O lixão da cidade de São Carlos foi colocado, aproximadamente por dezessete anos, em uma boçoroca formada em região sedimentar, sobre os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, sem nenhuma espécie de controle prévio, quanto a possibilidade de contaminação do meio físico e, especialmente da água subterrânea. Dada essa possibilidade de contaminação do aqüífero profundo, uma série de estudos são feitos no local, desde a década de 80. Este trabalho vem somar-se aos diversos outros na tentativa de aprofundar o conhecimento das condições em que se encontra o meio físico na região do lixão. Fazendo parte de um projeto maior este trabalho procurou, utilizando as ciências de geologia, geofísica, topografia e química, dar novos elementos e interpretações a esse conhecimento. Geologicamente, detectamos e avaliamos a presença de camadas penetrativas, hidraulicamente menos condutivas, como areias siltosas e, muito provavelmente, arenito silicificado ou diabásio em profundidade, o que poderia fazer que a contaminação não atingisse o aqüífero profundo. Para isso utilizamos o mapeamento geológico e a geofísica em três de suas técnicas: caminhamento elétrico, sondagens elétricas verticais e perfilagem de poços. Quimicamente, avaliamos a contaminação das águas subterrâneas em relação ao sentido do fluxo. / For seventeen years, Sao Carlos\' solid wastes were placed in a gully formed in a sedimentary area, on the Botucatu Formation (friable sandstone and sands), without any form of control to prevent the contamination of the environment and, especially, of the ground water. Thanks to the possibility of contamination of the deep water source, a series of studies have been made in the area since the eighties. These studies were just another attempt, along with severaI others, to increase the knowledge of the environmental conditions surrounding the waste dump area. Being part of a greater project, different sciences were used such as geology, geophysics, topography and chemistry, in order to obtain new elements and a more acurate interpretation to the existing knowledge. Geologicaly, we detected a less hydraulicaly conductive silty sand layers and, probably, silicificated sandstone layers or diabase sill which could protect the deep water sources from being contaminated. Geologic mapping and geophysical techniques such as electric surveys and well logs were performed during the process. Chemically, we evaluated the ground water contamination in relation to the flow\'s direction.

Die genaue Kenntnis über den Wasserhaushalt stellt die Grundlage für die Bewirtschaftung der Ressource Wasser dar. Im urbanen Raum spielen dabei die siedlungshydrologischen Randbedingungen, wie Versiegelung, Anschlussgrad an die Kanalisation oder wasserbauliche Eingriffe, eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Rolle. Zur Quantifizierung der verschiedenen Wasserhaushaltsgrößen wurde ein konzeptioneller Ansatz entwickelt, der die jeweiligen Randbedingungen berücksichtigt und deren gegenseitige Beeinflussung abbildet. Hierbei muss der Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt auch bei veränderten Bedingungen simulierbar sein. Als Untersuchungsgebiet wurde das Gebiet der Wuhle, ein rechter Nebenfluss der Spree, gewählt, da es alle relevanten Aspekte der Wasserwirtschaft beinhaltet. Die Wuhle entspringt auf der Barnim-Grundmoränenhochfläche bei Ahrensfelde und mündet nach etwa 15,7 km Lauflänge im Stadtteil Köpenick in die Spree. Der Ansatz beruht auf der Berechnung der Wasserhaushaltsgrößen mit Hilfe eines flächendifferenzierten Verfahrens zur Ermittlung des Gesamtabflusses aus Niederschlag abzüglich der Verdunstung sowie dessen Aufteilung in einen oberirdischen und einen unterirdischen Teil. Zur Verifizierung der wasserhaushaltlich bestimmten Abflussgrößen wurden detaillierte hydraulische Untersuchungen an der Wuhle durchgeführt und abschnittsweise interpretiert. Anschließend wurde mit Hilfe der Förderdaten der Wasserwerke eine Grundwasserhaushaltsbilanz durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis ließ sich hydrogeologisch der Anteil an Uferfiltrat an der Gesamtfördermenge ermitteln. Zur Simulation des Einflusses des Wasserhaushaltes und der Grundwassernutzung auf den Grundwasserkörper wurde mit Hilfe des Simulators FEFLOW© eine numerische Modellierung der Strömungsverhältnisse durchgeführt. Über den Abgleich der simulierten Grundwasserhöhen mit den Grundwasserständen aus der Stichtagsmessung erfolgte eine zusätzliche Überprüfung der wasserhaushaltlich berechneten Abflussgrößen. / The exact knowledge of the water balance is the basis of the water supply and distribution within a catchment area. In an urban area the boundary conditions of the civil engineering like the sewer system or the hydraulic engineering plays an important role. To quantify the water balance a conceptual approach was developed which takes the current conditions and their interdependence into consideration. The impact of changing conditions on the water balance can also be simulated. As investigation area the catchment of the Wuhle River was chosen because it includes all relevant aspects of water management. The Wuhle River has its source on the ground moraine of the Barnim plateau directly at the city boundary in Ahrensfelde and reaches the Spree in the quarter Köpenick after about 15.7 km. This method uses a differentiated calculation by area to determine the total outflow of rainfall minus evaporization. It also determines the submontane and aboveground distribution. For verification purposes detailed hydraulic investigations were carried out at the Wuhle. With the production rate of the waterworks the groundwater balance was then calculated. As a result the amount of bank filtrate of the total groundwater withdrawal was determined in a hydro geological way. Using the simulation software FEFLOW© a numeric model of the flow pattern was created to simulate the influence on the water balance and the groundwater. The displayed subterranean catchment area of the water work Wuhlheide was based on the water table contours which were interpolated from a fixed date measurement of the groundwater heads. By comparing the simulated groundwater heads and the water levels from the fixed date measurement an additional verification of the water balance was realised.

臺灣西南沿海地區由於超抽地下水，地層下陷情形日益嚴重，究其原因乃地下水資源在國內仍處於「自由財」的狀態，用水兔費，使用自然缺乏效率，因而建立使用者付費制度，以確實維護地下水財產權，為當務之急。惟地下水資源具公共財的無排他性，在國內又無交易市場，其價值估算困難。是故，本文之主要目的，係應用非市場估價法中之「條件評價法」，以願付價格的形式估計地下水價值，並探求其影響因素，以做為制定政策之參考。 本文係以「準逐步競價法」為詢價結構設計，可同時獲得「單邊界樣本」、「雙邊界樣本」與「最終出價樣本」三種評價歷程，實證模型則分別以「Probit、Logit模型」、「存活模型」與「OLS模型」進行分析。 本文根據問卷調查的原始資料求出「每公頃土地」之地下水願付價格，最後則以台西地區為例，配合地下水的使用效益，計算出地下水供不同使用時之「使用價值」與「非使用價值」，而本研究對假設性問題的設計，使估計出來的地下水價值，亦可用以表示維護地下水資源對於防止地層下陷之效益。 實證結果顯示，「對水權費的認知與態度」以及「對地層下陷原因的認知」是影響支付意願的重要因素，故政府應加強宣導「使用者付費」理念，並教育用水者「超抽地下水是造成地層下陷的重要因素」，以利水權費制度的實施。

Η περιοχή μελέτης εκτείνεται στο βόρειο και παραλιακό τμήμα του νομού Κορινθίας μεταξύ των πόλεων Κιάτου και Κορίνθου και καταλαμβάνει έκταση 65km2. Η νέα εθνική οδός Κορίνθου – Πατρών αποτελεί το νότιο όριο της περιοχής ενώ προς βορρά περιορίζεται από τον Κορινθιακό κόλπο. Το τοπογραφικό ανάγλυφο είναι ήπιο με το υψόμετρο να κυμαίνεται από 0 – 50 μέτρα. Ο ποταμός Ασσωπός και οι χείμαρροι Ραχιάνης και Ζαπάντης δομούν το υδρογραφικό δίκτυο της περιοχής. Το γεωλογικό υπόβαθρο της περιοχής αποτελείται από ανθρακικά ιζήματα των ζωνών Τρίπολης και Πίνδου, των οποίων υπέρκεινται μετα-ορογεντικά ιζήματα Πλειο-πλειστοκαινικής ηλικίας. Ο υδροφόρος ορίζοντας που μελετήθηκε αναπτύσσεται σε αλλουβιακά ιζήματα, κυρίως άμμους, κροκάλες, λατύπες, και λεπτομερή αργιλοαμμώδη και πηλοαμμώδη ιζήματα που εμφανίζουν υψηλό βαθμό ετερογένειας. Το πάχος του υδροφόρου κυμαίνεται από λίγα μέτρα έως 60 m και χαρακτηρίζεται ως ελεύθερος. Η ρηξιγενής ζώνη που εμφανίζεται κατά μήκος της Ν.Ε.Ο. Κορίνθου – Πατρών αποτελεί υδρογεωλογικό όριο προς νότο για τον υπό μελέτη υδροφόρο. Η εμφάνιση μαργών στην περιοχή του Κιάτου είναι το δυτικό υδρογεωλογικό όριο, ενώ ανατολικά περιορίζεται από την επέκταση των Τυρρήνιων αναβαθμίδων στη θάλασσα. Η κύρια τροφοδοσία του υδροφόρου προέρχεται από τη διήθηση των επιφανειακών υδάτων του ποταμού Ασωπού και των παρακείμενων χειμάρρων, ενώ κατά δεύτερο λόγω από την απευθείας κατείσδυση των ατμοσφαιρικών κατακρημνισμάτων. Για την προσομοίωση της υπόγειας ροής του αλλουβιακού υδροφόρου έγινε χρήση του κώδικα MODFLOW της USGS. Από την εφαρμογή του μοντέλου εξήχθησαν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα που έδωσαν τη δυνατότητα υπολογισμού ενός αξιόπιστου ισοζυγίου, το οποίο μπορεί να αποτελέσει ένα εργαλείο στην εφαρμογή ενός σχεδίου ορθολογικής διαχείρισης των υδατικών πόρων της Κορινθίας. Για την υδροχημική έρευνα χρησιμοποιήθηκε πυκνό δίκτυο δειγματοληψίας νερού σε 35 υδροσημεία της περιοχής μελέτης. Ο υδροφόρος έχει επηρεαστεί από φαινόμενα υφαλμύρινσης και ανταλλαγής ιόντων κυρίως στις βόρειες παράκτιες ζώνες. Οι συγκεντρώσεις των NO3-, NH4+ και των SO4-2 ιόντων παρουσιάζονται υψηλότερες από τα ανώτατα επιτρεπόμενα όρια ποσιμότητας. Η εφαρμογή της παραγοντικής ανάλυσης ανέδειξε τις παραπάνω υδροχημικές διεργασίες. / The study area forms the northern coastal part of Corinth’s prefecture, between the towns of Kiato and Corinth and has an area extend of 65 km2. To the south it is bounded by Athens - Patras National road, whilst to the north it is bounded by Corinthian Gulf. The topographic relief is quite gentle and varies from 0 to 50 m. A considerable hydrographic network develops across the studied region and is represented mainly by the river Asopos and the less important torrents Rachianis and Zapantis. The region can be characterized as an agro tourism center. The land is used mainly for the cultivation and of citrus fruits, olives, apricots and vineyards. Regional environment is subject to numerous pressures most important of which are intensified uses of land and water resources. Water demands have considerably increased over the last 15 years and mainly are covered by groundwater abstract from the alluvial aquifer system. The geological bedrock of the study area consists of the carbonate sediments of Tripolis and Pindos isopics zones and a transitional zone between Pindos and Pelagonial Zone. The plain north of the national zone is covered by post orogenetic sediments of Pliocene to Holocene age which unconformably overlay the bedrock formations. The studied aquifer is formed of recent unconsolidated material consisting of sands, pebbles, breccias and fine clay to silty sand deposits, characterized by high degree of heterogeneity and anisotropy. The thickness of the aquifer varies from a few meters to 40 m. From a hydrogeological point of view the system consists of an unconfined phreatic aquifer. A fault zone along the national highway delineates the southern edge of aquifer system, which is bounded by the Gulf of Corinth to the north. To the east, the system is bounded by the Tyrrhenian deposits extended to the sea. The marl series which, as an entity, is considered an aquitard, slopes to the north and forms the bedrock of the studied coastal alluvial aquifer system. The basic recharge of the phreatic aquifer is from the fluviotorrential deposits, especially those of the Asopos River and also from the Tyrrhenian deposits across the southern edge of the basin. In addition to that the aquifer recharged from direct infiltration of precipitation and river bed indirect infiltration. The simulation of ground water flow of the alluvial aquifer is based on the MODFLOW model of the USGS. The application of the mathematical model had very satisfactory results which is a reliable hydrogeological balance. Estimation of hydraulic conductivity distribution was optimized by using trial and error inverse method. The ground water hydrochemical study was carried out, by an extensive network of 35 samples. The use of inorganic fertilizers in cultivations has a great pollution effect in ground water. The coastal aquifer has been affected, by sea water intrusion and as a result catio-exchange phenomena took plase along the coastline mainly at Lechaio area. The concentration of NO3- , NH4+, and SO4- ions are higher than the maximum allowed drinking limits. The application of R-mode factor analysis helped to delineate the major hydrochemical process of the area.

The mining industry produces vast quantities of overburden and mill tailings. In many instances the disposal of these wastes on the Earth's surface have caused local, and occasionally even regional, water resources to become contaminated. Contamination typically arises from the oxidation of metal sulfide minerals contained within these wastes. Upon oxidation these minerals release sulfate, their associated metal cations and acidity into solution. This study investigated the potential for groundwater contamination arising from a Pb/Zn tailings impoundment in the North West Province of South Africa (Pering Mine). The tailings is composed predominantly of dolomite, which imparts to the material an alkaline pH and a high acid buffering capacity. Acid-base accounting (ABA) established that the capacity of the tailings to buffer acidity surpasses any acid producing potential that could arise from pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS) oxidation. These minerals account for about 3 to 6% of the tailings by mass. Total elemental analysis (XRF) showed that the material has high total concentrations of Fe (19083 mg kg-I), Zn (5481 mg kg-I), Pb (398 mg kg-I), S (15400 mg kg-I), Al (9152 mg kg-I) and Mn (29102 mg kg-I). Only a very small fraction of this, however, was soluble under saturated conditions. An estimation of potentially available concentrations, using the DTPA extraction method, indicated that high concentrations of Zn (1056 mg kg-I), and moderate concentrations of Pb (27.3 mg kg-I) and Cu (6.01 mg kg-I) could potentially be available to cause contamination. A number of leaching experiments were undertaken to accurately quantify the release of elements from the tailings material. These experiments were aimed at determining the potential for groundwater contamination and also provided a means whereby the long-term release of contaminants could be modelled using the convection-dispersion equation for solute transport. Four leaching treatments were investigated. Two consisted of using distilled water under intermittent and continuous flow, while a third used intermittent flow of deoxygenated distilled water to assess leaching under conditions of reduced oxygen. The.mobilisation of potential contaminants under a worst case scenario was assessed by means of leaching with an acetic acid solution at pH 2.88 (after the US Environmental Protection Agency's toxicity characteristic leaching procedure). The acid buffering potential of the tailings was considerable. Even after 8 months of weekly leaching with 1 pore volume of acetic acid solution the pH of the effluent was maintained above pH 5.90. The protracted acidity caused very high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Mu, Ca, Mg, Hg and S to be released into solution. Leaching the tailings with distilled water also caused the effluent to have noticeable traces of contamination, most importantly from S, Mg, Mu and Zn. In many instances concentrations significantly exceeded guideline values for South African drinking water. Modelling solute transport with the convectiondispersion equation predicted that sol- and Mu contamination could persist for a very long period of time. (±700 years under continuous saturated leaching), while Mg and Zn concentrations would most likely exceed recommended limits for a much shorter period of time (±300 years under the same conditions). In light of the various column leaching experiments it was concluded that seepage from the Pering tailings impoundment could cause groundwater contamination. A drill-rig and coring system were used to collect both tailings and pore-water samples from eight boreholes spread out across the tailings impoundment. These investigations showed that most of the impoundment was aerobic (Eh ranged from +323 to +454 mY) and alkaline (pH 8.0 to 9.5). This chemical environment favours sulfide oxidation and as a consequence high concentrations of S have been released into the pore-water of the impoundment (S concentrations ranged from 211 to 1221 mg r l ). The acidity released as a by-product of sulfide oxidation was being buffered by dolomite dissolution, which in turn was releasing high concentrations of Mg (175 to 917 mg r l ) and Ca (62.6 to 247 mg r l ) into solution. Metal concentrations in the pore-water were low as a result of the strong metal sorbing capacity of the tailings and possible secondary precipitation. The only metal which significantly exceeded recommended limits throughout the impoundment was Hg (concentrations were between 100 and 6000 times the recommended limit of 0.001 mg r l ). Under the current geochemical conditions it is expected that Hg, S and Mg will likely pose the greatest threat to groundwater. The main concerns associated with mine tailings are that of mine drainage and dust blow off..In order to eradicate the latter problem, the tailings impoundment at Pering Mine was covered with a layer of rocks. Modelling the water balance of the impoundment using the computer model HYDRUS-2D showed that the rock cladding has potentially increased the volume of drainage water seeping from the impoundment. In light of the leaching experiments and field work, which proved that water passing through the tailings became enriched with various potentially toxic elements, it is expected that the problem of groundwater contamination around Pering Mine has been further exacerbated by the rock cladding. It was therefore concluded that there would be a strong likelihood of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the mine. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Löslighet och transport av sällsynta jordartsmetaller i Källfallsfältets gruvsandsmagasin Hugo de Campos Pereira Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlägga vilka mekanismer som styr lösligheten av sällsynta jordartsmetaller (eng. rare earth elements, REE) i sulfidhaltig anrikningssand vid den föredetta gruvan Källfallsfältet i Västmanland. För syftet har markvatten- och grundvattenprovtagning utförts, tillsammans med laktester och geokemisk modellering med Visual MINTEQ ver. 3.0. Resultaten visade att sulfidvittring är den främsta processen som styr pH i anrikningssanden, och därmed också indirekt REEs löslighet. Däremot är sulfidvittring ingen källa till REE i sig då ämnena inte föreligger sulfidbundna, något som oxiderat tillgänglighetstest NT ENVIR 006 visade. Istället går REE ut i lösning i anrikningssanden genom vittring av lättvittrade silikatmineral. Vanligtvis betraktas metall bunden i silikatform inte som geokemiskt aktiv. Jämförelser mellan laktester med olika jämviktstid visade att en kinetisk (tidsberoende) faktor föreligger, kopplad till nämnda silikatvittring, som påverkar pH och således också metallöslighet vid laktester på anrikningssanden. Vid jämförelse mellan laktester och halter i anrikningssandens mark- och grundvatten bör denna därmed vägas in. Det pH-statiska laktestet SIS-CEN/TS 14997 visade begränsad möjlighet att undersöka kinetik med anledning av att det utförs under förhållandevis kort tid, 48 timmar. REE- och Cu-halter vid syratitrering (de behandlingar med lägst syratillsatser) och enstegslakning (SIS-CEN ISO/TS 21268-2:2010) visade god, respektive förhållandevis god, överensstämmelse med uppmätta markvattenhalter. Detta visade att syratitrering och enstegslakning är laktest som är tillämpbara, respektive förhållandevis väl tillämpbara, för att uppskatta markvattenhalter i anrikningssanden. Specieringsmodellering med Visual MINTEQ ver. 3.0 visade att pH och DOC är de viktigaste parametrarna som styr REEs speciering i anrikningssandens mark-, grund och ytvatten. Samtliga REE bildar starka komplex med löst organiskt material, men koncentrationerna av DOC var generellt sett låga. I sura sulfatrika mark-, grund och ytvatten domineras specieringen av lösta sulfatkomplex, huvudsakligen (REE)SO4+, följt av fria hydratiserade joner som näst vanligaste förekomstform. Dessa resultat överensstämmer väl med tidigare modelleringsstudier av REEs speciering i sura sulfatrika vatten resulterande från gruvavfall. Med bakgrund av detta och av att REEs ekotoxicitet verkar överensstämma med den fria jon-modellen (eng. free ion model) förväntas REE uppvisa högre toxicitet vid låga pH-värden. / Solubility and transport of rare earth elements in the mine tailings of Källfallsfältet Hugo de Campos Pereira The mechanisms which govern the solubility of rare earth elements (REEs) in sulfide-containing tailings at the former mine site of Källfallsfältet (Västmanland, Sweden) were studied by the means of soil water and ground water sampling, leaching tests and geochemical modeling using Visual MINTEQ ver. 3.0. The results showed that weathering of sulfides is the primary process governing pH in the tailings, and thus also REE solubility. However, weathering of sulfides is no source for REE in itself since the elements are not bound in sulfides, which the oxidized availability test NT ENVIR 006 showed. Instead REE are released into solution by weathering of easily weathered silicates. Usually, metal bound in silicate form is not considered geochemically active. A kinetic (time dependent) factor, associated with the weathering of silicates, was found to affect pH and thus also metal solubility in leaching tests performed on the tailings. The standardized pH static leaching test (SIS-CEN/TS 14997) showed limitations in observing kinetic effects because of its relatively short equilibration time (48 h). Thus, in future studies with similar materials, leaching test kinetics should be taken into account when comparing leached concentrations with field measured concentrations. Acid titration and one step batch test (SIS-CEN ISO/TS 21268-2:2010) proved to be applicable and relatively well applicable to the tailings, respectively, in order to estimate soil solution concentrations. Speciation calculations using Visual MINTEQ ver. 3.0 showed that pH and DOC concentration are the most important factors which affect REE speciation in soil solution, ground water and surface water associated with the tailings. In acid sulfate rich solutions, low in DOC, speciation is dominated by sulfate complexes, mainly (REE)SO4+, followed by free dissolved ions as the second most common form. These results are in accordance with previous modeling studies of REE speciation in acid sulfate rich waters resulting from tailings. This, together with previous results showing that REE ecotoxicity seems to follow the free ion model, implies that the toxicity of the elements is expected to increase with decreasing pH value.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A represa Billings é o maior manancial superficial do Estado de São Paulo cuja importância está ligada ao abastecimento público, à geração de energia, à pesca, à recreação e ao lazer para a cidade de São Paulo e os municípios da sua região metropolitana. Nos últimos anos essa região vem sofrendo grande impacto ambiental. Apesar de ser uma APA (Área de Proteção Ambiental), há no entorno da represa, vários tipos de assentamentos cujas famílias utilizam para o seu consumo a água proveniente de poços situados, muitas vezes, a poucos metros da represa, já que inexiste o acesso à rede de saneamento básico (tratamento de água e esgoto em rede pública). De acordo com relatórios de entidades governamentais, observa-se que a espécie química alumínio está presente nas águas da represa em valores acima do permitido, o que gera preocupações relacionadas à contaminação do meio ambiente e à saúde da população; por outro lado, há poucas informações sobre a qualidade das águas subterrâneas da região. Considerando-se essa deficiência de informações, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a possível contaminação de poços, partindo da aplicação de um programa criado o PAMQUÁ ® - que auxiliou e direcionou à tomada de decisão a um determinado contaminante de risco à saúde humana encontrado na água e como o uso da radiação ionizante pôde ser aplicada no beneficiamento de diagnóstico químico e em solução para tratamento específico. Dessa forma, pôde-se ter o respaldo de que a espécie química alumínio é o principal contaminante daquelas águas superficiais. Como os íons alumínio são susceptíveis à complexação por substâncias orgânicas, o processo de irradiação ionizante como etapa de pré-tratamento para a determinação analítica foi um processo inovador e que foi aplicado em dois tipos de amostra: 1) amostras de água padronizadas contendo ácido húmico, que é o tipo de matéria orgânica que ocorre com frequência em águas subterrâneas e 2) amostras de água coletadas dos poços da região estudada. O processo de irradiação permitiu a redução do teor de matéria orgânica e a mineralização dessas amostras, contribuindo com dados inéditos sobre o teor de alumínio. Finalmente, foi desenvolvido um novo material - uma membrana polimérica seletiva modificada por radiação que propõe a remediação do alumínio na água. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2017-05-25T13:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T13:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Durante a exploração de uma mina, vários impactos são causados no meio ambiente, entre eles a geração da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), que consiste da exposição de minerais sulfetados ao ar, água e microorganismos do tipo ferroxidantes, apresentando reações de oxidação e formação de ácido sulfúrico solubilizando metais ali presentes contaminando o solo e as águas. O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi estudar uma solução tecnológica fazendo uso da oxidação avançada com ozônio de metais pesados presentes em efluentes contaminados, em mina de urânio, com especial foco na remoção do manganês. A mina de urânio das Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil INB, em Caldas, Minas Gerais, local de aplicação deste estudo, enfrenta o problema da DAM e tem como principais contaminantes de suas águas superficiais os elementos, alumínio (Al), manganês (Mn), zinco (Zn), ferro (Fe), sulfatos (SO4+2), fluoretos (F-), metais de terras raras, alem do urânio (U) e do tório (Th). Os testes com ozônio realizados em laboratório com os efluentes da INB e in situ, mostraram uma grande eficiência para remoção do ferro, manganês e cério em até 99%. A concentração total de manganês ficou abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela resolução 430 e 357 do CONAMA. Elementos como neodímio (Nd), lantânio (La) e zinco (Zn) pouco se oxidam com O3. O Al se mantém praticamente inalterado, enquanto que o tório e o urânio decaem, mas com o passar do tempo de ozonização voltam a se concentrar, porém com um valor inferior ao inicial. O precipitado obtido após a ozonização consiste de até 85% de oxido de manganês. A fim de descartar, após a ozonização, o efluente líquido para o ambiente é necessário uma correção do pH, de modo a atender os parâmetros da legislação CONAMA, sendo utilizado 50 a 86% menos reagente (CaOH2), do que as quantidades utilizadas no processo adotado pela INB. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-10-09T14:21:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T14:21:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Durante a exploração de uma mina, vários impactos são causados no meio ambiente, entre eles a geração da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), que consiste da exposição de minerais sulfetados ao ar, água e microorganismos do tipo ferroxidantes, apresentando reações de oxidação e formação de ácido sulfúrico solubilizando metais ali presentes contaminando o solo e as águas. O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi estudar uma solução tecnológica fazendo uso da oxidação avançada com ozônio de metais pesados presentes em efluentes contaminados, em mina de urânio, com especial foco na remoção do manganês. A mina de urânio das Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil INB, em Caldas, Minas Gerais, local de aplicação deste estudo, enfrenta o problema da DAM e tem como principais contaminantes de suas águas superficiais os elementos, alumínio (Al), manganês (Mn), zinco (Zn), ferro (Fe), sulfatos (SO4+2), fluoretos (F-), metais de terras raras, alem do urânio (U) e do tório (Th). Os testes com ozônio realizados em laboratório com os efluentes da INB e in situ, mostraram uma grande eficiência para remoção do ferro, manganês e cério em até 99%. A concentração total de manganês ficou abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela resolução 430 e 357 do CONAMA. Elementos como neodímio (Nd), lantânio (La) e zinco (Zn) pouco se oxidam com O3. O Al se mantém praticamente inalterado, enquanto que o tório e o urânio decaem, mas com o passar do tempo de ozonização voltam a se concentrar, porém com um valor inferior ao inicial. O precipitado obtido após a ozonização consiste de até 85% de oxido de manganês. A fim de descartar, após a ozonização, o efluente líquido para o ambiente é necessário uma correção do pH, de modo a atender os parâmetros da legislação CONAMA, sendo utilizado 50 a 86% menos reagente (CaOH2), do que as quantidades utilizadas no processo adotado pela INB. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2018-01-31T16:42:14Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T16:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A deposição de rejeitos radioativos em repositórios geológicos profundos vem sendo estudada nos últimos anos em diversos países. Materiais à base de cimento são utilizados nesses repositórios como material estrutural, matriz de imobilização de rejeitos ou material de preenchimento. Compreender o desempenho desse material é essencial para garantir a segurança da instalação durante o seu tempo de vida útil (de milhares a centenas de milhares de anos, dependendo do tipo de rejeito). Este trabalho objetiva modelar o comportamento em longo prazo do cimento Portland e estudar a influência de diversos fatores na hidratação e na evolução desse material. A modelagem descritiva abordou a hidratação do cimento nas condições ambientais esperadas no repositório e os efeitos desses fatores em propriedades mecânicas, mineralógicas e morfológicas do cimento. Os fatores ambientais considerados relevantes neste trabalho foram: alta temperatura e pressão, penetração de água subterrânea contendo íons quimicamente agressivos ao cimento e a presença do campo de radiação proveniente dos rejeitos. Ensaios acelerados de degradação também foram realizados para corroborar com o modelo descrito. Observou-se uma sinergia entre diversos fatores na degradação do cimento, como a influência da temperatura e da radiação em reações deletérias ao material. O resultado da modelagem apontou três principais possíveis causas de falha nas barreiras artificiais: a) a formação de um caminho preferencial; b) a perda de resistência e coesão do material; e c) o aumento na corrosão das estruturas metálicas. A descrição do modelo apresentada é a base para a modelagem matemática e a análise de segurança dos repositórios estudados no Brasil. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / CAPES:1231206