O emprego de novas tecnologias, como a transgenia, associadas ao melhoramento convencional de cana-de-açúcar apresenta grande potencial no combate a pragas e desenvolvimento de novas variedades. Entretanto, a falta de especificidade na expressão temporal e/ou local dos genes introduzidos tem se mostrado um fator limitante para o sucesso de produtos derivados da transgenia. Os promotores das metalotioneínas, por exemplo, podem representar uma alternativa ao uso de promotores constitutivos, particularmente, aqueles de metalotioneínas do tipo 1 (MT1) por apresentarem níveis elevados de expressão, em diferentes tecidos/órgãos e serem responsivos a estresses bióticos e abióticos. O uso de promotores sintéticos, contendo apenas elementos-cis, como GCG-like, W boxes e JERE, tem sido relevante por induzirem a expressão gênica local em resposta ao ataque de agentes bióticos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização funcional de promotores de genes de metalotioneínas de cana-de-açúcar e o uso de elementos regulatórios sintéticos e, em paralelo, avaliou-se o uso de promotores sintéticos no controle da expressão gênica em cana-de-açúcar. Após as análises de expressão transiente, verificou-se que o promotor SoMT1b apresentou atividade GUS e GFP em epitélios de cebola e os promotores sintéticos, 4X Wbox, 4X GCC-like, 4X JERE e 4xW 4xS-box, e o promotor SoMT1b foram capazes de dirigir a expressão do gene repórter uidA (GUS) em calos embriogênicos de cana-de-açúcar. Em análise de expressão estável, o promotor SoMT1b foi capaz de dirigir a expressão do gene GUS para os frutos e sementes de tomate \'Micro-Tom\', mas não foi responsivo a estresse por herbivoria, cádmio e cobre. Também foi realizada a transformação de plantas de cana-de-açúcar, as quais ainda estão sendo analisadas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a funcionalidade do promotor SoMT1b / New technologies, like genetic transformation, associated with conventional breeding of sugarcane have a large potential in developing new varieties tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress. However, the lack of specificity in the spatial and/or temporal expression of the introduced genes has been a limited factor for the success of products derived from transgeny. Metallothionein promoters, for instance, can represent an alternative to the use of constitutive promoters, particularly those from metallothionein type 1 (MT1) because they present high expression levels in different tissues / organs and are responsive to biotic and abiotic stress. Another alternative is the use of synthetic promoters which contain only cis elements, as GCG-like, W-box and JERE, which induces local gene expression in response to pathogen attack. In this work, we aimed to make the functional characterization of sugarcane metallothionein promoters and synthetic regulatory elements, in parallel, we evaluated the use of synthetic promoters in the control of gene expression in sugarcane. After transient expression analyzis, it was found that SoMT1b promoter was able to control the expression of the reporter genes to GUS and GFP in onion epithelium and GUS in sugarcane embryogenic calli. Additionally, synthetic promoters 4X Wbox, 4X GCC-like, 4X JERE and 4xW 4xS-box were able to direct the expression of the gene uidA (GUS) in embryogenic calli of sugarcane. In stable transformation analysis, SoMT1b promoter was capable of directing uidA expression in fruits and seeds of tomato cv. \'Micro-Tom\', but it was not responsive to herbivory, cadmium and copper stress. It was also carried out the transformation of sugarcane plants with the construction containing the SoMT1b promoter, but these are still being analyzed. The results demonstrate the functionality of the SoMT1b promoter in sugarcane and tomato

Cette thèse est une étude approfondie du rapport de William S. Burroughs au cinéma. William S. Burroughs, en collaboration avec Antony Balch, a produit entre 1961 et 1972 des courts-métrages expérimentaux aux formes de montage et de figuration radicales. Ces films, largement ignorés, constituent un pan essentiel du cinéma expérimental. Leur étude met en lumière l'évolution d'une pensée politico-esthétique de l'image chez Burroughs, une pensée voisine de celle de Guy Debord et qui influencera celle de Gilles Deleuze .Burroughs a également travaillé en tant qu'acteur : l'analyse de ses apparitions est ici pensée en fonction de leur rapport à l’œuvre écrite de Burroughs et à son versant biographique, l'écrivain déconstruisant les personnages qu'il joue de la même manière qu'il déconstruisait le cinéma. Un ensemble de films, répondant plus ou moins fidèlement à l’appellation d'adaptations, constituent un aspect important de notre corpus. Ces œuvres, qu'elles travaillent les écrits dans un rapport fondé sur la reproduction, le décalage, ou l'éclatement, produisent des formes inédites. Cette étude est complétée par un retour sur l'influence de Burroughs sur trois auteurs majeurs du cinéma nord-américain contemporain, Cronenberg, Van Sant et Lynch. Tous trois réinvestissent l’œuvre et la pensée de Burroughs dans le cadre de leur propre production, que ce retour se concentre sur l'apparition de la voix, le lien entre signature visuelle et présence ou la fragmentation de la narration classique. En mettant en relation expérimentations, présences et contaminations de l'écrivain au cinéma, ce travail vise la réhabilitation de ce versant de l’œuvre de William S. Burroughs. / This work is an exhaustive study of William S. Burroughs' interest in cinema. Burroughs, in collaboration with Antony Balch, produced between 1961 and 1972 a series of experimental short films with radical editing and visual styles. These widely ignored films are an essential part of experimental cinema. Their study highlights the evolution of the author's political and aesthetic vision, close to those of Guy Debord or Gilles Deleuze. Burroughs also worked as an actor. The analysis of his cinematographic apparitions is linked to their relation to Burroughs' written work and its biographical aspects: the writer deconstructs the characters he plays in the same way as he deconstructs the mise-en-scène.A set of films, which can loosely be said to be adaptations, are another important part of the corpus of this study. These works, in a relation to the written word based on reproduction, shift or blow-out, produce original cinematographic images.This study is completed with a flash-forward to Burroughs' influence on three important north-american filmmakers: David Cronenberg, Gus Van Sant and David Lynch. These three authors reinvest Burroughs' work within the framework of their own production, focusing on the apparition of the voice, the link between visual signature and the notion of presence or the shattering of a conventional narrative.Linking experimentations, presences and contaminations of the writer in the cinematographic art, this thesis aims to rehabilitate this part of Burroughs' work.

Ce mémoire vise à explorer le lien étroit unissant le scepticisme philosophique, le dispositif cinématographique et la tétralogie de Gus Van Sant : Gerry, Elephant, Last days et Paranoid Park. À partir de la philosophie de Stanley Cavell, il sera d’abord question de développer le scepticisme comme condition d’existence et non plus comme doctrine philosophique. Stanley Cavell fait bifurquer le problème sceptique de la cognition vers l’éthique et nous verrons comment Gus Van Sant, en proposant un cinéma du désoeuvrement et de la mélancolie où l’individu est en rupture avec le monde, rejoint cette dimension éthique du scepticisme par le cinéma. Ensuite, il s’agira de voir comment le dispositif cinématographique est l’expression même du scepticisme cavellien et comment il permet de tendre vers le perfectionnisme moral en imposant la reconnaissance de son existence à travers la décision morale. Enfin, nous verrons comment Gus Van Sant, en réinventant le plan-séquence et le ralenti, répond singulièrement au problème posé par le scepticisme en réintégrant l’individu dans le monde à force de manipulations formelles qui sont autant de réponses au désoeuvrement contemporain comme condition existentielle. Ces réponses trouvées par Gus Van Sant ne sont pas des solutions, mais une exploration des dimensions d’un problème qu’il renouvèle : le scepticisme. / This thesis aims to explore the close ties between philosophical skepticism, the cinematic apparatus and Gus Van Sant's tetralogy of films: Gerry, Elephant, Last Days and Paranoid Park. From Stanley Cavell’s philosophical perspective, we will first address the question of skepticism as a condition of existence rather than a philosophical doctrine. Stanley Cavell redirects the skepticism problem of cognition towards ethics and we will look at how Gus Van Sant meets the ethical dimension of skepticism by offering a cinema of idleness and melancholia in which individuals are at odds with the world. Furthermore, we will study how the cinematic apparatus is the very expression of Cavellian skepticism and how it moves toward moral perfectionism by forcing the recognition of our existence through moral decision-making. Finally, we will look at how Gus Van Sant, in a singular manner, addresses the problem raised by skepticism by reinventing the sequence shot and the slow motion, and therefore reinstates the individual to the world through formal manipulations that respond to modern idleness as an existential condition. The answers Gus Van Sant has found are not solutions, but rather the exploration of the dimensions of a problem he is restating: skepticism.

One of the main elements of dendrochronological standardization is removing the biological trend, i.e. the progressive decline of ring width along a cross-sectional radius that is caused by the corresponding increase in stem size and tree age over time. The ‘‘conservative’’ option for removing this biological trend is to fit a modified negative exponential curve (or a straight line with slope ≤ 0) to the ring-width measurements. This method is based on the assumption that, especially for open-grown and/or shade-intolerant species, annual growth rate of mature trees fluctuates around a specific level, expressed by a constant ring width. Because this method has numerical and conceptual drawbacks, we propose an alternative approach based on the assumption that constant growth is expressed by a constant basal area increment distributed over a growing surface. From this starting point, we derive a mathematical expression for the biological trend of ring width, which can be easily calculated and used for dendrochronological standardization. The proposed C-method is compared to other standardization techniques, including Regional Curve Standardization (RCS), of tree-ring width from ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P.Lawson & C.Lawson) located at the Gus Pearson Natural Area (GPNA) in northern Arizona, USA. Master ring-index chronologies built from ring area, RCS, and C-method reproduced stand-wide patterns of tree growth at the GPNA, whereas other standardization options, including the ‘‘conservative’’ one, failed to do so. In addition, the C-method has the advantage of calculating an expected growth curve for each tree, whereas RCS is based on applying the same growth curve to all trees. In conclusion, the C-method replaces the purely empirical ‘‘conservative’’ option with a theory based approach, which is applicable to individual ring-width measurement series, does not require fitting a growth curve using nonlinear regression, and can be rigorously tested for improving tree-ring records of environmental changes.

No description available.

Ce mémoire vise à explorer le lien étroit unissant le scepticisme philosophique, le dispositif cinématographique et la tétralogie de Gus Van Sant : Gerry, Elephant, Last days et Paranoid Park. À partir de la philosophie de Stanley Cavell, il sera d’abord question de développer le scepticisme comme condition d’existence et non plus comme doctrine philosophique. Stanley Cavell fait bifurquer le problème sceptique de la cognition vers l’éthique et nous verrons comment Gus Van Sant, en proposant un cinéma du désoeuvrement et de la mélancolie où l’individu est en rupture avec le monde, rejoint cette dimension éthique du scepticisme par le cinéma. Ensuite, il s’agira de voir comment le dispositif cinématographique est l’expression même du scepticisme cavellien et comment il permet de tendre vers le perfectionnisme moral en imposant la reconnaissance de son existence à travers la décision morale. Enfin, nous verrons comment Gus Van Sant, en réinventant le plan-séquence et le ralenti, répond singulièrement au problème posé par le scepticisme en réintégrant l’individu dans le monde à force de manipulations formelles qui sont autant de réponses au désoeuvrement contemporain comme condition existentielle. Ces réponses trouvées par Gus Van Sant ne sont pas des solutions, mais une exploration des dimensions d’un problème qu’il renouvèle : le scepticisme. / This thesis aims to explore the close ties between philosophical skepticism, the cinematic apparatus and Gus Van Sant's tetralogy of films: Gerry, Elephant, Last Days and Paranoid Park. From Stanley Cavell’s philosophical perspective, we will first address the question of skepticism as a condition of existence rather than a philosophical doctrine. Stanley Cavell redirects the skepticism problem of cognition towards ethics and we will look at how Gus Van Sant meets the ethical dimension of skepticism by offering a cinema of idleness and melancholia in which individuals are at odds with the world. Furthermore, we will study how the cinematic apparatus is the very expression of Cavellian skepticism and how it moves toward moral perfectionism by forcing the recognition of our existence through moral decision-making. Finally, we will look at how Gus Van Sant, in a singular manner, addresses the problem raised by skepticism by reinventing the sequence shot and the slow motion, and therefore reinstates the individual to the world through formal manipulations that respond to modern idleness as an existential condition. The answers Gus Van Sant has found are not solutions, but rather the exploration of the dimensions of a problem he is restating: skepticism.

In this study, optimization of a transformation and regeneration system via indirect and direct organogenesis in cotyledon, hypocotyl, petiole, leaf and shoot base tissues of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. ELK 345 and 1195) was investigated. Two different germination, three different callus induction and shoot induction medium was used for indirect organogenesis of sugar beet cultivar ELK 345. Except cotyledon, other explants (hypocotyl, petiole and leaf) produced callus. However no shoot development was observed from callus of these explants. Shoot base tissue of sugar beet cultivar 1195 was employed for direct organogenesis. Shoot development was achieved via direct organogenesis using 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.25 mg/L BA. Root development and high acclimatization rate were accomplished from shoot base tissue. Different concentrations of kanamycin and PPT were applied to leaf blade explants to find out optimum dose for selection of transformants. Kanamycin at 150 mg/L and PPT at 3 mg/L totally inhibited shoot development from leaf blades. Moreover, an Agrobacterium mediated transformation procedure for leaf explants of ELK 345 was also optimized by monitoring transient uidA expression 3rd days after transformation. Effects of different parameters (vacuum infiltration, bacterial growth medium, inoculation time with bacteria, Agrobacterium strains and L-cysteine application in co-cultivation medium) were investigated to improve transformation procedure. Vacuum infiltration and Agrobacterium strains were significantly improved transformation procedure. Percentage of GUS expressing areas on leaves increased three folds from the beginning of the study.

Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2002.

Hochsch. für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwiss., Diss.--St. Gallen, 1994.

Submitted by Daniella Sodre (daniella.sodre@ufpe.br) on 2015-04-10T15:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rogéria Mendes do Nascimento.pdf: 6087929 bytes, checksum: f6f88668d4b9a8a62916a6146a23f6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T15:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rogéria Mendes do Nascimento.pdf: 6087929 bytes, checksum: f6f88668d4b9a8a62916a6146a23f6e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CNPq / A contaminação por agrotóxicos é um tema de pesquisa que vem despertando atenção, tendo em vista suas consequências para a saúde humana, e o risco de degradação do meio ambiente, causados por seu uso crescente e, muitas vezes, inadequado, sendo um dos principais problemas de saúde pública no meio rural brasileiro. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os níveis de contaminação ambiental, provocados pelo uso de agrotóxicos na região de maior produção de hortaliças folhosas do Estado de Pernambuco. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os seguintes: avaliação da presença de agrotóxicos nas hortaliças, na água superficial e subterrânea, no solo, possíveis presença de substâncias tóxicas no sangue dos agricultores, e uma proposta de ações para o gerenciamento ambiental da área em estudo. O local de estudo foi a bacia hidrográfica de Natuba, situado no município da Vitória de Santo Antão – PE. Vinte e quatro poços de inspeção foram usados na coleta de dados no período de um ano. Relacionaram-se a presença e quantidade de agrotóxicos nas folhas de alface, cebolinha e coentro, no solo, na água do lençol freático, do Riacho Natuba e no sangue dos agricultores que manusearam e aplicaram agrotóxicos nesses cultivos. A metodologia adotada para a detecção foi o ―Método Multiresíduos (holandês)‖, que determina, aproximadamente, cem princípios ativos para cada amostra. Um total de 24 amostras de água e de solo foram analisadas bem como seis amostras das hortaliças. Comparou-se o potencial de lixiviação dos diferentes agrotóxicos identificados como mais utilizados na bacia pelos índices do potencial relativo de lixiviação (RLPI) e o índice GUS (Groundwater Ubiquity Score). Também foi aplicado um questionário aos agricultores locais focado no uso de agrotóxicos, numa amostra de tamanho 50. Amostras de sangue de 36 trabalhadores foram colhidas para o teste da enzima colinesterase. Os ingredientes ativos com maiores potenciais de lixiviação encontrados na área foram o 2,4D e o Imidacloprid. No lençol freático foram identificados quatro ingredientes ativos: Azoxystrobin, Imidacloprid, Phenthoate e Tebuconazole. Em 18 poços de inspeção as concentrações dos princípios ativos estavam acima do máximo permitido segundo a Portaria nº 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde. No solo e nas hortaliças foram encontrados três ingredientes ativos também identificados na água subterrânea. Os resultados das amostras de sangue indicaram que 33% dos homens apresentaram os níveis das enzimas colinesterase abaixo do considerado normal. Já com relação às mulheres, os níveis foram ainda mais alarmantes, pois 67% sinalizaram baixos níveis dessa enzima. O ingrediente ativo Abamectina foi encontrado nas culturas de alface e coentro, embora não seja autorizado o uso nessas culturas. Na análise estatística apenas uma correlação positiva foi encontrada, entre o Tebuconazole e o íon hidrogênio do solo. Este cenário reflete a falta de gerenciamento ambiental adequado para a utilização dos agrotóxicos na subbacia em estudo. Desta forma, cabe aos órgãos públicos competentes, a partir desses resultados, comprometerem-se na elaboração de estratégias que busquem melhorar a horticultura na região.