Submitted by PPG Comunica??o Social (famecos-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-03T11:10:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA_AMORIM_DIS.pdf: 1864621 bytes, checksum: 8e8e9a4203ea314c0f7e98377441b3f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lopes (tatiana.lopes@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-13T14:20:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA_AMORIM_DIS.pdf: 1864621 bytes, checksum: 8e8e9a4203ea314c0f7e98377441b3f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T14:24:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA_AMORIM_DIS.pdf: 1864621 bytes, checksum: 8e8e9a4203ea314c0f7e98377441b3f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / With the professionalization of electronic sports (e-sports) and the exponential growth of this market, many companies are investing in create unique experiences for their spectators. This research aims to understand how a computer game, especially the League of Legends, can be designed to be played and watched by many people as a sportive manifestation, turning a local reception into a global and connected activity. Based on the Grounded Theory, a methodology that supports the qualitative and quantitative data analyzes, favoring the multidisciplinary view on a given event. This work consists in three distinct phases: data collection and analysis, coding, memoing and theory writing. Where in the first phase, bibliographical surveys on games and esports were carried out, as well as analyzes of the media related to electronic sports. In the second phase, all the data obtained were codified and separated into categories and subcategories, where it was possible to understand that e-sports are a phenomenon formed from different social perceptions, relating games, sports entertainment and media. In the third phase, the memoing presents as inferences from the research for the work, to finally be possible a writing of a platform on a construction of e-sport and how its transformations in different transmissions. / Com a profissionaliza??o dos esportes eletr?nicos (e-sports) e o crescimento exponencial desse mercado, muitas empresas t?m investido em criar experi?ncias ?nicas para seus espectadores. Com isso em mente, este trabalho tem o objetivo de entender como um jogo de computador, especialmente o League of Legends, pode ser projetado para ser jogado e assistido como uma manifesta??o esportiva por diversas pessoas, transformando a recep??o local em um ato global e conectado. Para isso, ? utilizada a Grounded Theory, uma metodologia que permite o uso de an?lises qualitativas e quantitativas, favorecendo o olhar multidisciplinar sobre um determinado evento. Assim, este trabalho ? formado por tr?s fases distintas: coleta e an?lise de dados, codifica??o, memorando e escrita da teoria. Onde, na primeira fase, foram realizados levantamentos bibliogr?ficos sobre jogos e e-sports, al?m de an?lises das m?dias relacionadas ao esporte eletr?nico. Na segunda fase, todos os dados obtidos foram codificados e separados em categorias e subcategorias, no qual foi poss?vel entender que os e-sports s?o um fen?meno formado a partir de diferentes percep??es sociais, relacionando os jogos, o entretenimento esportivo e as m?dias. Na terceira fase, o memorando apresentou as infer?ncias da pesquisadora ao longo deste trabalho, para, por fim, ser poss?vel a escrita de uma teoria sobre a constru??o do e-sport e as suas transforma??es em diferentes transmiss?es.

Objectives. The empirical qualitative study explored Older People’s (over 65 years of age) perceptions of psychological change and the processes by which these occurred. It also aimed to add to understanding of the barriers to therapeutic change. Subsequently, a systematic review of the current literature pertaining to older people’s attachment styles, and how attachment is measured within this population, was conducted. This scrutinised the literature regarding role of attachment (as a trans-diagnostic construct) in old age, as this may influence their change processes. Design. As the empirical study was exploratory, it adopted a Grounded Theory methodology, influenced by the constructivist perspective as described in Charmaz (2014). Data was obtained via semi-structured interviews, with the later interview schedule grounded in emergent codes and memos of earlier interviews. Literature pertaining to older people, attachment, and how attachment is measured, was obtained from a systematic review. Method. Twelve participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview, following discharge from an Older Peoples Psychological Therapy Service, for the empirical project. Participants were aged 65 years or over and had received varying models of therapy over varying durations. Those reporting improvement, or no change, as a result of receiving psychological therapy, were approached to participate. Through detailed analysis, a tentative model of older people’s psychological change processes was constructed. This model was further checked by some participants for quality control. Subsequently the systematic review explored a key theme of attachment (as suggested by the categories highlighted in the empirical project). Literature regarding attachment, older people and how attachment is measured within this population, was obtained through a systematic search through major databases, compared against a checklist, constructed for this review, with all analysis prorated by qualified clinical psychologists supervising this study. Results. Interview transcriptions were analysed in line with a constructivist perspective of grounded theory. A non-linear model of psychological change, grounded in the data, was constructed. The main concepts of the model were Age as Context, Seeking Help and Entering the Therapeutic Environment, Building a Therapeutic Relationship, Developing a New Understanding, Therapeutic Changes and Post Therapy Reflections and Commitments of Continuation. In addition, some similar processes were highlighted across different therapeutic modalities, thus supporting trans-theoretical models of psychological change. In addition, the model highlighted a theme of models of relationships having continuity through the lifespan (as evidenced in the concepts of Seeking Help and Building a Therapeutic Relationship). This echoed the trans-therapeutic concept of attachment. Therefore, a systematic review of attachment in older people was conducted. Overall the quality of the literature pertaining to attachment, older people and how attachment is measured within this population was poor. There was a paucity of evidence of minimisation of bias reported in either design or analysis. Conclusions. The empirical project demonstrated the process of psychological change in older people is non-linear in nature. Some constructs of change were similar to those found in the adult literature, but there were also some constructs relating specifically to ageing, and the theoretical developmental stage of old age. This supports suggestions that age specific constructs should be held in mind when working therapeutically with older people. The systematic review found research exploring attachment in older people is a growing field of research, but one which is still in its infancy compared to other clinical populations. In addition, several studies had serious methodological issues and therefore readers are encouraged to interpret their results with caution.

This thesis has been prepared in a paper based format and comprises of three stand-alone papers. Paper 1, a systematic review; Paper 2, an empirical study; and Paper 3, a critical appraisal and reflection of the work. Paper 1 has been prepared for submission to Appetite. The paper presents a systematic literature review of studies measuring or reporting potential psychological mechanisms within Night Eating Syndrome (NES). Databases were systematically searched and 20 studies were included in the review. The quality of evidence was mixed and NES was identified and diagnosed in a variety of ways. Studies utilised a variety of different instruments to identify thirteen psychological mechanisms. Syntheses of the studies suggest that there are distinct overlapping features within these mechanisms and five overarching themes were identified to accommodate these overlapping features. Suggestions are made relating to the potential function of the identified psychological mechanisms within NES.Paper 2 has been prepared for submission to Appetite. The paper is a qualitative study exploring the relationship between NES and the experience of emotion specifically from the perspective of patients identified as obese. Ten participants were interviewed and a constructivist grounded theory approach was used to analyse transcripts. A key category to emerge from the analysis was termed 'Emotional Hunger'; reflecting an urge or need to satiate a set of underlying unmet emotional needs. 'Emotional hunger' was underpinned by the following six interrelated themes: (1) The development of a relationship with food; (2) Loss; (3) The significance of night time; (4) A separation of the body and mind; (5) Why I eat, not what I eat; and (6) Consequences of night eating. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed with reference to existing literature. Paper 3 is not intended for publication. The paper provides a critical review of the research process, in which the strengths and weaknesses of the systematic review and empirical study are discussed. Personal and professional reflections on the experience of conducting a systematic review and an empirical study are explored. The clinical implications of the research are also discussed.

Dementia affects around 850,000 people in the UK. Whilst there is no cure, understanding how to support people to live well with this condition is important. There are 'many faces of dementia' and delineating experiences of living with different dementias in daily life is a key step towards understanding how to support people to live well with different symptoms. Supporting eating-related practices in a socio-relational context, referred to in this thesis as 'dining' experiences, may help promote the psychological needs related to living well with dementia, including inclusion, occupation and identity. This study aimed to understand how dining experiences and interactions were affected when living with typical dementia (tAD) and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and the processes involved in supporting dining experiences. Data collection included in-depth interviews with 20 family dyads (9 tAD; 11 PCA) and video-based observations of four dining interactions. An 'informed' grounded theory approach was used and Goffman's (1974) Frame Analysis was identified to support understanding dining experiences in this study. Goffman's (1974) theory provides understanding around how people structure and define their social experiences and coordinate these understandings in interaction. Findings revealed how dining could become disrupted when living with tAD and PCA, relating to vulnerabilities in this experience and eating-related practices becoming more about 'management'. Interacting processes of revising frames, management strategies, optimising opportunities for continuity and engaging in supportive environments, were identified to support maintaining-meaning in dining. Video-based observations extended understanding in terms of contextual factors which shaped experiences and how people used the environment to support their dining interactions. Implications include supporting dining by using a balanced system of various processes to continue to create new meanings and experiences and using the environment to make 'dining' central, as opposed to focusing on eating-related practices as a 'care-task'.

The use of non-financial performance measurements (such as quality, delivery and customer satisfaction) has received a lot of attention from practitioners and academics over the last two decades in developed countries. This research project is an exploratory study in Libya to investigate the use of non-financial performance measurements (NFPMs) in a developing country's commercial banking sector. The Libyan service sector is the second contributor to the Libyan Gross Domestic Product (GDP) after the oil sector. Within the service sector, the commercial banking sector has been playing a significant role in the development of the Libyan economy. This research project aims to: 1) explore the current use of NFPMs in the Libyan commercial banking sector (LCBS); 2) determine the environmental factors influencing the use of NFPMs in the LCBS; and 3) explore the impact of NFPMs on financial performance measurements (FPMs) in the LCBSA grounded theory methodology was adopted and four case studies (two State owned banks and two private banks) were conducted. Each case study was analysed according to a structured set of coding procedures (based on the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin, 1990) and substantive hypotheses emerged for each case study. A cross-case analysis of the four case studies gave rise to the following nineteen formal hypotheses which (together with the model developed from the four case studies) are the main findings of this study: H1 The limitations of FPMs are one of the major motives leading to a bank's use of NFPMs H2 A more competitive environment is one of the main motives for managers in a bank using NFPMs. H3 Management's knowledge of the relationship between NFPMs and FPMs is one of the major motives leading to the use of NFPMs in a bank. 11 H4 Demanding customers are one of the major motives leading to the use of NFPMs in a bank. H5 The nature of the banking industry as a service oriented industry is one of the major motives leading to the use of NFPMs in a bank. H6 Lower level managers in a bank tend to use NFPMs more than middle and higher level managers do. H7 Operational experience of management, competence of management, management with more authority, top management's interference, stability of management, and collective working group positively affect a bank's use of NFPMs. H8 New regulations and strategies of the Central Bank and the uncertainty of the economic environment positively affect a bank's use of NFPMs. H9 Some of the Central Bank's old regulations, over-control and interference of the Central Bank, information shortage, weakness of infrastructure, traditional educational system, State ownership and the general public's lack of banking knowledge negatively affect a bank's use of NFPMs. H10 The development of human resource strategies to be more service-oriented is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H11 The development of the reward system to be linked with non-financial performance and to be more service-oriented is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H12 The development of the banking system (operating, information and reporting system) is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H13 The development of a bank's management accounting information is associated with its use of NFPMs. H14 The development of a bank's organisational structure is associated with its use of NFPMs. H15 The adoption of advanced management practices is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H16 Use of NFPMs encourages a bank to diversify and improve its range of services. H17 Use of NFPMs encourages a bank to adopt advanced technology. H18 Use of NFPMs improves a bank's profitability, customers' deposits and other FPMs in the long-term. H19 Use of NFPMs leads to an increase in a bank's capital expenditure.

Pair programming is a software development method which describes two programmers working together on the same computer, sharing one keyboard. This approach requires programmers to communicate frequently, which can lead the pair to experience certain benefits over solo programming, such as faster problem solving and a greater enjoyment of their work (Cockburn and Williams, 2001, Bryant et al., 2006). Many programmers approach their first pairing experience with scepticism, having doubts about their partner’s working habits and programming style, and about the additional communication aspects that this programming style entails (Williams et al., 2000). Despite a significant amount of research into pair programming of over 15 years, it is not evident what communication between the pair contributes to the task of pair programming. This work presents an analytic coding scheme which was derived from the observation of the communication of expert pairs working in industry. Over 35 hours of communication across 11 different pairs was analysed. This coding scheme was further refined to produce industry-inspired pair programming guidelines that assist novice pair programmers to improve their experience of pair communication. Findings indicate that introducing these guidelines to novice student pairs can have a positive impact on their perception of intra-pair communication, and on their perception of their partner’s contribution. Feedback received from expert pairs was used to add detail to the guidelines, which have been made publically available through an online resource.

This candidate's essay initially describes addiction problems in Sweden. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare proposes methods to handle the problem. Standalone self-help groups such as Anonymous Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous (u.å.c; 2018) provide the 12-step program as an alternative to government recommendations. This essay aims to study this alternative method using a qualitative and inductive approach in order to interpret determinants which benefits the program as well as formulate a theory that can understand the process. The authors researched the 12-step program’s history and describes the actual places which were observed as well as their pre-understanding of the program. In accordance with studies on human life situations ethical principles have been reported and used recurrently. To increase understanding of the phenomenon, previous studies on the program has been researched; knowledge bases regarding classifications; psychological; sociological approaches and qualitative methods. Thereafter, an explanation of the usage of relevant concepts in the work. Data collection is done exclusively with micro-ethnographic methods, respondents who volunteered have experienced the 12-step program of one of the two selected self-help groups. Furthermore, Grounded theory and Narrative analysis was used to interpret collected data, a detailed description was constructed in order to enhance the study’s transferability. Generated codes resulted in a conceptualization of a triangular effect between the concepts of motivation; spirituality and the group. Trinity was analyzed and two additional determinants, receptiveness and structure, were formulated. This study concludes that introduction of the 12-step program is defined by an initial personal receptiveness and an adequate structure, these phenomena interact recurrently when the individual meets the other determinants of the program. Which are described as an internal process of reflection (spirituality); external physical action (motivation) and collective social development (the group). Together, the five determinants constitute the success of the 12-step program which the authors try to verify theoretically by problematizing the content.

This multiple case study focused on the lives and experiences of four women who participated in an adult literacy program. This case study approach used critical ethnography as an analytic tool employing grounded theory leading to the development of a substantive theory. In-depth, semi-structured interviews and researcher's reflective journal were employed to collect data for this study that critically examined the impact of the transformative process of its participants and its influence on their socio-cultural context. Results revealed that participants did not necessarily experience a disorienting dilemma as contended by Mezirow (1978, 1991, and 2000). Rather participants experienced a series of integrating circumstances that led to the transformative experience. Moreover, the study indicated that unlike Mezirow's assumption that individuals need to have a high cognitive or educational level to experience a transformation these participants with little or no education experienced a transformation. Overall, the purpose of this study was to generate grounded theory on the impact of the transformative experience on the participants and their socio-cultural context. From the findings of the study, a substantive theory emerged revealing profound changes: a metamorphosis. Thus, the substantive theory is: Metamorphosis: Given the opportunity to shift frames of reference, one has the innate capacity to alter one's life and impact one's socio-cultural context creating possibilities for self and others. In light of this, all participants related experiences that reflect the core elements of transformative learning as first posited by Mezirow. These elements included exploration of new roles or actions, self-confidence in new roles, development of a plan of action and reintegration into life based on their new frames of reference. Major themes that emerged from the data are self-esteem and assertiveness, discovery of self, great personal sacrifice, development of sense of possibility for self and family, beliefs and values, increased spirituality, self-sufficiency, role model, opportunity for social action. As the women became empowered, the changes affected their socio-cultural context resulting in changes with their children, family and community. Finally, this study has far-reaching implications for policy-makers and practitioners in particular for strategic improvement of life for low-income families and family relationships. These findings can serve as the impetus to improve the disintegration of family values triggering a positive impact on entire communities.

Despite efforts to ensure patient safety in the United States, patients are being harmed by preventable errors. There is a gap in the literature from the nurse's perspective as to why medical errors continue to occur despite having evidence-based safety strategies available. The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to develop a theory explaining nurses' perception of their role in patient safety and why medical errors are still occurring despite implementation of evidence-based safety strategies. The systems engineering initiative for patient safety (SEIPS) model provided the conceptual framework for the study. Data collection included interviews with 11 nurses who worked in a Magnet designated hospital. Data were sorted and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Three themes emerged: technology, work environment, and human factors. These themes aligned with components of the SEIPS model. An emphasis on how technology adds to the nurses' workload compounded with a busy work environment was noted as a contributing factor for bypassing safety systems. The bypass model theory was derived from the themes to describe the conditions that nurses work in that result in bypassing safety systems. Further research needs to go beyond engaging nurses with the implementation of health IT system by examining long-term impacts on workflow as changes are being made. Addressing the reasons why safety measures are bypassed can affect positive social change which will improve the quality and safety of patient care outcomes.

Hope is meaningful and very important for people – even for people at the last days of their lives. Health professionals can sometimes describe hope in terms of hope for a cure, which may lead to feelings of hopelessness or empty hope for a patient with an incurable disease. In research, there is very little written about hope in the palliative home care context, even more so from the patient’s perspective. The aim of this project was to study how hope changes over time in cancer patients at the palliative phase, and to study the strategies used to cope with these changes. This was studied from the patients’ own perspective and in a home care context, but with the ambition of developing the results into a model or theory. Grounded Theory was the chosen research approach. Two sets of tape-recorded interviews were made with 11 patients in specialized palliative home care – a total of 20 interviews. The patients were also asked to write diaries about changes in their everyday feelings of hope within a 4-week period. Measurements of hope (HHI-S) and symptoms (ESAS) were also made at three occasions. Constant comparison of data was made during the analysis. The results showed that patients’ hope changed over time. Hope was described as a process involving a glimmering core of hope untouched by external circumstances (Study I). Hope was described in different processes, creation of a convinced hope, creation of simulated hope, collection and maintaining moments of hope and gradually extinct hope. The dying patient’s hope can be described as a gradual and successive adaptation process. Strategies for maintaining life were expressed to preserve the meaning in life, to communicate with others about life and death, to involve "fellow travelers" and to change focus. The strategy of preparing for death involved; taking responsibility for the future and seeing possibilities of living on even after death (Study II). The strategies were parallel to, and dependent on each other. It is important that health professionals understand the patient’s own strategies for maintaining life/hope, as well as the patient’s own preparations for death, so that hope is never taken away despite preparations at the end of life. In summary, hope can be interpreted as a changing process over time – a process that can change quickly, but is based on an inviolable core that is not easily moved by external circumstances. It is important that the health care personnel realize that patients simultaneously prepare for their deaths even as they try to maintain hope. Deeper understanding of what hope can mean for a patient can decrease the risk of hope being taken away during one’s final days. / Hopp har stor betydelse för människor, även för människor i livets slutskede. Av vårdpersonal beskrivs ibland hopp som bot, vilket kan leda till att inget hopp alls eller att ett meningslöst hopp förmedlas till en patient med en obotlig sjukdom. Forskningsmässigt förekommer hopp sparsamt beskrivet i den palliativa kontexten, särskilt från patientens perspektiv. Syftet med avhandlingen var att studera hur hopp kan förändras över tid hos patienter med cancer i ett palliativt skede, liksom vilka strategier de använder för att hantera dessa förändringar. Detta har studerats utifrån patientens eget perspektiv i en palliativ hemsjukvårdskontext, men ska sedan utvecklas vidare till en modell/teori. I denna avhandling har Grounded Theory valts som forskningsansats. Bandinspelade intervjuer gjordes vid två tillfällen med elva patienter i specialiserad palliativ hemsjukvård. Det blev totalt 20 intervjuer. Patienterna skrev också dagböcker om de förändringar av deras hopp, som uppstod i vardagen under en period av fyra veckor. Även mätning av hopp (HHIS) och symtom (ESAS) genomfördes vid tre tillfällen. Analysen skedde med den konstant komparativa metoden. Resultatet visade att patientens hopp förändrades över tid och beskrevs i en process med en inre glödande kärna av hopp, som inte påverkades så mycket av yttre omständigheter, men som kunde falna eller flamma upp (studie I). Hopp beskrivs i olika processer som att skapa ett övertygat hopp, ett simultant hopp, som att samla och uppehålla hopp och som ett hopp, som håller på att rinna ut. Den döende patientens hopp kan skildras som en successiv anpassningsprocess. Strategier som upprätthåller liv beskrivs vara att upprätthålla sin egen mening, att samtala om liv och död, att skaffa medresenärer och att byta fokus (studie II). Strategier, som förberedde döden, var att ta ansvar för framtiden och att se möjligheter att leva vidare även efter döden. Dessa tillvägagångssätt var parallella och beroende av varandra. Kunskap hos vårdpersonal om patientens egna strategier att upprätthålla liv/hopp och förbereda död är viktigt, för att inte ta ifrån patienten dennes hopp vid samtidig förberedelse för döden. Sammanfattningsvis ska hopp ses som en föränderlig process över tid och som snabbt kan förändras, men som har en inre glöd, som är mer oantastlig och inte så lätt påverkas av yttre omständigheter. Det är viktigt för vårdpersonal, som arbetar med döende patienter, att känna till att patienter har parallella strategier, som upprätthåller hopp. Ökad kunskap om vad hopp innebär för den enskilde patienten kan minska risken för att hopp fråntas patienten i livets sista tid. / The Glimmering Embers - experiences of hope among cancer patients in palliative home care / Maintaining hope when close to death: insight from cancer patients in palliaitve home care