The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyse the trend of foreign direct investment into mining industry in Africa. In this thesis, I focus solemnly on the extraction of minerals, excluding the oil and gas industry. The analysis looks at the FDI from a historical perspective in the new millennium up to the current situation, which is characteristic for low commodity prices, which subsequently depress the activities of mining corporations. Furthermore, the important part of the thesis is also the projection of future development of FDI, the analysis of the correlation between commodity prices and FDI development and the research of African investment environment. A brief case study regarding the real-life foreign direct investment into copper mining projects in Democratic Republic of the Congo is carried out in the end of this thesis. In this case study I present details about this project, however, also the professional opinion of co-head of mining division at Trafigura, Emmanuel Henry, on the investment environment in Africa in regard to the mining industry and his feelings about the future development of the investment.

Following an actor-centred approach to institutional change, the aim of the study was to explore the process of ‘greenfield organising’ through which unions and collective bargaining structures are established in workplaces where there are none initially. A qualitative theory-oriented single case study, using some principles of the grounded theory, analysed the organising process and negotiations at Foodora in Sweden that resulted in a collective agreement. Besides, a phenomenographic approach was employed to understand participants’ conceptions of an organising success. Riders and union officials of the Transport union were interviewed for both parts of the study. The empirical material of the case study also included a survey conducted by the union, the Transport and Foodora collective agreements, media reports and articles, organisational webpages, social media, and legal acts. The results showed that workforce fragmentation and isolation were obstacles to the riders’ mobilisation but social interactions, through which pre-existing networks were mobilised and new relations were built, were central to the organising process. These bonds facilitated the transformative agency exerted by the riders and the union, which was based on intense involvement, learning and strategy. Thereby, they were able to influence influential factors and to build new social structure through increased union membership and a new collective agreement. These outcomes might be considered emerging components of an organising success, which the participants conceive mainly in terms of high level of union membership, workers’ solidaristic engagement and knowledge of their rights, reaching a collective agreement, working conditions improvement. The main conclusions of the study are, firstly, that a relational approach to social reality is required to understand the mobilisation of actors and the significance of institutional contradictions for them. Secondly, resources mobilisation and strategic capabilities were key dimensions of the agency exerted by actors. Finally, this agency, albeit embedded in constraining structural conditions, was able to some extent to achieve institutional change. / Syftet med studien var att via ett aktörsinriktat tillvägagångssätt utforska så kallad "greenfield-organisering"- det vill säga institutionella förändringar inom vilka fackföreningar och förhandlingsstrukturer etableras på arbetsplatser där det till en början saknas sådana. Inspirerad av grundad teori genomfördes en kvalitativ teoriorienterad single case-studie för att analysera organiseringsprocessen och de fackliga förhandlingarna med Foodora i Sverige och som sedan resulterade i ett kollektivavtal. Därtill användes även fenomenografisk metod för att förstå deltagarnas uppfattningar om en framgångsrik organisering. Cykelbud och Transports fackliga tjänstemän intervjuades för båda delarna av studien. Ytterligare empiriskt material som utforskades i case-studien, var en facklig undersökning, Transports och Foodoras kollektivavtal, mediarapporter och artiklar, organisatoriska webbsidor, sociala medier, samt lagstiftning. Resultaten visade att fragmentering och isolering av arbetsstyrkan var ett hinder för cykelbudens mobilisering, men att sociala interaktioner, genom vilka redan existerande nätverk mobiliserades och nya relationer byggdes, var centrala i organiseringsprocessen. Dessa band underlättade transformativ handling – "agency" – för cykelbuden och facket, som baserades på intensivt engagemang, lärande och strategiskt handlande. Därigenom kunde de påverka viktiga faktorer och bygga upp en ny social struktur genom ökat fackligt medlemskap och ett nytt kollektivavtal. Resultatet kan betraktas som komponenter av en framgångsrik organisering på en arbetsplats, som deltagarna främst tänker på i form av hög facklig anslutning, solidariskt engagemang från arbetare och kunskap om sina rättigheter, vikten av att ha ett kollektivavtal och förbättrade arbetsvillkor. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsatser är, för det första, att det krävs ett relationellt förhållningssätt till den sociala verkligheten för att förstå aktörernas mobilisering och institutionella motsättningar. Den andra slutsatsen är att resursmobilisering och strategiska förmågor var viktiga dimensioner av aktörers handlingar - "agency." Trots att det var inbäddade i begränsande strukturella förhållanden kunde dessa handlingar slutligen i viss utsträckning uppnå institutionell förändring. / Suivant une approche du changement institutionnel centrée sur l'acteur, l'objectif de cette étude était d'explorer le processus d’implantation syndicale à travers lequel des syndicats et structures de négociation collective sont mis en place sur des lieux de travail qui en sont initialement dépourvus. Une étude de cas, qualitative et à finalité théorique, reprenant certains principes de la “grounded theory” - “théorie ancrée”, a eu pour objet d’analyser le processus d'organisation et de négociations à Foodora en Suède ayant abouti à un accord collectif. En outre, une étude phénoménographique a été menée afin de comprendre les conceptions qu’avaient les participant/e/s d'une implantation syndicale réussie. Des entretiens ont été conduits avec des livreurs/se de Foodora et des responsables du syndicat Transport pour les deux volets de l'étude. Le matériau empirique comprend également, pour l'étude de cas, les résultats d’une étude menée par le syndicat, les accords collectifs sectoriel et conclu avec Foodora, des articles et reportages dans les médias, les sites Internet et réseaux sociaux des organisations, ainsi que des textes législatifs. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que la fragmentation du collectif de travail et l’isolement des livreurs/ses ont été des obstacles à leur mobilisation; a contrario, les interactions sociales, à travers lesquelles des réseaux préexistants ont été mobilisés et de nouvelles relations ont été construites, ont été au cœur du processus d'organisation. Ces liens ont facilité l’action transformatrice des livreurs/ses et du syndicat, basée sur un engagement intense, l’apprentissage et une approche stratégique. Ils ont pu ainsi, d’une part, influencer des facteurs influents dans leur contexte, et d’autre part, mettre en place de nouvelles structures sociales à travers l’élargissement de la base syndicale et la négociation d'un nouvel accord collectif. Ces résultats peuvent être considérés comme des composantes émergentes d'une implantation syndicale réussie, que les participant/e/s conçoivent principalement en termes de niveau élevé de syndicalisation, d’engagement solidaire des travailleurs/ses, de connaissance par celles/ceux-ci de leurs droits, de mise en place d’un accord collectif, et d'amélioration des conditions de travail. L'étude conclut principalement, d'une part, qu'une approche relationnelle de la réalité sociale est nécessaire pour comprendre la mobilisation des acteurs/rices et la signification pour elles/eux des contradictions institutionnelles. D’autre part, la mobilisation des ressources et les capacités stratégiques ont été des dimensions clés de leur agence. Enfin, cette agence bien qu’insérée dans des conditions structurelles contraignantes a pu, dans une certaine mesure, réaliser un changement institutionnel.

Die bisherigen Untersuchungen zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit und Energieeffizienz konzentrierten sich nicht auf die speziellen Anforderungen einer Fahrzeugmontage. Bei der Neuplanung einer Fahrzeugmontage spielte bisher die Energieeffizienz ei-ne untergeordnete Rolle. Mit der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Nachhaltigkeit und der Energieeffizienz in Politik und Öffentlichkeit wachsen auch diesbezüglich die Erwartungen an die Automobilindustrie. Aus diesem Grund wurden ganzheitliche Ansätze und Methoden entwickelt, um einen Neubau eines Fahrzeugwerkes, im Speziellen die Fahrzeugmontage, energieeffizient und nachhaltig zu gestalten. Die Nutzung von natürlichen Ressourcen stand hierbei im Vordergrund. Der Einsatz von fossilen Energien sollte hierbei weitestgehend vermieden werden. Beginnend mit der Standortauswahl über die Festlegung der Werksstruktur sowie der Fahr-zeugmontage- und Logistikstruktur wurden hier die wichtigsten Bereiche der Fab-rikplanung abgedeckt. Zusätzlich wurde noch die Gebäudekonstruktion unter den Prämissen der Energieeffizienz untersucht.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis III Tabellenverzeichnis VII Abkürzungsverzeichnis VIII Definitionen XI Vorwort XIII 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Endliche Ressourcen und Energieeffizienz 4 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 7 1.3 Politischer und gesellschaftlicher Stellenwert der Energieeffizienz 10 1.4 Stand der Wissenschaft 15 1.5 Abgrenzung des Betrachtungsrahmens 18 2 Grundlagen 22 2.1 9+1 Verschwendungsarten im industriellen Sektor 22 2.2 Energieverbrauchsstruktur der Fahrzeugmontage 26 2.3 Fabrikplanung 30 2.3.1 Aufgaben und Ziele der Fabrikplanung 31 2.3.2 Der Fabriklebenszyklus 32 2.3.3 Planungsphasen 34 2.4 Allgemeine Struktur eines Automobilwerkes 36 2.4.1 Technologie Presswerk 37 2.4.2 Technologie Karosseriebau 38 2.4.3 Technologie Lackiererei 39 2.4.4 Technologie Montage 40 2.4.5 Montage-Logistik 42 2.5 Gesetze und Normen 46 2.5.1 Das Energieeinsparungsgesetz (EnEG) 47 2.5.2 EU-Richtlinie und Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) 48 2.5.3 Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz (EEG) 50 2.5.4 Stromsteuergesetz (StromStG) 53 2.5.5 DIN ISO 50001 - Energiemanagementsysteme 55 2.6 EMAS – Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 57 2.7 Gebäudestandards zur Nachhaltigkeit 58 3 Planungsprämissen Werksneubau 62 3.1 Standortauswahl 62 3.1.1 Drei-Phasen-Auswahlprozess 63 3.1.2 Die Standortfaktoren 66 3.1.3 Die Trinkwasserverfügbarkeit 67 3.1.4 Die Umweltrahmenbedingungen 70 3.1.5 Der Klimaeinfluss 75 3.2 Werksstruktur / Gebäudestruktur 85 3.2.1 Werksstrukturlayout 85 3.2.2 Montagestrukturlayout 98 3.2.3 Logistikstrukturlayout (Montage) 108 3.3 Gebäudekonstruktion 115 3.3.1 Materialien 117 3.3.2 Dachformen und Belichtung 121 4 Energiemanagement und Verbrauchsmonitoring 130 4.1 Versorgungskonzepte 130 4.2 Energiebeschaffung und Preiszusammensetzung 131 4.3 Effiziente und nachhaltige Energienutzung 138 5 Wichtigste Ergebnisse und Empfehlungen 143 5.1 Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse 143 5.2 Empfehlungen 145 6 Quellenverzeichnis 148 6.1 Literaturverzeichnis 148 6.2 Verzeichnis der Internetquellen 151 6.3 Verzeichnis der Gesetze und Normen 156 6.4 Verzeichnis der Diplom- und Masterarbeiten 158 6.5 Gesprächsverzeichnis 159 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 174

The effectiveness of South Africa's policy framework towards attracting FDI has been questionable. Determined to redress the instabilities created by the apartheid regime, the Government of National Unity (GNU) commissioned the Macroeconomic and Research Group (MERG), and charged it to devise appropriate policy reforms and intervention mechanism to address the shortcomings. This research critically interrogates the effectiveness of government's policy reforms towards attracting FDI, especially the impacts of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) initiative and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA). This research concludes that the policy determinants for inflow FDI have been self-defeating. Also, it was found that necessary reforms would have to be conducted to correct some of the shortcomings of the macroeconomic policies, as a way of creating an environment that is capable of attracting greenfield investments (FDI) to South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

本研究利用亞洲九個國家，自1995至2005年共十一年的資料，以固定效果模型對外人直接投資進入模式的外溢效果進行估計，探討外人直接投資進入模式與國家的勞動生產力之間的關係？另外，本文也研究外人直接投資的進入模式在高低技術及高低收入國家間是否會產生不同的外溢效果？　　 實證結果發現，跨國併購的行為剛進入時，並不會帶來顯著的外溢效果，然而只要一國的人力資本達到一定的門檻時，跨國併購便會為地主國帶來正向的外溢效果。而外商新建投資，可為當地市場產生正向的外溢效果。而透過技術能力的增進後，外商新建投資會帶來正向且顯著的外溢效果。 其次，在中低收入(技術)國家，外商新建投資透過人力資本的加乘後，也會產生顯著的正向外溢效果。 / The research adopts eleven-year of information from nine different Asian countries to evaluate the impact of spillover effect from the entry mode of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the national labor productivity. That is to construct a fixed-effects model studying, utilizing the information from nine Asian countries on FDI flows from 1995 to 2005. Moreover, the research also test the different spillover effect of entry mode between high-tech/high-incomed and low-tech/low-incomed countries. The empirical result shows that when first initiates a cross-border mergers or acquisitions, it doesn’t obviously result in the spillover effect. Thus, a country will has higher productivity of cross-border mergers and acquisitions, only when it has a minimum threshold stock of human capital. The foreign greenfield investment may have the positive spillover effect over the local market. And the higher the technology ,the higher the positive spillover effect of the foreign greenfield investment Lastly, in a low-tech/low-incomeed country,it will has higher productivity of foreign greenfield investment, also when it has a minimum threshold stock of human capital.

The effectiveness of South Africa's policy framework towards attracting FDI has been questionable. Determined to redress the instabilities created by the apartheid regime, the Government of National Unity (GNU) commissioned the Macroeconomic and Research Group (MERG), and charged it to devise appropriate policy reforms and intervention mechanism to address the shortcomings. This research critically interrogates the effectiveness of government's policy reforms towards attracting FDI, especially the impacts of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) initiative and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA). This research concludes that the policy determinants for inflow FDI have been self-defeating. Also, it was found that necessary reforms would have to be conducted to correct some of the shortcomings of the macroeconomic policies, as a way of creating an environment that is capable of attracting greenfield investments (FDI) to South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

La presente tesis está dividida en un bloque teórico y un bloque práctico. En la parte teórica se realiza un estudio referencial, análisis y discusión de una serie de creaciones artísticas pertenecientes a la época de los años 60 y 70 mayoritariamente en EE UU y minoritariamente en Europa, que hacen uso de la imagen en movimiento monocanal y el cuerpo en acción en la naturaleza con carácter site-specific. En la parte práctica se realiza una obra videográfica que trabaja a partir de los mismos elementos de las obras de estudio desde un punto de vista actual y dentro de la línea de creación personal de la autora, aportando temáticas, motivaciones, procesos creativos y recursos formales que complementan y dan continuidad a la investigación teórica, al tiempo que enriquecen la línea de trabajo personal. Por lo que hemos podido comprobar, no tenemos constancia de que se haya realizado una investigación que analice y compare las distintas aproximaciones a las obras de nuestro estudio desde un punto de vista unitario, sino que han permanecido consideradas como piezas aisladas en muchos casos, dentro de las trayectorias de los propios artistas y sin atender al denominador común que todas ellas comparten. En el bloque teórico se acota el marco conceptual que delimita la temática a la que nos enfrentamos, a la vez que se muestra un recorrido por los puntos más importantes de la investigación, claves a la hora de analizar, discutir y concluir acerca de las creaciones. Estos puntos son los siguientes: La naturaleza como lugar; el cuerpo en acción: performance y danza site-specific; y la imagen en movimiento: cine y vídeo monocanal, entre testimonio y creación. Una vez aplicado el marco teórico, se acomete un estudio referencial que aborda el contexto artístico de la época, una serie de obras periféricas en relación con la investigación, y finalmente las obras destacadas de la tesis. Se realiza un visionado y un análisis completo de las obras destacadas a través de una metodología de análisis creada específicamente en esta investigación para este tipo de piezas. Y se concluye con una discusión que profundiza en el estudio transversal de las obras, el marco teórico, el contexto y las periferias, poniendo a disposición de la comunidad investigadora una visión inédita sobre estas creaciones, y una serie de conclusiones novedosas acerca de la temática. / Ontiñano Abadías, MC. (2014). Cuerpo en acción, imagen en movimiento y naturaleza en el arte de EE UU y Europa durante los años 60-70, con caracter site-specific. Estudio referencial, análisis y proyecto personal [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/36868 / TESIS

Thesis deals with issue of „brownfields“ in mining sphere and their regeneration. The work is splitted into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part contains basic economic terms, relative to theme of the thesis and basic information about brownfields and their dividing. The practical part contains valorization of social-economical utilization on the study case of brownfield mining area Most-Ležáky in north side of Czech republic. The aim of this thesis is to assess, if is the revitalization of this specific brownfield, and similar brownfields, social-economically effective. The assessment contains social-economic benefits and costs of specified area revitalization.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to develop a framework for obtaining social acceptance in the establishment of greenfield projects within hard-to-abate industries by identifying key factors and activities related to the topic. Method: The research was based on an exploratory single-case study of a Swedish greenfield project. The study aimed to gain a nuanced understanding of factors and activities regarding various aspects of the topic. A qualitative approach was used to deepen knowledge and insights into the research gap. The empirical data was collected in three phases: through exploratory workshops, interviews with representatives from the local community, and interviews with representatives from the establishing company. Findings: We have identified several factors and activities that consist of componentfactors/activities that provide a more detailed description of each factor and activity. This identification of influential factors, coupled with the proposal of activities to attain social acceptance, provides project managers with a tangible framework to obtain social acceptance. Factors affecting social acceptance in greenfield projects are (1) Community relationship, (2) Project information, (3) Operational concerns related to the project, (4) Ripple effect concerns, (5) Regional growth, and (6) Sustainability. The key activities we have found to stimulate the factors successfully are (1) Collaborating with external parties, (2) Establishing a communication strategy, (3) Community segmentation, (4) Going above and beyond legal obligations, (5) Community engagement, (6) Create trust by genuineness, and (7) Allocate financial resources to community investments. Theoretical contribution: This study contributes to the literature by verifying that many of the factors identified by previous scholars also apply to greenfield projects within hard-to-abate industries. Even if empirical evidence does not explicitly state the same factors and activities, we have verified that they are closely related. Further on, our developed framework fills an identifiedresearch gap by offering a more comprehensive understanding of the connections between factors and activities influencing social acceptance. Managerial contribution The developed framework in this thesis is designed to guide managers through three critical phases in their work to obtain social acceptance. These phases are pre-launch, launch, and integration. The framework enables managers to identify needed capabilities and systematically address key factors influencing social acceptance. By utilizing this framework, managers can create value by mitigating risks such as operational setbacks, economic losses, reputational damage, opposition, social conflicts, and sabotage.