No / The emission of greenhouse gases on a global scale is predominantly caused by the utilization of fossil fuels. Various methods have been explored to address the recycling of CO2, which among, the CO2 conversion into high-value chemicals become so promising. The purpose of this book chapter evaluation is CO2 reduction and H2 evolution reactions for producing syngas. A comprehensive analysis shall highlight (i) the technical advantages and impediments of various reactor classifications, (ii) the effect of electrolytes on electrolyzers in the liquid phase, and (iv) the catalysts that are viable for the creation of important products such as CO.

De nombreuses études de notre laboratoire ont montré le rôle prépondérant des neurones à histamine (HA) dans le contrôle de l'activation corticale et de l'éveil (Ev). Grâce aux divers modèles de souris knockout (KO), cette thèse a apporté de nouvelles données expérimentales confortant le rôle majeur de l’HA dans le contrôle de l’Ev. D’une part, la comparaison des phénotypes des souris sans HA de fond C57BL/6J à ceux observés précédemment chez les souris sans HA de fond 129/Sv nous a permis de confirmer que la somnolence et le déficit en Ev seraient bien dus à l’absence de l’HA. D’autre part, nous avons montré, grâce aux souris KO pour le gène du récepteur H3, qu’une neurotransmission histaminergique accrue et chronique pourrait, face aux divers défis comportementaux notamment le test de motivation, conduire à une extension exagérée de l’Ev semblable à une restriction volontaire du sommeil. En contrepartie, l’Ev serait déficitaire en absence de stimuli, même aux moments où l’activation corticale et comportementale est habituellement nécessaire (e.g., l’extinction lumineuse). Ces phénotypes ainsi que les perturbations comportementales et métaboliques rapportées (adiposité, obésité) chez la même souris suggèrent que ce modèle pourrait s’apparenter à un modèle de restriction chronique de sommeil. Enfin, nos premiers résultats semblent en mesure de montrer un rôle des récepteurs H2 dans la réactivité face au stress, notamment après un test de suspension. L’ensemble de ce travail contribue à la compréhension de la neurobiologie du système à HA et de sa régulation de l’Ev dans les conditions physiopathologiques / Studies from our laboratory have shown the major role of histamine (HA) neurons in the control of cortical activation and waking (W). Using knockout (KO) mouse models, this PhD study provides new experimental data further supporting the importance of HA in W control. First, the comparison of sleep-wake phenotypes of C57BL/6J mice lacking HA with those of the 129/Sv genetic background allowed us to confirm that somnolence and W deficit are due to the absence of HA rather than the interactions between the genetic background and deleted gene. Second, mice lacking H3-receptors showed signs of enhanced HA neurotransmission and vigilance, e.g., a greater extension of W or sleep restriction during behavioral tasks (new environment, locomotion, and motivation tests). During the baseline dark period, however, they displayed deficient W probably due to decreased HA cell activity and desensitized postsynaptic receptors. These data and the obesity phenotypes reported previously in this mouse suggest that chronic enhancement of HA transmission finally compromises the arousal system per se, leading to sleep-wake, behavioral and metabolic disorders similar to those caused by voluntary sleep restriction in humans. Finally, our preliminary results seem to indicate a role of H2- receptors in the reactivity facing stress, notably after a test of tail suspension. Together, our study contributes to the neurobiology of the HA system and its role in controlling W in pathophysiological conditions

O rebanho ovino brasileiro tem se intensificado, o que predispõe à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para a espécie ovina. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas concomitantes, assim como do comportamento do sistema digestório. Nesse estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal em delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2 x 2 + 1. Foram testadas as doses de 1mg/kg e 2mg/kg, administradas por via intravenosa, (IV) a cada 12 (BID) e a cada 8 horas (TID) em relação ao grupo controle, tratado com 1 mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg, IV, BID. Maiores concentrações de proteína total, cálcio, sódio e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. No grupo tratado BID houve diminuição do número de leucócitos. Na frequência TID houve aumento das concentrações de creatinina e diminuição do cortisol plasmático. Os tratamentos 1 mg/kg TID e 2 mg/kg BID aumentaram o número de hemácias, diminuíram o intervalo entre as contrações reticulares e as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Não foram observadas alterações na dinâmica dos fluidos, no pH ruminal, nas funções vitais e na amplitude das contrações reticulares. A radiografia contrastada foi útil para a avaliação da motilidade abomasal e intestinal. A ultrassonografia em modo-M revelou-se de grande valia na avaliação da amplitude e duração da curva de contração reticular e do intervalo entre as contrações. / The brazilian sheep production intensified, predisposing to increased incidence of digestive disorders such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease, however there is little information about the use of parenteral form of the drug in sheep. Data about the concomitant metabolic changes, as well as the behavior of the digestive system is scant. In this study, we used five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannula. A Latin Square experiment 5 x 5 with 2 x 2 + 1factorial arrangement of treatments was run. Four levels of 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg administered intravenously (IV) every 12 (BID) and every 8 hours (TID) was compared to the control group, treated with 1 mL of saline per 25 kg, IV, BID. Higher concentrations of total protein, calcium, sodium and hemoglobin, increased AST activity and increased pH abomasum for 150 min were observed in all animals receiving the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The BID treatment groups showed decrease the number of leukocytes. Increase of creatinine concentrations and decrease of plasma cortisol were observed in the TID group. Treatments 1 mg/kg TID and 2 mg/kg BID increased the number of red blood cells, decreased the interval between reticular contractions and serum pepsinogen. No changes were observed in fluid dynamics, the ruminal pH, vital functions and amplitude of reticular contractions. Contrast administered through abomasal cannula allowed the evaluation of abomasal and intestinal motility by radiography. The M-mode ultrasonography proved valuable in characterizing reticular contraction by the interval of contractions and a contraction curve correlating amplitude and time and.

Na literatura, a análise e a interpretação das linhas de emissão de H2 em nebulosas planetárias são feitas, em geral, considerando que a molécula somente seja produzida em ambientes neutros, como as regiões de fotodissociação ou com choques. No entanto, existem fortes evidências observacionais de que ao menos parte da emissão seja proveniente da região ionizada desses objetos. Em trabalhos anteriores mostramos que quantidades significativas de H2 podem sobreviver dentro dessa região hostil. No presente trabalho nosso objetivo é calcular e estudar a emissão de H2 em linhas no infravermelho produzidas na região ionizada de nebulosas planetárias, utilizando o código de fotoionização unidimensional Aangaba. Para isso, desenvolvemos diversas sub-rotinas que determinam o povoamento em níveis de energia da molécula e calculam a intensidade das linhas de emissão de H2. Obtivemos a intensidade de diversas linhas produzidas pela molécula H2 em nebulosas planetárias cujos parâmetros característicos (temperatura e luminosidade da estrela central, densidade do gás, tipo e tamanho dos grãos, etc.) estão na faixa de valores conhecidos para esses objetos. Como resultado de nosso trabalho, mostramos que a contribuição da região ionizada para a emissão de H2 de nebulosas planetárias pode ser significativa em diversas situações, particularmente quando a temperatura da estrela central é alta. Esse resultado pode explicar porque a detecção de linhas de H2 é mais provável em nebulosas planetárias bipolares, que têm estrelas tipicamente mais quentes. Além disso, verificamos que na região ionizada a excitação e a desexcitação colisional são mecanismos importantes de povoamento de todos os níveis rovibracionais do estado fundamental eletrônico de H2. Os mecanismos radiativos são também importantes, particularmente para os níveis de energia excitados. Os mecanismos de formação em estados excitados podem ter alguma influência no espectro de linhas produzidas pela desexcitação de níveis rotacionais bastante elevados, principalmente em ambientes densos. Em nossos modelos incluímos o efeito da molécula H2 no equilíbrio térmico do gás, verificando que a molécula H2 somente tem influência significativa na temperatura do gás em casos de temperatura da estrela central muito alta ou grande quantidade de grãos, principalmente através da desexcitação colisional. / The analysis and the interpretation of the H2 line emission of planetary nebulae have been done in the literature assuming that the molecule survives only in neutral environments, as in photodissociation or shocked regions. However, there is strong evidence that at least part of the H2 emission is produced inside the ionized region of such objects. In previous work we showed that significant amounts of H2 can survive inside the ionized region of planetary nebulae. The aim of the present work is to calculate and study the infrared line emission of H2 produced inside the ionized region of planetary nebulae using the one-dimensional photoionization code Aangaba. For this, we developed several numerical subroutines in order to calculate the statistical population of the H2 energy levels, as well as the intensity of the H2 infrared emission lines in physical conditions typical of planetary nebulae. We show that the contribution of the ionized region for the H2 emission can be significant, particularly in the case of nebulae with high temperature central stars. This result explains why H2 emission is more frequently observed in bipolar planetary nebulae (Gatley\'s rule), since this kind of object typically has hotter stars. We show that collisional excitation plays an important role on the H2 population of the rovibrational levels of the electronic ground state. Radiative mechanisms are also important, particularly for upper levels. Formation pumping may have some effects on the line intensities produced by de-excitation from very high rotational levels, specially in dense environments. We include the effects of H2 in the thermal equilibrium of the gas, concluding that H2 only contributes to the thermal equilibrium in the case of very high temperature of the central star or high grain to gas ratio, mainly through collisional de-excitation.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-17T23:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thayanya Rodrigues 2016.pdf: 2040843 bytes, checksum: 1bc946a3ab21b7a49ba1d904ba6fbdaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T23:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thayanya Rodrigues 2016.pdf: 2040843 bytes, checksum: 1bc946a3ab21b7a49ba1d904ba6fbdaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The micro-algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii adds genes responsible for anaerobic metabolic pathways, being able to produce molecular hydrogen efficiently. Therefore body is a model for scientific research due to its growth characteristics and because of their nuclear genomes, mitochondrial, chloroplast are known, and modifications allow for obtaining new strains, more productive in relation to H2. The photoproduction H2 for this microalga is observed after incubation in their culture media free of sulfur. This deprivation causes partial and reversible inactivation of hotosynthetic O2 synthesis,creating anaerobic conditions induced by light in the culture medium as well as the expression of two [FeFe] -hidrogenases cells. The H2 is seen as an ideal fuel because it is not a molecule of aggravating due to the greenhouse effect. Moreover, H2 presents environmental and production cost constraints when obtained by other methods such as,electrolysis of water, steam reformed natural gas or hydrocarbons, pyrolysis and gasification of biomass, there being thus a viable alternative to the clean energy production targets. Thus, this research focuses on the training of human resources devoted to science and technology in the area linked to the molecular hydrogen bioproduction in Brazil, from the cultivation of mutant and wild-type strains of Chlamydomonas genre in controlled laboratory conditions. The strains studied were the CC-124, CC-125, CC-602 and CC-1034. These were cultured in medium with sulfur to form stock, and then cultured in medium without the addition of sulfur, to optimize the H2 production. The produced gases, including H2 were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by chromatographic analysis. This study confirmed that previous studies reported the behavior O2 production, is inversely proportional to H2 production (ie, the higher production of H2represents lower O2 production). The chromatographic analysis also indicates de CC-124 strain as the greatest potential for molecular hydrogen production (H2). / A microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii agrega genes responsáveis por vias metabólicas anaeróbias, sendo capaz de produzir com eficiência o hidrogênio molecular. Assim sendo é um organismo modelo para investigações científicas devido às suas características de crescimento e pelo fato de seus genomas nuclear, mitocondrial e de cloroplasto serem conhecidos e permitirem modificações para a obtenção de novas linhagens, mais produtivas em relação ao H2. A fotoprodução de H2 por essa microalga é observada após incubação de suas culturas em meios livres de enxofre. Tal privação ocasiona a inativação parcial e reversível de síntese de O2 fotossintético, criando condições anaeróbias induzidas pela luz no meio de cultura, bem como a expressão de duas [FeFe]- hidrogenases nas células. O H2 é visto como um combustível ideal por não ser uma molécula de consequência agravante ao efeito estufa. Por outro lado, o H2 apresenta restrições ambientais e de custo de produção quando obtido por outras metodologias como, eletrólise da água, vapor reformado de gás natural ou de hidrocarbonetos, gaseificação de biomassa e pirólises, não sendo, assim, uma alternativa viável para os objetivos de produção limpa de energia. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa tem seu foco na capacitação de recursos humanos voltados à ciência e à tecnologia na área ligada à bioprodução de hidrogênio molecular no Brasil, a partir do cultivo de linhagens mutantes e selvagens do gênero Chlamydomonas em condições controladas de laboratório. As cepas estudadas foram as CC-124, CC-125, CC-602 e CC-1032. Estes foram cultivadas em meio com enxofre, para formação de estoque, sendo posteriormente cultivadas em meio sem adição de enxofre, para otimizar a produção de H2. Os gases produzidos, incluindo o H2, foram então avaliados qualitativamente e quantitativamente por meio de análise cromatográfica. O presente estudo, confirmou relatos de estudos anteriores, que afirmavam ter a produção de O2, comportamento inversamente proporcional â produção de H2 (ou seja, quanto maior a produção de H2, menor a produção de O2). A análise cromatográfica também indicou a cepa CC-124 como a de maior potencial para a produção de hidrogênio molecular (H2).

The photocatalytic production of H2 from water as well as from a 1:1 methanol:water solution employing pre–treated TiO2 and various Pt–TiO2 photocatalysts was studied by using an Nd:YAG laser as irradiation source. The photocatalysts (0.5–, 1–, 1.5– and 2 wt% Pt–TiO2) were prepared by utilizing a photocatalytic reduction method after which characterisation by various analytical techniques, i.e. XRD, TEM, ICP, SEM, and EDX, were conducted. XRD clearly indicated that platinum was not present in the crystal structure of TiO2, but was rather loaded onto the surface of TiO2. TEM analysis confirmed the presence of Pt on the surface with a particle/cluster size between 11 nm and 22 nm. SEM showed that repeatable results in respect of surface appearance were obtained. ICP and EDX indicated that the loading method was successful with only a slight deviation between the actual amount loaded and the calculated amount loaded. The impact of the loaded Pt on the band gaps of the different photocatalysts was investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and calculated by employing the Kubelka–Munk method. The band gap values shifted sequentially from 3.236eV to 3.100 eV as the loading increased, moving closer to the absorbance region for visible light. The amount of hydrogen produced from the individual photocatalysts dispersed in both pure water and aqueous methanol solutions, was measured manually with a gas chromatograph. As soon as irradiation was initiated, a distinct colour change from shades of grey to dark blue–grey was observed for all the photocatalysts. XRD confirmed that it was due to the anatase phase transforming to produce more rutile phase. No H2 was detected for the various photocatalysts suspended in water, i.e. in the absence of methanol. The amount of hydrogen produced from the various Pt photocatalysts suspended in the aqueous methanol solution was found to be the highest for the 0.5wt%– and 1.5wt% Pt–TiO2 photocatalysts and the lowest for the 2wt% Pt–TiO2. This could be due to loading Pt above the optimum amount to such an extent, preventing sufficient light from reaching the TiO2 surface. Pt particles can also touch and overlap which will decrease Pt contact with TiO2 thus decreasing effective charge transfer. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The photocatalytic production of H2 from water as well as from a 1:1 methanol:water solution employing pre–treated TiO2 and various Pt–TiO2 photocatalysts was studied by using an Nd:YAG laser as irradiation source. The photocatalysts (0.5–, 1–, 1.5– and 2 wt% Pt–TiO2) were prepared by utilizing a photocatalytic reduction method after which characterisation by various analytical techniques, i.e. XRD, TEM, ICP, SEM, and EDX, were conducted. XRD clearly indicated that platinum was not present in the crystal structure of TiO2, but was rather loaded onto the surface of TiO2. TEM analysis confirmed the presence of Pt on the surface with a particle/cluster size between 11 nm and 22 nm. SEM showed that repeatable results in respect of surface appearance were obtained. ICP and EDX indicated that the loading method was successful with only a slight deviation between the actual amount loaded and the calculated amount loaded. The impact of the loaded Pt on the band gaps of the different photocatalysts was investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and calculated by employing the Kubelka–Munk method. The band gap values shifted sequentially from 3.236eV to 3.100 eV as the loading increased, moving closer to the absorbance region for visible light. The amount of hydrogen produced from the individual photocatalysts dispersed in both pure water and aqueous methanol solutions, was measured manually with a gas chromatograph. As soon as irradiation was initiated, a distinct colour change from shades of grey to dark blue–grey was observed for all the photocatalysts. XRD confirmed that it was due to the anatase phase transforming to produce more rutile phase. No H2 was detected for the various photocatalysts suspended in water, i.e. in the absence of methanol. The amount of hydrogen produced from the various Pt photocatalysts suspended in the aqueous methanol solution was found to be the highest for the 0.5wt%– and 1.5wt% Pt–TiO2 photocatalysts and the lowest for the 2wt% Pt–TiO2. This could be due to loading Pt above the optimum amount to such an extent, preventing sufficient light from reaching the TiO2 surface. Pt particles can also touch and overlap which will decrease Pt contact with TiO2 thus decreasing effective charge transfer. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Devido o contínuo desenvolvimento tecnológico e o crescimento populacional, o consumo de energia vem sendo cada vez maior ao longo dos anos. Neste aspecto, a fotocatálise atrai grande interesse devido seu potencial no aproveitamento da energia solar. No cenário nacional, os niobatos lamelares são materiais interessantes para atuarem como fotocatalisadores, uma vez que o Brasil detém 98% das reservas de nióbio no mundo. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta as possibilidades do K4Nb6O17 como fotocatalisador tanto na forma em pó como imobilizado em filmes finos. O K4Nb6O17 foi preparado a partir da reação em estado sólido do Nb2O5 com K3CO2 e esfoliado em solução de hidróxido de tetrabutilamônio. O niobato esfoliado foi então modificado com platina, comparando-se dois diferentes precursores H2PtCl6 e [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2, e também combinado à nanopartículas de ouro. As amostras foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas e o desempenho fotocatalítico avaliado tanto para fotodegradação de azul de metileno e metanol como para a produção de H2. Na fotodegradação do corante, o niobato esfoliado sem qualquer co-catalisador apresentou a maior eficiência fotônica (ξ = 2,1%). Em contraste, para a fotodegradação de metanol e para a produção fotocatalítica de H2, as amostras modificadas apresentaram maior desempenho fotocatalítico em relação ao niobato esfoliado. Na produção de H2, foram obtidas eficiências fotônicas próximas a 0,2% para as amostras contendo tanto Pt como Au. Já na fotodegradação de metanol, as amostras de niobato e Pt resultaram em eficiências próximas a 4,0% e a modificada com ouro, 7,0%. A fabricação de filmes pode melhorar a aplicação dos fotocatalisadores por facilitar sua recuperação, prevenir perdas e diminuir a aglomeração de material. Os filmes de niobato e niobato com Pt foram montados utilizando a técnica Layer-by-Layer (LbL) devido sua facilidade e versatilidade. Os filmes foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas, fotocatalíticas e fotoeletroquímicas. Na fotodegradação de azul de metileno, ambos os filmes resultaram em eficiências fotônicas semelhantes (ξ = 0,1%). Em contrapartida, para a produção fotocatalítica de H2, a presença da Pt nos filmes resultou em uma eficiência duas vezes maior (ξ = 1,2%) em relação ao filme de niobato (ξ = 0,6%). O aumento do número de bicamadas ocasionou o aumentou linear da velocidade de produção de H2, indicando que a imobilização do material não ocasionou a perda de sítios ativos. / As the technological development and population growth continuously increases, energy consumption is becoming higher over the years. In this aspect, photocatalysis attracts great interest due to its potential to harvest and convert solar energy. In a national scenario, layered niobates are interesting materials to act as photocatalysts, since Brazil accounts for 98% of the world’s niobium reserves. In this work application of K4Nb6O17 as a photocatalyst both, in powder form and immobilized as thin films, was investigated. K4Nb6O17 was prepared by the solid state reaction between Nb2O5 and K2CO3 and then it was exfoliated in tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution. The exfoliated niobate was modified with platinum using two different precursors, H2PtCl6 and [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2, and it was also combined with gold nanoparticles. The samples were characterized by different techniques and the photocatalytic performance was evaluated for methylene blue and methanol oxidation and for H2 production. In the dye photodegradation, the unmodified exfoliated niobate exhibited the highest photonic efficieny (ξ = 2.1%). In contrast, for the methanol photodegradation and H2 evolution, the modified samples presented higher photocatalytic performance than the exfoliated niobate. For H2 evolution, photonic efficiencies close to 0.2% were obtained for samples modified by Pt and Au. For methanol photodegradation, the Pt-niobate composites exhibited photonic efficiencies close to 4.0% and the Au-niobate 7.0%. The assembly of thin films can favor the application as photocatalysts due to ease of recovering, smaller losses and reduced material agglomeration. The bare niobate and the Pt-niobate films were assembled by the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique because of its easiness and versatility. The films were characterized towards their morphology, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties. For methylene blue photodegradation, both films resulted in similar photonic efficiencies (ξ = 0.1%). In contrast, for the H2 photocatalytic production, the presence of Pt in the films resulted in a photonic efficiency twice higher (ξ = 1.2%) than the bare niobate film (ξ = 0.6%). The increase in the bilayers number caused a linear increase of the H2 evolution rate, indicating that the material immobilization did not lead to the active sites losses. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

O rebanho ovino brasileiro tem se intensificado, o que predispõe à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para a espécie ovina. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas concomitantes, assim como do comportamento do sistema digestório. Nesse estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal em delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2 x 2 + 1. Foram testadas as doses de 1mg/kg e 2mg/kg, administradas por via intravenosa, (IV) a cada 12 (BID) e a cada 8 horas (TID) em relação ao grupo controle, tratado com 1 mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg, IV, BID. Maiores concentrações de proteína total, cálcio, sódio e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. No grupo tratado BID houve diminuição do número de leucócitos. Na frequência TID houve aumento das concentrações de creatinina e diminuição do cortisol plasmático. Os tratamentos 1 mg/kg TID e 2 mg/kg BID aumentaram o número de hemácias, diminuíram o intervalo entre as contrações reticulares e as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Não foram observadas alterações na dinâmica dos fluidos, no pH ruminal, nas funções vitais e na amplitude das contrações reticulares. A radiografia contrastada foi útil para a avaliação da motilidade abomasal e intestinal. A ultrassonografia em modo-M revelou-se de grande valia na avaliação da amplitude e duração da curva de contração reticular e do intervalo entre as contrações. / The brazilian sheep production intensified, predisposing to increased incidence of digestive disorders such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease, however there is little information about the use of parenteral form of the drug in sheep. Data about the concomitant metabolic changes, as well as the behavior of the digestive system is scant. In this study, we used five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannula. A Latin Square experiment 5 x 5 with 2 x 2 + 1factorial arrangement of treatments was run. Four levels of 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg administered intravenously (IV) every 12 (BID) and every 8 hours (TID) was compared to the control group, treated with 1 mL of saline per 25 kg, IV, BID. Higher concentrations of total protein, calcium, sodium and hemoglobin, increased AST activity and increased pH abomasum for 150 min were observed in all animals receiving the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The BID treatment groups showed decrease the number of leukocytes. Increase of creatinine concentrations and decrease of plasma cortisol were observed in the TID group. Treatments 1 mg/kg TID and 2 mg/kg BID increased the number of red blood cells, decreased the interval between reticular contractions and serum pepsinogen. No changes were observed in fluid dynamics, the ruminal pH, vital functions and amplitude of reticular contractions. Contrast administered through abomasal cannula allowed the evaluation of abomasal and intestinal motility by radiography. The M-mode ultrasonography proved valuable in characterizing reticular contraction by the interval of contractions and a contraction curve correlating amplitude and time and.

Dans le contexte actuel d’une demande énergétique croissante associée à un appauvrissement des ressources fossiles, il devient urgent de trouver des sources d’énergies alternatives, écologiquement et économiquement viables. La photocatalyse est une voie prometteuse et innovante pour produire de l’hydrogène (H2) à partir d’énergies renouvelables. Le but est de développer des matériaux stables et efficaces pour amener le procédé à un niveau de maturité suffisant pour de possibles développements à moyen terme.Cette thèse est axée sur l’élaboration et l’optimisation de nouveaux systèmes composites nanostructurés, Au / gC3N4 / TiO2, pour la production d’hydrogène par procédé photocatalytique à partir de l’eau et de l’énergie solaire. L’aspect innovant étant d’optimiser chaque composant de manière à tirer profit des avantages de chacun, puis à surmonter leurs limitations individuelles en les associant de manière intime dans des structure hiérarchisées afin d’obtenir des taux de production d’H2 compétitifs à température ambiante sous illumination solaire et visible. Une étude comparative a également été entreprise sur le photocatalyseur commercial TiO2 P25 « Evonik ® » et met en avant l’efficacité de ces nouveaux matériaux. Pour finir, les activités photocatalytiques de ces composites ont ensuite été corrélées avec leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. / Nowadays, energy demand is constantly increasing while fossil ressources are dwindling and has become imperative to find new alternative energy sources. Photocatalysis is a promising and innovative way to produce hydrogen (H2) from renewable energies. The ai mis to develop stable and efficient materials in order to bring the process towards sufficient efficiency for possible mid-term developments. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of new nanostructured composite systems, Au / gC3N4 / TiO2, for hydrogen produciton by water-splitting. The innovative aspect is to optimize every components in order to take advantages of each and then to intimately associate them in hierarchical structure for obtaining competitive rates of hydrogen production at room temperature under solar and visible illumination. A comparative study was also undertaken on commercial photocatalyst TiO2 P25 « Evonik ® » to highlight the efficiency of these new materials. Finally, photocatalytic activities of these composites were correlated with their physico-chemical properties.