In 1929, Henry Ford opened Greenfield Village, his outdoor history museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Fourteen years earlier, Ford announced that written history was bunk. The museum was designed to reshape the historical project by celebrating farmers and inventors in lieu of military heroes and politicians. Included among the structures were Thomas Edison’s Menlo Park Laboratory, Noah Webster’s home, and Ford’s Quadricycle shop. Ford used architecture and material culture to connect American progress to self-made manhood, middle-class domesticity, and the inventive spirit. Despite signs that the struggling automotive industry is responsible for Michigan’s economic decline, the site is popular--since 1976 over one million visitors have attended each year. This project examines this phenomenon, which exemplifies how publics often fail to link past and present in the same way that scholars do. The Village’s largely unexplored archives documenting its internal history are mined, along with primary and secondary sources on the histories of public history and the Detroit metropolitan-area. Chapter one studies the site’s construction and audiences during Ford’s presidency arguing that the populist public images of Ford and Edison mediated encounters with the Village. Chapter two links the site to the racial politics of the Detroit metro-area, which marked the Village as an alternative public space for whites. Chapter three draws on visitor surveys, to show how patrons’ worldviews were shaped by the politics of populistconservativism. Chapter four explains how the appointment of an academic as president ensured the addition of progressive historical narratives, but the site’s location in Dearborn impeded efforts to draw a larger African American audience. In the mid-1990s, the fifth chapter contends, administrators successfully sought new patrons by blending progressive history and entertainment. This project argues that the Village is popular because it articulates both visitors’ longing for an imagined past, and desires for alternative futures. It also proposes that representations of the past are understood not only through a study of their internal histories, but by placing them in the broader contexts of the economy, politics, and social relationships of the geographic area in which they are located. / text

This Ph.D. dissertation aims to identify the determinant factors that influence the choice of Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs) to carry out a greenfield investment or an acquisition in both developing and developed countries. To reach this goal, we proposed a conceptual framework composed of different dimensions related to the firm, industry and host country factors. We grounded our model on concepts derived from institutional theory, transaction cost theory, internationalization theories and studies on entry mode choice. We used several complementary methods such as: exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, Manova and binary logistic regression. Moreover, we used an innovative method in international business studies called Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). We collect data from different secondary sources such as OECD, World Economic Forum, World Bank, Brazilian Multinationals Observatory, Bovespa, Orbis database, among others. More than 1,000 Brazilian subsidiaries were identified in more than 50 countries. Preliminary results point to differences between the role of institutions in EMNEs operations in developed and developing countries. It seems that institutions play a relevant role in the internationalization behavior of EMNEs. However, multinationals can develop certain competencies that reduce the level of perceived internal and external uncertainty. In addition, our study findings reveal how each studied dimension contributes in a different way to the choice between performing a greenfield investment or an acquisition. / Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo identificar os fatores determinantes que influenciam na escolha de multinacionais emergentes entre realizar uma aquisição e um investimento greenfield em países em desenvolvimento e desenvolvidos. Para o alcance do objetivo proposto é elaborado um modelo analítico composto por diferentes dimensões relacionadas à firma, indústria e país anfitrião. O modelo analítico tem como base os conceitos oriundos da teoria institucional, teoria dos custos de transação, teorias de internacionalização de empresas e os estudos sobre modos de entrada. Como metodologia de pesquisa, adotou-se métodos diversos e complementares, tais como: análise fatorial exploratória, análise de cluster, Manova e regressão logística. Ainda, o método qualitativo denominado Análise Qualitativa Comparada. Os dados que compõem o estudo foram levantados em diferentes fontes secundárias, provenientes de institutos internacionais de pesquisa, como OECD, World Economic Forum, OECD, World Bank, Observatório de Multinacionais Brasileiras, Bovespa, Orbis database, entre outros. Foram mapeadas mais de mil subsidiárias brasileiras em mais de 50 países. Os resultados preliminares apontam para diferenças entre o papel das instituições na atuação das multinacionais emergentes em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Ao que parece, as instituições têm um papel relevante no processo de internacionalização. No entanto, a firma pode desenvolver certas competências que contribuem para que ela lide melhor com esse processo, reduzindo assim o nível de incerteza interna e externa. Além disso, os achados do estudo revelam como cada dimensão estudada contribui para a escolha entre realizar um investimento greenfield ou uma aquisição.

Por medio de una investigación cualitativa realizada a las cinco principales aerolíneas que operan en el Perú y que ocupan más del 90% del mercado de aviación del país en conjunto y con base en las diferentes teorías desarrolladas a través del tiempo sobre la internacionalización de las empresas, se han podido identificar ciertas características que resultan ser muy similares en los procesos de internacionalización de cada aerolínea. Estas similitudes se presentaron en un primer momento, para la estrategia de entrada, ya que la mayoría de aerolíneas opta por utilizar la estrategia greenfield, porque les permite empezar desde cero y disminuir el riesgo desde el punto de vista financiero evitando posibles deudas ocultas o demandas judiciales. Luego, para la estrategia de crecimiento, la mayoría opta por realizar alianzas, resaltando así la necesidad de aliarse, de tal manera que al momento de tener un codeshare, ambas aerolíneas aumenten su participación en el mercado. Además también es importante resaltar que solo LATAM y Avianca realizan vuelos internacionales constantes, mientras que el resto de aerolíneas necesitan reforzar más su proceso de internacionalización, lo cual puede significar una oportunidad de expansión de mercado y se espera que la identificación de este patrón sirva como base para los inversionistas que estén interesados en invertir en esta industria y así poder potenciar el sector de aviación en el Perú, elevando su posicionamiento en Latinoamérica. Todo ello se desarrollará a profundidad en los capítulos IV y V. / Through this qualitative research carried out to the five main airlines that operate in Peru which have more than 90% of the peruvian´s aviation market share and based on the different theories developed over the time about internationalization of companies, it has been possible to identify certain characteristics that turn out to be very similar in the internationalization processes of each airline. These similarities appeared in a first moment, for the entry strategy, due to most of the airlines choose to use the greenfield strategy, because it allows them to start from scratch and reduce financial risks, avoiding possible hidden debts or lawsuits. Therefore, for the growth strategy, most of them choose to make alliances, highlighting the need to ally, in order of having a codeshare that will increase both airlines´ market share. Moreover, it´s important to notest that only LATAM and Avianca carry out constant international flights, while the rest of the airlines need to strength more their internationalization process, which can mean a market expansion´s opportunity and it is expected that the identification of this pattern could serve as a base for investors who are interested in this industry and in this way be able to strengthen the aviation sector in Peru, increasing its position in Latin America. All this is developed in depth in chapters IV and V. / Tesis

State transportation authorities’ reliance on traditional financing mechanisms such as gas taxes and federal support has waned of late as these mechanisms have proved insufficient to keep pace with the escalating demand for transportation infrastructure in the United States. As a result, public-private partnerships (P3) are increasingly viewed as a part of the solution to this problem. A partnership between the public and private sector allows both entities to “mutually benefit” from the private sector’s equity/debt financing structure and ability to bring innovation and efficiency to the table. Companies have formed consortia either to lease the existing toll roads through what is termed as a Brownfield project model or deliver design-build-finance-operate projects categorized as a Greenfield model. A case-study based approach helps to identify the organizational structure, nature of the key participants and risk characteristics of these Greenfield-Brownfield P3 models. The four cases identified for study include, the Pocahontas Parkway in Virginia, SR-125 in California representing the Greenfield model and the Chicago Skyway and Indiana Toll road under the Brownfield model. An analytical template comprised of a project finance structure, risk matrix for each of the four cases and Porter’ s segmentation matrix for the selected private sector project participants is used to characterize the structure of the P3 arrangement in the cases. The project finance structure illustrates the formation of a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to delineate the role played by different participants. Risk matrices developed for all the four cases helps to identify the allocation of risks among the state and the SPV or the concessionaire. Porter’ s segmentation matrix helps to identify the activities of the key players or sponsor companies in various sectors including infrastructure, across the world. The SR-125- Greenfield- model seems to have evolved from Pocahontas Parkway as the private sector solely finances the project and assumes the high revenue risk and responsibility to operate and maintain the facility. The Brownfield model faces a political backlash in the U.S., and this risk has become fundamental to the model. Based on their core competencies, companies decide in which of the two models they are suited to participate. Their individual expertise adds value when they collaborate to deliver a public-private partnership. Finally, further evolution of the Greenfield and Brownfield models depends upon the developments in the U.S. P3 market. / Master of Science

Submitted by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-29T13:38:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Vouga Chueke.pdf: 825689 bytes, checksum: 64d1ae02b5330a8522c1bc2c76a53cd8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-29T13:38:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Vouga Chueke.pdf: 825689 bytes, checksum: 64d1ae02b5330a8522c1bc2c76a53cd8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2016-11-29T13:51:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Vouga Chueke.pdf: 825689 bytes, checksum: 64d1ae02b5330a8522c1bc2c76a53cd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T13:52:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Vouga Chueke.pdf: 825689 bytes, checksum: 64d1ae02b5330a8522c1bc2c76a53cd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / The purpose of this master thesis is to identify the factors influencing Brazilian multinationals enterprises‟ choice between acquisition and Greenfield investment - establishment mode choice. To reach this goal, we proposed a multilevel framework to investigate the relationship of firm, industry and host country (formal and informal institutions) factors on the establishment mode choice. The concepts behind the framework come from the Transaction Cost Theory and Institutional Theory. The methodology adopted is quantitative with an exploratory approach. Different sources of information are used to compose the database. For the analysis, we used the multivariate technique of binomial logistic regression. The sample of the study is composed of 129 Brazilians subsidiaries in 30 countries. The results show that formal and informal institutions have a different relationship regarding the entry mode strategy. Moreover, the results suggest a possible association between entry by acquisition, and factors related to the firm-level and formal institution. The Greenfield investments should be related with informal institution and the industry-level factors. / O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em identificar os fatores que influenciam na escolha dos establishment mode choice - escolha entre ingressar no exterior por meio de aquisições e investimentos greenfield. Para o alcance deste objetivo foi elaborado um modelo analítico multinível, que buscou identificar a influência dos fatores associados à firma, à indústria e ao país-anfitrião nesse processo de escolha estratégica. A elaboração do modelo analítico teve como base a adoção de conceitos pertencentes à Teoria dos Custos de Transação e à Teoria Institucional. Como metodologia de pesquisa adotou-se a abordagem quantitativa-descritiva, de caráter exploratório. Os dados do estudo foram coletados através de diversas fontes secundárias e analisados através da técnica estatística multivariada de regressão binomial logística. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 129 subsidiárias de empresas brasileiras presentes em 30 países. Os resultados da investigação indicam que as instituições formais e informais poderiam estar relacionadas, de diferentes formas, com o modo de entrada escolhido pelas multinacionais brasileiras. Além disso, sugerem que existiria uma possível associação entre a entrada por meio de aquisição e os fatores relacionados à firma e às instituições formais. E, que os investimentos greenfield estariam associados às instituições informais e ao setor de atuação da firma.

No description available.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-200).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-200).

Submitted by Eduardo Ruiz (tobias.fgv@gmail.com) on 2013-07-02T12:00:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013.07.02_Ruiz_Eduardo_v.final_p.pdf: 2920830 bytes, checksum: 03dba69bbe03448da90e746e7680e602 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-02T12:37:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013.07.02_Ruiz_Eduardo_v.final_p.pdf: 2920830 bytes, checksum: 03dba69bbe03448da90e746e7680e602 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-02T12:39:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013.07.02_Ruiz_Eduardo_v.final_p.pdf: 2920830 bytes, checksum: 03dba69bbe03448da90e746e7680e602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-05 / The Brazilian bioenergy industry continues with a great growth potential. It is expected a growth in the total bioenergy consumption corresponding to 71.6% from 2011 to 2021 (BRASIL. EPE, 2012b). Consequently, new markets and, therefore, opportunities for new projects are emerging. In this context, investors need to evaluate Greenfield projects taking into consideration adequately risks and return. However, these projects are not simple to analyze because of its many particular features. In this sense, the goal of this thesis is to establish a methodological standard for their investment analysis. Based on a selection of existing methodologies, it is proposed a number of alternative and complementary approaches in order to effectively contemplate the particular features of these projects. Therefore, the innovation of this thesis is relative to the standardization of methodologies specific for the investment analysis of agroindustrial Greenfield projects in the bioenergy industry. For this purpose, this thesis not only proposes a detailed methodology standard, but also applies it in a case study of a wood-to-energy cogeneration project. The goal of this case study is to demonstrate that the proposed methodology standard for investment analysis is effective. Furthermore, works as a reference and guide of how to apply this analysis tool in any Greenfield agroindustrial project in the bioenergy industry in Brazil. In this way, it is possible to conclude that the use of the proposed methodology standard allows a coherent analysis of projects of this nature and enables a conscious investment decision. The creation of this analysis tool and the exemplification of its use are the main contributions of this thesis. / O setor de bioenergia no Brasil segue com um grande potencial de crescimento. Projeta-se um aumento de 71,6% no consumo total de bioenergia de 2011 a 2021 (BRASIL. EPE, 2012b). Consequentemente, novos mercados e oportunidades para novos projetos estão surgindo. Neste contexto, investidores precisarão avaliar projetos Greenfield, ponderando adequadamente riscos e retorno. Entretanto, a avaliação destes projetos não é simples pelas suas diversas particularidades. Deste modo, o objetivo desta dissertação é estabelecer um padrão metodológico para a análise destes investimentos. A partir de uma seleção de metodologias existentes, propõe-se uma série de abordagens alternativas e complementares, de forma a contemplar adequadamente as particularidades destes projetos. Portanto, este trabalho é inédito no que se refere à padronização de metodologias para a análise de investimento especificamente de projetos agroindustriais Greenfield de bioenergia. Para este fim, este trabalho não só propõem um padrão metodológico detalhado de análise, mas também o aplica em um estudo de caso de um projeto de cogeração de energia a partir de eucalipto. O intuito do estudo é ilustrar que a metodologia de análise de investimento proposta é eficaz. Além disso, serve como referência e guia de como aplicar esta ferramenta na análise de quaisquer projetos agroindustriais Greenfield no setor de bioenergia. Desta forma, é possível concluir que o uso do padrão metodológico proposto possibilita uma análise coerente de projetos desta natureza e permite uma tomada de decisão de investimento consciente. A criação desta ferramenta de análise e a exemplificação de seu uso são as principais contribuições deste trabalho.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop categories of work meaningful to elementary school principals that are significant at the beginning of one's career and after ten or more years on the job. A total of 15 public elementary school principals were interviewed. Using grounded theory, the interview data were analyzed and coded for topics that represented work concerns in beginning and later career. The results were interpreted within the Dreyfus model of learning to identify the principals' levels of performance and through the Greenfield model to identify the areas of principal work that presented continuing challenges for both novice and veteran principals. The analysis of the data revealed that principals confronted by time management issues such as the pace and multiplicity of demands in the first year of work have difficulty gaining control over their jobs, primarily in the Managerial and Social Interpersonal Dimensions. Veterans continue to incorporate changes in the Instructional Dimension that is the focus of educational reform initiatives. Data also suggested that the performance and behaviors of principals in their first two years indicated that they are functioning as learners at the Novice and Advanced Beginner levels of the Dreyfus model. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the work of principals is learned primarily through job experience, with little or no formal help. Feedback in the form of clear expectations and guidelines for calendaring and district procedures will enhance principal learning and make them more efficient managers of their time; opportunities for guided reflection will provide ongoing support for continuous learning on the job.