrique et les structures urbaines dans lesquelles elle se déploie. Pour cela, nous développons un modèle de choix de technologies de véhicules des ménages, et l'intégrons à un modèle d'économie urbaine. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps, aux caractéristiques spatiales de la ville et donc à l'usage qui est fait de ce véhicule ; puis, dans un deuxième temps, à la mise en œuvre simultanée d'une solution jouant sur la structure de la mobilité pour réduire les émissions : la ceinture verte. Ces deux analyses nous permettent de mettre en évidence, et de quantifier, l'interdépendance d'une action s'appuyant sur la technologie et d'une autre s'appuyant sur la structure de la mobilité. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous introduisons l'hétérogénéité des usages ainsi que l'incertitude sur les prix futurs de l'énergie et les coûts futurs des batteries dans un modèle de calcul de la valeur d'option du déploiement du véhicule électrique. Nous montrons que ces deux éléments conduisent à réviser l'évaluation de la valeur d'option à la hausse / This thesis brings precisions on the measure of the emissions reduction potential in cities and the cost of electric vehicle by taking into account users driving patterns. Studies on electric vehicles or other solutions belonging to the "technological lever" compute emissions reduction potential and cost without discerning the local specificities of the areas where it would be used and the use that would be done of these vehicles. These studies don't take into account the other policies implemented in the area, including the ones that operate on a different lever such as the "mobility structure lever" : volume of activity and modal shares. Policies for reducing CO$_2$ emissions are often discussed independently and ignore the possible retroactions. To improve the evaluation of the potential of the electric vehicle, it seems essential to take into account the environment in which it would be developed. We use a urban economics model to first look at the spatial features of the city, and so at the use of this vehicle. Then we compute the impacts of the simultaneous introduction of the electric vehicle and a solution belonging to the "mobility structure lever" : the greenbelt. These two last points allow us to highlight the interdependency of the two action levers : technology and mobility structure. Then we take into account the use of the car by the households and the uncertainty around electric vehicle introduction, to improve the evaluation of the cost of this solution

No description available.

Today China produces most GHG emissions in the world, which continues increasing the average temperature of the Earth. For the purpose of reducing the emission and reaching the peak of GHG emission before 2030, Chinese government promotes several policies, such as developing renewable energy, importing advanced emission reduction technology and encouraging the production and sales of new energy vehicles. In order to estimate the tendency of Chinese GHG emission, a review has been conducted. This review has considered the current Chinese situation, making necessary assumptions and calculating total emission in several relevant sectors independently. By adjusting several key figures, the end result of peak year may be changed. The review has proved that the peak year for Chinese GHG emissions will be 2035 under normal condition. If other optimized factors are considered, the peak year could be moved up.

The project is a collective living space for people suffering with mental illness with a focus on recuperation and therapy.  A project to hone the benefits of communal living, democratic centralism-fueled therapeutic practices, and behavioral therapy. All to achieve a healthy living environment and ultimately lead to social reintegration. It is specifically an attempt to create an environment for people who find themselves in the grayzone where they are not ill enough to require hospitalization, but are unable, or shouldn’t, live alone. In terms of its physical mass, it is a large environment encapsulated by a glass structure whose interior explores various levels of privacy and openness through spatiality, opacity and height. This to allow for comfortable spaces for people of various mental states and allow for communal spaces creating possibilities for active, but also passive, participation.

No description available.

Agricultural production is an important source of environmental emissions. While water quality concerns related to animal agriculture have been studied extensively, air quality issues have become an increasing concern. Due to the transfer of nutrients between air, water, and soil, emissions to air can harm water quality. We conduct a multi-objective optimization analysis for a representative dairy farm with two different approaches: nonlinear programming (NLP) and ϵ-constraint optimization to evaluate trade-offs among reduction of multiple pollutants including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), greenhouse gas (GHG), and ammonia. We evaluated twenty-six different scenar- ios in which we define incremental reductions of N, P, ammonia, and GHG from five to 25% relative to a baseline scenario. The farm entails crop production, livestock production (dairy and broiler), and manure management activities. Results from NLP optimization indicate that reducing P and ammonia emissions is relatively more expen- sive than N and GHG. This result is also confirmed by the ϵ-constraint optimization. However, the latter approach provides limited evidence of trade-offs among reduction of farm pollutants and net returns, while the former approach includes different re- duction scenarios that make trade-offs more evident. Results from both approaches indicate changes in crop rotation and land retirement are the best strategies to reduce N and P emissions while cow diet changes involving less forage represents the best strategy to reduce ammonia and GHG emissions. / Master of Science / Human activities often damage and deplete the environment. For instance, nutrient pollution into air and water, which mostly comes from agricultural and industrial activ- ities, results in water quality degradation. Thus, mitigating the detrimental impacts of human activities is an important step toward environmental sustainability. Reducing environmental impacts of nutrient pollution from agriculture is a complicated problem, which needs a comprehensive understanding of types of pollution and their reduction strategies. Reduction strategies need to be both feasible and financially viable. Con- sequently, practices must be carefully selected to allow farmers to maximize their net return while reducing pollution levels to reach a satisfactory level. Thus, this paper conducts a study to evaluate the trade-offs associated with farm net return and re- ducing the most important pollutants generated by agricultural activities. The results of this study show that reducing N and GHG emissions from a representative dairy farm is less costly than reducing P and ammonia emissions, respectively. In addition, reducing one pollutant may result in reduction of other pollutants. In general, for N and P emissions reduction land retirement and varying crop rotations are the most effective strategies. However, for reducing ammonia and GHG emissions focusing on cow diet changes involving less forage is the most effective strategy.

O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi o de avaliar a utilização de exaustores eólicos no controle da temperatura e da ventilação no interior do ambiente protegido. Esse trabalho foi realizado em dois ambientes protegidos na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", da Universidade de São Paulo em Piracicaba, SP. Os ambientes protegidos estão instalados no sentido leste-oeste, com dimensões de 6,4m de largura por 17,5m de comprimento, sendo que, em um deles foram instalados três exaustores eólicos na cobertura. A avaliação da distribuição espacial da temperatura do ar (em graus centígrados) no interior dos ambientes protegidos foi realizada através da medição com termopares (cobre-constantã) instalados formando malhas, com espaçamento entre eles de 3,0m e nas alturas de 0,5m, 1,0m, 2,0m 3,0m e 4,0m em relação ao solo, constituindo um conjunto de 78 pontos de amostragem, e os valores de temperatura coletados foram armazenados em um sistema de aquisição de dados. A utilização de exaustores eólicos em ambientes protegidos, apesar de não reduzir significativamente a temperatura do ar nos períodos diurnos, mostrou-se eficaz no controle das temperaturas do ar, melhorando a sua distribuição tanto no perfil vertical como no horizontal, deixando-a uniforme, principalmente na altura da abertura das cortinas. No período noturno, principalmente nas noites de temperaturas mais baixas, manteve as temperaturas internas superiores ao outro ambiente protegido, e ao ambiente externo em até 4°C. A combinação do manejo de cortinas e do uso de exaustores eólicos auxiliados por motor, para utilização nos momentos de aumento de temperatura ou falta de ventos, podem contribuir na redução da temperatura. A utilização dos exaustores eólicos melhora o controle da ventilação otimizando o "efeito termo sifão" ou processo convectivo, através do manejo adequado das cortinas, independente da direção e velocidade dos ventos. A taxa de ventilação do ambiente protegido no experimento com os exaustores movimentados apenas pelo vento foi de 0 a 5 trocas por hora, enquanto que, utilizando os motores auxiliares a taxa foi de 9 a 11 trocas por hora.A análise da distribuição da temperatura do ar por meio de isotermas permitiu uma visão global instantânea dos efeitos do uso de exaustores eólicos retirando a massa de ar quente instalada próxima à cobertura do ambiente protegido, na melhora da distribuição de temperatura do ar, tornando-a mais uniforme e homogênea. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of rotary turbine ventilators on the control of air temperature and ventilation in a plastic greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in two plastic greenhouses disposed on East-West direction at the Department of Rural Engineering of College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The plastic greenhouses had a dimension of 6.4m width and 17.5m of length being one of them with three of rotary turbine ventilators on roof. The air temperature (°C) spatial distribution was measured using 78 thermocouples (copper-constant) installed in a grid of 3.0m horizontally and five different high, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0m from soil surface. The thermocouples were connected to a data logger system and the data were stored. Although the use of rotary turbine ventilator did not decrease the air temperature significantly in diurnal periods, they were efficient in control the air temperature by improving its distribution in horizontal and vertical profile, by keeping uniform, especially at the height of opened curtains. During the night periods, especially under low temperatures, they kept the internal air temperature above another greenhouse and environmental in almost 4°C. The combination of curtains management and rotary turbine motor assisted ventilators can be used for decrease air temperature in moments of high temperature and without winds. The use of rotary turbine ventilators with curtains management improves the ventilation control by performing the convective process, independently of direction and velocity of the wind. Ventilation rate in greenhouse experiment with rotary turbine ventilators moved only by wind ranged from 0 to 5 changes per hour, whereas when assisted by motor system the ventilation rate ranged from 9 to 11 changes per hour. The analysis of air temperature distribution by isotherms lines allowed a global prompt vision of use of rotary turbine ventilators on removing the hot air mass near to the greenhouse roof and improving the distribution of air temperature that became more uniform and homogeneous.

In recent years, with the energy shortage, the use of renewable energy is inevitable. With CO2 the most important greenhouse gas causing global warming as well as the increase of population, renewable energy is one way to save energy and reduce carbon emissions. The traditional capacity investment for serving the load in distribution systems usually considered the addition of new substations or expansion of the existing substation and associated new feeder requirement. Nowadays, there are a lots of distributed generations (DG¡¦s) to be chosen. Factors of the choice taken into account will include lower pollution, higher efficiency, higher return rate for construction of distributed power generation systems. This thesis assumes that the distributed generation can be invested for long-term power plant planning. The planning of DG would be investigated from the perspectives of the independent investors. The modified Particle Swarm Optimization is proposed to determine the optimal sizing and sit of DG¡¦s addition in distribution systems with the constrains of CO2 limitation and addition of distributed generation to maximize profits. This thesis deals with discrete programming problem of optimal power flow, which includes continuous and discrete types of variables. The continuous variables are the generating unit real power output and the bus voltage magnitudes, the discrete variables are the shunt capacitor banks and sit problems. The Miaoli-Houlong system of Taiwan power will be used in this thesis for the verification of the feasibility of the proposed method.