Ένα χαρακτηριστικό γνώρισμα της παγκόσμιας οικονομίας τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες αποτελεί η εντυπωσιακή αύξηση των ξένων άμεσων επενδύσεων (ΞΑΕ), καθώς συντελούν στην επιτάχυνση της αναπτυξιακής διαδικασίας. Οι ΞΑΕ πραγματοποιούνται μέσω εξαγορών & greenfield επενδύσεων. Στη παρούσα εργασία ξεδιπλώνονται αυτές οι δύο επιλογές εισόδου όχι ανεξάρτητα η μία από την άλλη αλλά συγκριτικά, εξετάζοντας την παρουσία τους διαχρονικά, την επίδραση που ασκεί η καθεμία στη χώρα υποδοχής, την αποδοτικότητα και τη βιωσιμότητά τους. Επιπλέον, αναδεικνύονται οι κρίσιμοι παράγοντες που καθορίζουν τη μορφή εγκατάστασης σε μια ξένη χώρα, και αναλύονται υπό το πρίσμα των κυρίαρχων θεωριών και εμπειρικών μελετών. Παρουσιάζεται επίσης, η εξέλιξη των εξαγορών και greenfield επενδύσεων -όπως αυτή έχει διαμορφωθεί από την παγκόσμια οικονομική κρίση-σε καθένα από τα επίπεδα της οικονομικής ανάπτυξης των ξένων χωρών, και διατυπώνονται οι σχετικές προβλέψεις. Τέλος, αναλύεται η διαχρονική εξέλιξη των ΞΑΕ επενδύσεων στην Ελλάδα. / In the last decades, the main feature of the global economy is an amazing increase in the foreign direct investments (FDIs), as they contribute to the acceleration of the development process. The FDI is performed through acquisitions and greenfield investments. In this paper these two modes of entry are unfolded not independently the one from the other but comparatively, viewing their diachronic presence, their influence to the host country, their performance and their survival. In addition, the major factors that determine the foreign entry mode are spotlighted and considered through the prism of the dominant theories and empirical studies. Moreover, the evolution of acquisitions and greenfield investments-as it has been formed by the global economic crisis- is introduced in every economic level, and relevant predictions are declared. In conclusion, a diachronic analysis of FDI in Greece is included.

Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / The state of brownfield redevelopment in areas such as the Midwest and the southern states have been well documented and supported by political action. The City of Tucson has a different social, economic, and political makeup than others. Brownfield remediation, therefore takes on a different ideal approach. In order to achieve an understanding of brownfield remediation within this metro area, economic statistics from neighborhoods harboring brownfields as well as information concerning active and successful sites such as the Greenway Connection, the Tucson International Airport, and the Old Fort Lowell Adkins property were analyzed. Neighborhoods with brownfields have lower median incomes, property values, percentage of family households, and higher unemployment than the average Tucson case. Lower economic status among stakeholders in concert with communal and area factors, contribute to stagnation in the remediation of these sites.

Thesis (M.S.)--Simmons College.

Thesis (M.S.)--Simmons College.

El presente trabajo de tesis centra su desarrollo en el estudio de factibilidad de la implementación de un campus de la UPC en el departamento de Arequipa bajo un esquema “Greenfield” (iniciando desde el terreno) y partiendo del compromiso de los autores de la presente propuesta con la Misión de la Universidad de formar líderes íntegros e innovadores que transformen el país. Es importante tener en cuenta que la premisa sobre la cual se desarrolla el presente trabajo es que no existen restricciones legales para que las universidades puedan descentralizarse más allá de las áreas geográficas en la que operan. Considerando lo indicado, el trabajo inicia con el análisis de diversos factores clave en la toma de decisión de una implementación de tal magnitud: la situación del sector educativo en dicho departamento, la de universidades privadas arequipeñas con la UPC, el análisis de oferta y demanda, las posibilidades de desarrollo de Arequipa que son determinantes para hacer sostenible el modelo, los factores económicos que rodean la decisión de una u otra universidad por parte de las familias arequipeñas, el análisis comparativo de carreras ofrecidas en la actualidad, la demanda presente y futura de profesionales arequipeños por parte de las empresas que vienen invirtiendo en dicha población, entre otros. A continuación, a partir del análisis del segmento de mercado objetivo, se consigue determinar las metas de “enrollment” tanto para postulantes de Pre-grado como para los adultos que trabajan, así como el portafolio de carreras a ofrecer en el posible nuevo Campus UPC que permitan responder a la demanda y a la estrategia de negocio de diferenciación que se plantea ejecutar. Todo ello, en estrecha relación y alineación con el modelo de negocio propuesto que se basa principalmente en llevar la propuesta de valor de UPC en Lima hacia Arequipa pero con elementos diferenciadores y basándose siempre en la innovación, que respondan a las necesidades regionales y que permitan generar profesionales con proyección global. Entre los principales elementos diferenciadores se encuentran el portafolio de carreras a ofrecer, el modelo de admisión que potencie el talento por sobre evaluaciones teóricas tradicionales, un modelo educativo por competencias para el desarrollo de nuestros profesionales y pensiones superiores que respondan al mayor nivel de calidad de enseñanza y oportunidades que la UPC ofrecerá al mercado arequipeño. Asimismo, se lleva a cabo el análisis de ubicación e infraestructura a implementar todo pensado bajo el punto de vista estratégico del segmento objetivo seleccionado (NSE ABC) y las expectativas de crecimiento a 5 años. Finalmente, se efectúa el análisis financiero respectivo a nivel tanto de gastos operaciones como de inversiones con el horizonte de crecimiento ya indicado logrando obtener una VAN de S/. 72’582,104 y una TIR de 25.1%, que supera el mínimo establecido para proyectos exigido por la corporación Laureate (21%). Como conclusión, se logra determinar que la implementación de operaciones de UPC con un campus propio en Arequipa es totalmente factible considerando tanto el análisis los resultados de análisis financiero como de las variables del entorno consideradas para la toma de decisión. / Tesis

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This research seeks to provide a more concise understanding of multinational Greenfield strategies in emerging markets. A lot has been written pertaining to their conduct in established markets and this has proven inadequate as far as application to emerging markets is concerned. Scholars have developed theories on how multinationals operate but how practical are they on the ground?A two case study approach was seen as the most effective way to grasp the complexities involved in managing multinational firms in emerging markets. The scope was limited to sub Saharan Africa with two retail giants Shoprite and Game being the subject of scrutiny. Literature was developed on the basis of results of previous research and enhanced by in-depth interviews with top retail managers directly involved in the expansion process. Similarities and contrasts between the two firms’ strategies where examined with the aim of acquiring insights on retail Greenfield investments in emerging markets.The findings revealed that in emerging markets successful MNEs are the ones that target customers at the bottom of the pyramid whilst internalising risk and constraints within the context of institutional voids. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Together with the EU2020 goals, set in order to increase sustainability, there is an oncoming storm of electrification. The need of Batteries is growing, but Europe is lacking both production and competence in the area. Unrestricted new establishments, so-called “greenfield” ventures are a growing trend, which are often placed in rural areas where recruitment can be difficult. What follows is the necessary collaboration between the greenfield venture itself and local as well as national government to consolidate enough power and competence so that the parties can complete the task at hand. Collaborating between such different organisations are bound to spark conflict and shed light on organisational differences all the while exploring the benefits of the collaborative venture itself. The aim of this research is to investigate which challenges and opportunities arise during the initial phase of an inter-organisational collaboration for a large-scale recruitment effort. Where the main questions to answer were; What challenges can be identified throughout the collaboration? And, what opportunities arise during this collaboration? In order to investigate this, the case of Northvolt-Västerbotten was selected which is the collaborative project that has been established between the Region Västerbotten (RV, regional government of Västerbotten), Skellefteå Municipality, local employment service and Northvolt. This collaboration was studied through continuous observations of 16 project participants, close day-to-day work with the project manager as well as two rounds of interviews with 5 participants. All of which performed through the eyes of a participating researcher. The research concludes, that entering an inter-organisational collaboration means that resources and knowledge from each actor can be shared. When this collaboration takes part between organisations in the public and private sector it can be of further advantage. Differences, while sometimes hard to manage, can if done so successfully be avoided and turned into opportunities. If you manage to combine private and public actors to create a team with clear communication, established trust and aligned goals you can instead utilise the differences and by doing so save money, time and resources. / Tillsammans med EU’s 2020-mål, satta för att öka focus på hållbarhet, finner vi en ankommande storm utav elektrifiering. Behovet av batterier ökar, men Europa saknar både kompetensen och produktionen utav dem. Obehindrade nyetableringar, eller “greenfield”-satsingar är en ökande trend, dessa är ofta placerade i icke-urbana områden där rekrytering kan vara svår. Vad som följer är det nödvändiga samarbetet mellan nyetableringen och lokala så väl som nationella myndigheter för att samla tillräcklig makt och kompetens för att kunna utföra uppgiften. Samarbete mellan sådana olika organisationer kommer allra troligast att föda konflikter och belysa organisationella skillnader allt samtidigt som de utforskar fördelarna med samarbetet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka utmaning och möjligheter som uppstår i uppstartsfasen utav ett inter-organisationellt samarbete för en storskalig rekrytering. Varvid huvudfrågorna att besvara var: • Vilka utmaningar kan identifieras? • Vilka möjligheter uppstår? För att undersöka detta valdes fallet Northvolt-Region Västerbotten ut. Detta är ett samarbetsprojekt som har etablerats mellan Region Västerbotten, Skellefteå kommun, Arbetsförmedlingen och Northvolt. Detta samarbete har studerats genom kontinuerliga observationer utav de 16 deltagande personer, dagligt arbete med projektledaren så väl som två rundor utav intervjuer med 5 deltagare i projektet. Allt genomfört som deltagande forskare. Vi drar slutsatserna att ett inter-organisationellt samarbete innebär att alla medverkande organisationers interna resurser och kunskaper kan utnyttjas gemensamt. När ett sådant samarbete äger rum mellan privata och statligt ägda organisationer kan dessa fördelar bli av extra värde. Skillnader mellan organisationerna, som ibland kan vara svåra att hantera, kan om de hanteras korrekt istället bli till fördelar. Om man kan lyckas att kombinera privata och offentliga organisationer för att skapa ett team med en tydlig kommunikation, etablerat tillförlitlighet och sammanstrålade mål kan man istället utnyttja skillnaderna och på så sätt spara pengar, tid och resurser.

This Ph.D. dissertation aims to identify the determinant factors that influence the choice of Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs) to carry out a greenfield investment or an acquisition in both developing and developed countries. To reach this goal, we proposed a conceptual framework composed of different dimensions related to the firm, industry and host country factors. We grounded our model on concepts derived from institutional theory, transaction cost theory, internationalization theories and studies on entry mode choice. We used several complementary methods such as: exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, Manova and binary logistic regression. Moreover, we used an innovative method in international business studies called Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). We collect data from different secondary sources such as OECD, World Economic Forum, World Bank, Brazilian Multinationals Observatory, Bovespa, Orbis database, among others. More than 1,000 Brazilian subsidiaries were identified in more than 50 countries. Preliminary results point to differences between the role of institutions in EMNEs operations in developed and developing countries. It seems that institutions play a relevant role in the internationalization behavior of EMNEs. However, multinationals can develop certain competencies that reduce the level of perceived internal and external uncertainty. In addition, our study findings reveal how each studied dimension contributes in a different way to the choice between performing a greenfield investment or an acquisition. / Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo identificar os fatores determinantes que influenciam na escolha de multinacionais emergentes entre realizar uma aquisição e um investimento greenfield em países em desenvolvimento e desenvolvidos. Para o alcance do objetivo proposto é elaborado um modelo analítico composto por diferentes dimensões relacionadas à firma, indústria e país anfitrião. O modelo analítico tem como base os conceitos oriundos da teoria institucional, teoria dos custos de transação, teorias de internacionalização de empresas e os estudos sobre modos de entrada. Como metodologia de pesquisa, adotou-se métodos diversos e complementares, tais como: análise fatorial exploratória, análise de cluster, Manova e regressão logística. Ainda, o método qualitativo denominado Análise Qualitativa Comparada. Os dados que compõem o estudo foram levantados em diferentes fontes secundárias, provenientes de institutos internacionais de pesquisa, como OECD, World Economic Forum, OECD, World Bank, Observatório de Multinacionais Brasileiras, Bovespa, Orbis database, entre outros. Foram mapeadas mais de mil subsidiárias brasileiras em mais de 50 países. Os resultados preliminares apontam para diferenças entre o papel das instituições na atuação das multinacionais emergentes em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Ao que parece, as instituições têm um papel relevante no processo de internacionalização. No entanto, a firma pode desenvolver certas competências que contribuem para que ela lide melhor com esse processo, reduzindo assim o nível de incerteza interna e externa. Além disso, os achados do estudo revelam como cada dimensão estudada contribui para a escolha entre realizar um investimento greenfield ou uma aquisição.

As the population of the United States continues to grow as projected, it is clear that the need for new homes will grow with it. At the same time, there is increasing dissatisfaction with conventional sprawling suburban development. In response to this dissatisfaction, new types of alternative or “green” Greenfield developments are appearing all over the country. What these developments have in common is that they all strive to be better than conventional suburban development; better places to live that are also better for the environment. This report compiles a database of these different developments and their characteristics. Next, it examines if these “green” residential developments are in fact a success in the marketplace. To do this it looks at conventional and innovative real estate evaluation methods. A new evaluation tool that can be used to evaluate the market acceptance of the new generation of “green” Greenfield development is then proposed. Finally, the need for further study including the creation of an evaluation tool to measure the environmental “success” of these projects is examined. / text