In this paper we investigated how small Swedish manufacturing companies are setting prices for environmentally friendly products. We have looked at five companies from different industries and interviewed them about what environmentally related laws and regulationsthey need to follow, what measures they take to reduce their impact on the environment, how they handle costs associated with those measures and how they finally are setting the pricesfor their products. With that approach we tried to get a more holistic view and build up anunderstanding of what strategies they use and how they think when it comes to setting prices. From the interviews it became clear what difficulties it involves in estimating costs for environmentally related measures and using those estimations to set prices for their products.The costs for the measures are instead integrated with costs for other activities the companyperforms. We could see that the companies tried to find a balance between different pricingstrategies; finding a balanced mix between focusing on their own costs, their competitors' prices and their customers' perceived value of the product. It also showed that the companies, due to their size with limited resources, were forced to take a more pragmatic approach forsetting prices. They couldn’t explain well why they had set a certain price but the price theyset worked in such a way that they could sell their products with a satisfying margin. The paper is organized in the following way. We will first in the background and problem statement go through briefly the history of environmentally related work and the developmentof international protocols, agreements and laws that drives companies to develop more environmentally friendly products and adapt their operations to a more environmentallyfriendly society with less climate impact. In that part it is also defined what an environmentally friendly product is. We then go through the details about the method used for the investigation which is a qualitative method built on induction and ideas from grounded theory (Bryman & Bell, 2017). After that relevant theories related to pricing strategies and environmental management accounting are summarized. We then go through the data collection in which chapter we summarize the transcriptions of the interviews and in the chapter after analyze it with the help of thematic analysis and compare the information we have gathered with related theory. The analysis is done using five different categories which are: norms and standards, incentives, environmentally related measures, costs and pricing. The idea behind this approach is to get a more complete picture of what the companies are doing (in terms of reducing the impact on the environment), why they do it (what the incentives are) and how they do it (how they estimate costs and setting prices). Finally we go through the conclusions we can draw from the investigation and propose further research.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / This case study explores why the strategic positioning of the wall-panel heater, manufactured by Econo-Heat, justifies a green marketing strategy. The primary research objective is to provide Econo-Heat with a coherent marketing strategy framework, based on the outcome of the strategic analysis of the competitive positioning of the wall-panel heater. The following factors form the context of the study: the impact companies have on the environment, the energy crisis and the rising “green economy” in South Africa, and the increased consumer awareness about lifestyle consequences for the environment. The wall-panel heater uses convection-heating technology to warm rooms and has unique selling properties, such as being energy efficient, economical, effective and safe. Other space-heating products found in South Africa do not encapsulate all these qualities in one product. A strategic analysis done of the company revealed that the current competitive positioning of the wall-panel heater is a best-cost strategy. However, based on a literature review, the strategic analysis of the company and an exploration of the small household appliance consumer profile, the study found that the current competitive positioning of the wall-panel heater could be augmented. The combination of factors revealed by this study could be interpreted as push-factors towards the implementation of an applicable green marketing strategy that could support the re-positioning of the wall-panel heater to a broad-differentiated competitive positioning. These factors are the unique selling properties of the wall-panel heater, the lean manufacturing principles of the company, the rising green economy in the country, the energy crisis and the slow recovery from the global financial crisis in South Africa, as well as the unique characteristics of the environmentally-focused consumer. The view is held that green marketing can mitigate mass consumption. The case study suggests a future marketing strategy framework that consists of three combined elements. First, the argument is made that the unique selling properties of the wall-panel heater in combination with the unique operations of the company, against the backdrop of external factors that influence companies and consumers (i.e. the rising green economy and the energy crisis), could be utilised to discover new market space. The concept of “lateral marketing” is suggested as a framework should the company position itself to differentiate along the green dimension. Secondly, the “green marketing strategy matrix” is suggested as a framework to establish the size and greenness of its consumer segment, as well as the ability to differentiate along the green dimension. Lastly, the suggestion is made that the marketing objective of the company (its greenness) can be measured through the application of a “green marketing grid” that leads to innovation and the challenging of consumer behaviour. The combination of these elements is thought to form a coherent green marketing framework that could in future place the product at a strategic and competitive advantage within the space-heating industry.

Purpose – The purpose of this master thesis is to examine factors influencing green consumption and to explain the moderating effect of market maturity on these factors in developed and emerging markets.Design/methodology/approach – In this research the pragmatism epistemology was employed as the scientific perspective of the current research. Deductive reasoning has been selected as scientific approach. The formulation of hypotheses, the collection and analysis of the data were based on and derived from existing theories. In line with deductive approach the collected data was analyzed quantitatively within cross-sectional time horizon. SSPS program was applied to process the collected research data and present the research results. The data was collected via online survey (Google Forms) in Russia and Sweden as well as credible and reliable secondary resources.Findings – Based on correlation and multiple regression analysis it was found that factor perceived consumer effectiveness positively (Beta=0.227) and significantly (Sig.<0.05) influences green consumption among young people in Sweden. Price is determined to affect negatively (Beta=-0.279) and significantly (Sig.<0.05) green consumption among young people in Sweden. Perceived consumer effectiveness positively (Beta=0.225) and significantly (Sig.<0.05) influences green consumption among young people in Russia. The presence of moderating effect of market maturity was not revealed within the conducted research. That means the level of development of countries (in case of Sweden and Russia) does not make a significant influence on the association between studied factors and green consumption among young people. Perceived consumer effectiveness is determined to be the main driving factor which pushes the younger generation toward sustainable consumption both in Sweden and Russia.Research limitations – the first limitation relates to the size of the sample. Although the sample of 100 respondents for each country (Sweden and Russia) was considered adequate, still a larger sample size could have provided more heterogonous findings and might have led to a different conclusion. Another limitation considers geographical and industrial boundaries. The research applies the theoretical model to the context of only two particular countries, namely, Sweden and Russia by focusing on consumption of green products from FMCG industry. With this regard, the findings of the study might not be fully suitable for other emerging and developed countries or other industries. Also, the application of non-probability sampling limited the authors to add more validity to the research. The last limitation is such a phenomena as socially desirable responding or response biases that means a tendency to choose the desirable response or the most moderate response.Practical implications – The findings ensure a better understanding of the content of moderating effect of market maturity and explain more in details how particular factors influence green consumption in emerging and developed markets. The model conceptualized by the authors is supposed to be a good basis for future researches aimed at examining moderating effect of market maturity on relationship between green consumption and factors influencing it in other emerging and developed markets besidesRussia and Sweden. In practice a special emphasis on perceived consumer effectiveness by the companies which market green products and target young consumers could helpthem to supply their products more successfully both in developed and/or emerging countries. Particularly, they need create a perception among potential consumers that buying green products contributes to sustainability and solution of environmental problems by elaborating particular strategies. As the research revealed a negative and significant relation between price and green consumption on the developed market it is important that managers consider price policy while marketing green products among young generation in developed countries.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T17:40:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agata Maite Ritter.pdf: 1425986 bytes, checksum: 3d3a333a086568a5a6caed15a62eaf29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T17:40:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agata Maite Ritter.pdf: 1425986 bytes, checksum: 3d3a333a086568a5a6caed15a62eaf29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Nenhuma / Compreender o que direciona e estimula o consumo de produtos verdes pode ser relevante para promover a consciência ambiental, especialmente tendo em conta que a participação estimada de mercado de produtos verdes é inferior a 4% em todo o mundo, sob uma perspectiva de aumento da demanda. Os países emergentes têm contribuído para o aumento dos níveis de consumo e seu consequente impacto ambiental sobre a produção verde. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa avalia os elementos que direcionam o consumo de produtos verdes e analisa as ações para alavancar o consumo e produção destes produtos. A pesquisa divide-se em duas partes: uma quantitativa, realizada junto aos consumidores de produtos verdes na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, e a outra qualitativa, realizada junto a ONGs, a associações e a fundações em todo o estado. Os dados da pesquisa quantitativa foram analisados por meio de uma análise fatorial e de um modelo de equações estruturante causal, que foi criado para avaliar os elementos direcionadores do consumo verde. Os seguintes construtos foram fortemente correlacionados com o consumo verde: Informação e Conhecimento, Atitude Ambiental, Contexto Social e Consciência Ambiental. No entanto, a qualidade e o preço dos produtos verdes têm demonstrado uma relação mais fraca com o consumo. Os construtos indicaram que a amostra estudada reconhece e busca informações sobre as questões ambientais, preocupa-se com os impactos do consumo de bens, com a saúde e rejeita marcas ou empresas que possam ter demonstrado comportamento ambiental inadequado. As informações sobre produtos verdes e sua disponibilidade no ponto de venda foram destacadas como forma de aprimorar o consumo verde. Já os dados da pesquisa qualitativa foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo, tendo o objetivo de identificar as ações realizadas pelas ONGs, Associações e Fundações no que tange à prática em políticas públicas, a parcerias, à responsabilidade social e ao desenvolvimento econômico, a partir de entrevista com seus responsáveis. No que diz respeito às ações de alavancagem do consumo de produtos verdes, foi possível identificar que há uma maior contribuição para a elaboração de leis, no trabalho em parceria com os órgãos públicos com vistas à busca de incentivos para os produtos verdes. Entretanto, há poucas parcerias com empresas, além de déficit em projetos educacionais para crianças e divergências entre os entrevistados no que tange ao desenvolvimento econômico, pois foram observadas ideias contraditórias sobre como medir o seu desenvolvimento e formas de se investir tendo em vista o crescimento. Este resultado sugere que a educação pode aumentar o compromisso com o meio ambiente e, consequentemente, favorecer o consumo verde. Campanhas publicitárias podem contribuir para o engajamento de novos consumidores. No que diz respeito ao setor gerencial das ONGs, fundações e associações, estudos destacam o consumidor como elemento para mudança nos padrões de consumo, no entanto, grande parte de suas ações visam à proteção do produtor e do agricultor, necessitando, assim, mudar o seu foco. / Understanding what drives and stimulates consumption of green products may be relevant to promote environmental awareness, especially when we consider that the estimated market share of green products is less than 4% worldwide, from the perspective of a rising demand. Emerging countries have been contributing to the increased levels of consumption and its resulting environmental impact on green production. In this context, this study assesses the factors that drive the consumption of green products and analyses the actions in order to boost the production and consumption of these products. The research is divided in two parts: a quantitative one, conducted among consumers of green products in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and another qualitative – held with NGOs, associations and foundations throughout the state. The data from the quantitative survey were analysed using factor analysis and Strutuctural Equalition Modelling, which was created to assess the driving elements of green consumption. The following constructs were strongly correlated to the green consumer: Information and Knowledge, Environmental Attitude, Social Context and Environmental Awareness. However, the quality and price of green products have demonstrated a weaker relationship with the consumer. The constructs indicated that the studied sample recognizes and seeks information on environmental issues and it is concerned about the impacts of the consumption of goods and health, rejecting brands or companies that may have had inadequate environmental behaviour. Information about green products and their availability at the point of sales were highlighted as a way of enhancing the green consumption. Meanwhile, the data from qualitative research were analysed using content analysis, with the aim at identifying the actions taken by respondents in relation to the practice in public policies, partnerships, social responsibility and economic development. Regarding the actions of leverage consumption of green products, it was identified that there is a greater contribution to the development of laws, work in partnership with governmental institutions in order to seek incentives for green products. However, there are few partnerships with companies, in addition to the deficits in educational projects for children, besides the differences among respondents in relation to economic development, as well as contradictory ideas about how to measure its development and ways of investing for growth were observed. This result suggests that education may increase the commitment to the environment and thus promote green consumerism. Advertising campaigns can help in the engage of new consumers. Considering the managerial sector of NGOs, foundations and associations, the studies highlight the consumer as a factor for changing the consumption patterns. However, most of their actions are aimed at protecting the producer and the farmer, asking them to change the focus.

After a growth in sales of 30% from 2007 to 2010, green product market sales declined 2% from 2010 to 2014 in the United States. Business leaders need to incorporate sustainable business practices and use green messaging within advertisements and marketing campaigns to assure that present needs do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This qualitative case study explored marketing strategies that business leaders in the green advertising industry use to increase the sale of green products. The social cognitive theory was the conceptual framework used in this study. In-depth interviews with 5 purposively selected business leaders with experience in advertising green products were supplemented with a review of documentation. Yin's 5-step analysis guided the coding process of participants' responses, and member checking was used to validate the transcribed data. The major themes of the study revealed strategies used in green advertising. The themes that emerged from the research include usage of social media, understanding behaviors of green consumers, and expectations of the emerging millennial generation. The implication for positive social change is the potential for increased environmental awareness that could positively affect the environment and improve effectiveness for companies that sell green products.

<p>Abstract</p><p><strong>Date: </strong>2010-05-28</p><p><strong>Authors</strong>:        Aamer Shahzad & Syed Nadeem Hussain Shah.</p><p><strong>Advisor: </strong>Mr. Konstantin Lampou</p><p><strong>Program: </strong>M.S. International Marketing</p><p><strong>Title: </strong><em>If and how environmental friendliness be a profitable marketing strategy in the current recession? </em><em>A comparative study on managements’ perspectives at two food retailers in Sweden.</em><em> </em></p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>During the current recession, consumers are not as much willing to pay more for green but expensive products as were in the past. However, despite this changing consumer attitude, food retailers in Sweden claim their marketing strategy as environmentally friendly. When maximizing profits is considered major corporate goal of every business, investigating the managements’ point of view on environmental friendliness as profitable marketing strategy in the recession period becomes an interesting topic for research.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective of this paper is to get insight on management’s perspectives from large-scale food retailers in Sweden on their choice of environmental friendliness as marketing strategy with respect to profitability in the current recession.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This qualitative study utilizes realist approach to research and exploratory research method. Through literature review, a conceptual model was developed for study. Primary data comes from interviews whereas secondary data from websites and annual reports of the companies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The green marketing strategy is profitable even in recession as it is a great source of competitive advantage and numerous profitable opportunities. This commitment to environment in hard times yields favorable reputation and helps companies in developing new products; finding new markets and suppliers; expanding customer-base; improving processes and stores; enhancing efficiency; etc.</p><p><strong>Key Words: </strong>Environmental friendliness, green marketing strategy, food retailers in Sweden, green products, impact of recession, profitability, communication.</p>

Abstract Date: 2010-05-28 Authors:        Aamer Shahzad &amp; Syed Nadeem Hussain Shah. Advisor: Mr. Konstantin Lampou Program: M.S. International Marketing Title: If and how environmental friendliness be a profitable marketing strategy in the current recession? A comparative study on managements’ perspectives at two food retailers in Sweden. Problem: During the current recession, consumers are not as much willing to pay more for green but expensive products as were in the past. However, despite this changing consumer attitude, food retailers in Sweden claim their marketing strategy as environmentally friendly. When maximizing profits is considered major corporate goal of every business, investigating the managements’ point of view on environmental friendliness as profitable marketing strategy in the recession period becomes an interesting topic for research. Purpose: The objective of this paper is to get insight on management’s perspectives from large-scale food retailers in Sweden on their choice of environmental friendliness as marketing strategy with respect to profitability in the current recession. Method: This qualitative study utilizes realist approach to research and exploratory research method. Through literature review, a conceptual model was developed for study. Primary data comes from interviews whereas secondary data from websites and annual reports of the companies. Conclusion: The green marketing strategy is profitable even in recession as it is a great source of competitive advantage and numerous profitable opportunities. This commitment to environment in hard times yields favorable reputation and helps companies in developing new products; finding new markets and suppliers; expanding customer-base; improving processes and stores; enhancing efficiency; etc. Key Words: Environmental friendliness, green marketing strategy, food retailers in Sweden, green products, impact of recession, profitability, communication.

Developing greener, more efficient, and less energy-intensive processes will lead the chemical industry into a more sustainable future. Gas-expanded liquids (GXLs) form a unique class of environmentally benign and tunable solvents that can be used in a variety of applications. Through the series of studies presented in this thesis, we have investigated both the properties and applications of GXLs. We have developed a more complete understanding of the interactions between the gas, the organic liquid, and solutes at the molecular level through kinetic and solvatochromic experiments. We have examined a Diels-Alder reaction and an SN2 reaction and have described the kinetic results in terms of intermolecular interactions and local composition enhancement. We have also demonstrated the use of Organic-Aqueous Tunable Solvents, a special case of GXLs, to recycle homogeneous hydroformylation catalysts. The results of this research can be used to guide future applications of GXLs as green reaction solvents.

Access to abstract restricted until 05/2015. / Access to thesis restricted until 05/2015. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Thesis (M. of Environmental Science)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iii, 66 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references.