Contented Architecture : In search of delight for all senses is an attempt to discover and capture the delightful sensory experiences of the users in the architectural space. Architectural space is seen as an artistic space, that appeals to different senses. The project is a Bike Hotel in Old Town, Alexandria. The situation and orientation of the building on site, the program and the features altogether make it possible for bikers to experience the space through different senses. This assembly among other pleasant experiences offers those sensory experiences that counteract the bikers daily exhaustive activities. Their bodies and minds feel relaxed, revitalized and encouraged to achieve their next goals. / Master of Architecture

Haptics is a field of robotics that involves many aspects of engineering, requiring the collaboration of different disciplines like mechanics, electronics, control theory and computer science. Although multi-disciplinarity is an element in common with other robotic application, haptic system has the additional requirement of high performance because of the human perception requirement of 1KHz feedback rate. Such high computing requirement impacts the design of the whole haptic system but it is has particular effects in the design and implementation of haptic rendering algorithms. In the chain of software and hardware components that describe a haptic system the haptic rendering is the element that has the objective of computing the force feedback given the interaction of the user with the device.A variety of haptic rendering algorithms have been proposed in the past for the simulation of three degree of freedom (3DoF) interactions in which a single point touches a complex object as well as 6DoF interactions in which two complex objects interact in multiple points. The use of 3DoF or 6DoF algorithms depends mostly from the type of application and consequently the type of device. For example applications like virtual prototype require 6DoF interaction while many simulation applications have less stringent requirements. Apart the number of degree of freedom haptic rendering algorithms are characterized by the geometrical representation of the objects, by the use of rigid or deformable objects and by the introduction of physical properties of the object surface like friction and texture properties. Given this variety of possibilities and the presence of the human factor in the computation of haptic feedback it is hard to compare different algorithms to asses whether one specific solution performs better than any other previously proposed.The goal of the proposed work is two-fold. First this thesis proposes a framework allowing for more objective comparison of haptic rendering algorithms. Such comparison take into account the perceptual aspect of haptic interaction but tries to remove it from the comparison with the aim of obtaining an objective comparison between algorithms. Second, this thesis proposes a new haptic rendering algorithm for 3DoF interaction and one for 6DoF interaction. The first algorithm for 3DoF interaction provides interaction with rotational friction based on a simulation of the soft finger contact model. The new 6DoF interaction algorithm allows the computation of the haptic feedback of interaction between voxel models.

This study investigated automobile drivers' ability to localize auditory and haptic (touch) alarms in terms of speed and accuracy. Thirty-two subjects, balanced across age (20-30 years old and 60-70 years old) and gender, participated in the study. Subjects were screened for minimum hearing of 40 dB for 500 Hz through 4000 Hz auditory tones, and maximum bilateral hearing differences of 10 dB. The experiment consisted of subjects identifying the target location of an alarm while driving a 2001 Buick LeSabre at 55 mph in light traffic. Four alarm modes were tested: 1) an auditory broadband alarm, 2) a haptic seat, 3) a combination of the haptic and the auditory alarm modes, and 4) a combination of the haptic alarm mode with a non-directional auditory alarm played from the front speakers of the vehicle. The alarms were evoked from eight target locations: the front-left, front, front-right, right, back-right, back, back-left, and left. The target locations of the auditory alarm mode existed around the interior of the car cabin using the vehicle's stock sound system speakers. The haptic alarm target locations existed in the bottom of the driver seat using an eight-by-eight grid of actuators. The experimenter evoked the alarms while subjects drove along a two-lane highway, and the alarms were not associated with any actual collision threat. Subjects were instructed to quickly identify the location of the alarm by calling them out, while being as correct as possible. Their choice response time and target location selection was recorded. The alarms were presented approximately every minute during fifteen-minute intervals over the duration of two and a half hours. Subjects completed questionnaires regarding their preference to the alarm modes. Under the conditions investigated, subjects localized the haptic alarm mode faster and more accurately than the auditory alarm mode. Subjects performed equally well with the haptic alarm mode and the two auditory and haptic combination alarm modes in terms of speed and accuracy in identifying their location. Subjects did express a preference for the addition of the auditory component to the haptic alarm mode, perhaps owing to a heightened sense of urgency. However, subjects preferred the haptic alarm mode on its own in response to hypothetical false alarm questions, perhaps because it was less annoying. Alarm mode discriminability was believed to affect localization accuracy and response time owing to its effect on the likelihood of correctly identifying a target location and the attention resources required to differentiate adjacent target locations. / Master of Science

<p>Recently, exploration to develop creative and technology-centered learning techniques have become popular. Researchers work on non-traditional tools to help students understand abstract concepts and reduce misconceptions in physics education. Studies have been performed to explore the influence computer simulations can make on learning as compared to the traditional methods. Simulations with dynamic moving images which engage visual senses have helped improve learning, while haptic channels are unexplored in comparison tactile senses are crucial in the case of embodied cognitive learning.</p><p><br></p><p>This thesis takes an opportunity to explore the research area of haptic technology combined with visual simulation. It tests the efficiency of the learning environment developed as a part of this thesis called the Visuo-Haptic Pulley Simulation (ViHaPS) in learning concepts of when compared to traditional learning tools. ViHaPS consists of six different scenarios and is designed to address common misconceptions of pulleys and has two different modes - minimal visual cues and added visual cues. Undergraduate students enrolled at Purdue University participated in this research. They were formed into two groups - an experimental group (ViHaPS) and control group (physical manipulatives) and were compared for learning gains.</p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>Results indicate that ViHaPS is useful in learning concepts of pulleys; however, the results are not significant in comparison to the real experimentation with pulleys.</p>

Além de um canal para adquirir informações sobre o ambiente ao nosso redor, o sentido do tato é também o nosso sentido mais social. No entanto, a interação háptica é geralmente implementada como chamariz nas interfaces modernas. Embora a comunicação multimodal seja comum em Ambientes Virtuais, as tecnologias de Realidade Virtual mais acessíveis nem sequer incluem o componente háptico como parte fundamental. Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre percepção, desempenho do usuário, e experiência do usuário com dispositivos de comunicação vibrotátil construídos para suportar diferentes tarefas interativas em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Foram avaliados diferentes atuadores hápticos, configurações de exibição tátil, locais do corpo, perfis de usuário, e métodos para se projetar uma plataforma tátil robusta. Tal plataforma foi finalmente construída como uma tela vibrotátil para ser usada ao redor da cabeça e para suportar tarefas de consciência espacial e comunicação em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Durante a pesquisa foi observado que, apesar de sua importância para a comunicação, o uso proativo de háptica para intercomunicação é surpreendentemente negligenciado. Portanto, foi dada especial atenção aos elementos presentes na articulação da fala para introduzir a articulação háptica proativa como uma nova abordagem para intercomunicação. Foi proposto que a habilidade de usar uma interface háptica como uma ferramenta para comunicação implícita pode suplementar a comunicação e suportar tarefas colaborativas próximas e remotas em diferentes contextos. Além disso, uma interface articulatória pode fornecer um modo direto e expressivo de se comunicar através de sinais táteis. Para demonstrar isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa foram aplicados ao projeto de uma tela montada na cabeça com vibração, especialmente feita para interação com ambientes virtuais imersivos. Tal aparato mostrou-se útil não apenas para orientação no espaço 3D, mas também para intercomunicação em ambientes virtuais colaborativos. Além de nossas contribuições técnicas em relação à construção de uma tela tátil totalmente testada para múltiplas tarefas e contextos, nossa principal contribuição é a concepção e demonstração de um novo paradigma de interação tátil. Tal paradigma se concentra em fornecer maneiras simples e diretas para que indivíduos se expressem através de sinais táteis em aplicações mediadas por computador para interair com seu ambiente e com outros indivíduos. Esse paradigma envolve os usuários finais e permite que eles se tornem interlocutores ao invés de meros receptores do feedback tátil. / The sense of touch not only is a channel for acquiring information about the environment around us, it is also our most social sense. However, haptic interaction is usually implemented as a gimmick feature in modern interfaces. Although multimodal communication is commonplace in Virtual Environments, the most accessible Virtual Reality technologies do not even include the haptic component as a fundamental part. This thesis presents studies on perception, user performance, and user experience with vibrotactile communication devices built to support different interactive tasks in virtual and physical environments. We have assessed different haptic actuators, tactile display configurations, body sites, user profiles and methods to design a robust tactile platform. Such platform was finally built as a vibrotactile display to be worn around the head and to support spatial awareness and communication in both virtual and physical environments. During our research, we particularly notice that the proactive use of touch for intercommunication is surprisingly neglected regardless of its importance for communication. Therefore, we have also directed our attention to elements present in speech articulation to introduce proactive haptic articulation as a novel approach for intercommunication. We propose that the ability to use a haptic interface as a tool for implicit communication can supplement communication and support near and remote collaborative tasks in different contexts. In addition, an articulatory interface can provide a direct and expressive way for communicating through tactile cues. To demonstrate that, our results were applied to the design of a vibrotactile head-mounted display especially made for interaction with immersive virtual environments. Such apparatus was shown not only to support guidance in 3D space but also to support intercommunication in collaborative virtual environments. In addition to our technical contributions regarding the construction of a fully tested tactile display for multiple tasks and contexts, our main contribution is the conception and demonstration of a new paradigm for tactile interaction. Such paradigm focuses on providing simple and direct ways for individuals to express themselves through tactile cues in computer-mediated interaction with their environment and with others. Such paradigm embraces the final users and allows them to become interlocutors rather than just receivers of the haptic feedback.

The explorative scanning movements of the hands have been compared to those of the eyes. The visual process is known to be composed of alternating phases of saccadic eye movements and fixation pauses. Descriptive results suggest that during the haptic exploration of objects short movement pauses occur as well.The goal of the present study was to detect these \"explorative stops\"(ES) during one-handed and two-handed haptic explorations of various objects and patterns, and to measure their duration. Additionally, the associations between the following variables were analyzed:(a) between mean exploration time and duration of ES, (b) between certain stimulus features and ES frequency, and (c) the duration of ES during the course of exploration.

ABSTRACT Haptic devices are used to provide multi-modal data transfer between haptic users and computers in virtual reality applications. They enable humans to take force and tactile feedback from any virtual or remote objects. Haptic devices also facilitate the use of data collected from a real object in the virtual environment. Usage of the haptic devices increase more and more in industrial, educational and medical applications in parallel with development of virtual reality technology. As virtual reality technology requires interdisciplinary study with related to its application areas, it creates a lot of different specific working areas (Haptic interface design, freeform model, surgical operations in virtual environment etc.). Especially, some complex modifications which require hand-working can be performed with the system having great potential in medical applications (Brain surgery without error and operations which require great skill etc.). This is only one of the implementations of haptic devices in digital environment. Aim of this study is to design and manufacture a 7 DOF (degrees of freedom) haptic device which serves the mentioned application areas. All different haptic devices in literature have maximum 6 DOF. The designed 7 DOF haptic device has about 20% extra working space and more flexible working capability compared to the other haptic devices with the similar link lengths and joint limitations. This study is important in terms of the development of haptic devices in the world as well as spreading of haptic devices and its applications in Turkey.

Além de um canal para adquirir informações sobre o ambiente ao nosso redor, o sentido do tato é também o nosso sentido mais social. No entanto, a interação háptica é geralmente implementada como chamariz nas interfaces modernas. Embora a comunicação multimodal seja comum em Ambientes Virtuais, as tecnologias de Realidade Virtual mais acessíveis nem sequer incluem o componente háptico como parte fundamental. Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre percepção, desempenho do usuário, e experiência do usuário com dispositivos de comunicação vibrotátil construídos para suportar diferentes tarefas interativas em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Foram avaliados diferentes atuadores hápticos, configurações de exibição tátil, locais do corpo, perfis de usuário, e métodos para se projetar uma plataforma tátil robusta. Tal plataforma foi finalmente construída como uma tela vibrotátil para ser usada ao redor da cabeça e para suportar tarefas de consciência espacial e comunicação em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Durante a pesquisa foi observado que, apesar de sua importância para a comunicação, o uso proativo de háptica para intercomunicação é surpreendentemente negligenciado. Portanto, foi dada especial atenção aos elementos presentes na articulação da fala para introduzir a articulação háptica proativa como uma nova abordagem para intercomunicação. Foi proposto que a habilidade de usar uma interface háptica como uma ferramenta para comunicação implícita pode suplementar a comunicação e suportar tarefas colaborativas próximas e remotas em diferentes contextos. Além disso, uma interface articulatória pode fornecer um modo direto e expressivo de se comunicar através de sinais táteis. Para demonstrar isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa foram aplicados ao projeto de uma tela montada na cabeça com vibração, especialmente feita para interação com ambientes virtuais imersivos. Tal aparato mostrou-se útil não apenas para orientação no espaço 3D, mas também para intercomunicação em ambientes virtuais colaborativos. Além de nossas contribuições técnicas em relação à construção de uma tela tátil totalmente testada para múltiplas tarefas e contextos, nossa principal contribuição é a concepção e demonstração de um novo paradigma de interação tátil. Tal paradigma se concentra em fornecer maneiras simples e diretas para que indivíduos se expressem através de sinais táteis em aplicações mediadas por computador para interair com seu ambiente e com outros indivíduos. Esse paradigma envolve os usuários finais e permite que eles se tornem interlocutores ao invés de meros receptores do feedback tátil. / The sense of touch not only is a channel for acquiring information about the environment around us, it is also our most social sense. However, haptic interaction is usually implemented as a gimmick feature in modern interfaces. Although multimodal communication is commonplace in Virtual Environments, the most accessible Virtual Reality technologies do not even include the haptic component as a fundamental part. This thesis presents studies on perception, user performance, and user experience with vibrotactile communication devices built to support different interactive tasks in virtual and physical environments. We have assessed different haptic actuators, tactile display configurations, body sites, user profiles and methods to design a robust tactile platform. Such platform was finally built as a vibrotactile display to be worn around the head and to support spatial awareness and communication in both virtual and physical environments. During our research, we particularly notice that the proactive use of touch for intercommunication is surprisingly neglected regardless of its importance for communication. Therefore, we have also directed our attention to elements present in speech articulation to introduce proactive haptic articulation as a novel approach for intercommunication. We propose that the ability to use a haptic interface as a tool for implicit communication can supplement communication and support near and remote collaborative tasks in different contexts. In addition, an articulatory interface can provide a direct and expressive way for communicating through tactile cues. To demonstrate that, our results were applied to the design of a vibrotactile head-mounted display especially made for interaction with immersive virtual environments. Such apparatus was shown not only to support guidance in 3D space but also to support intercommunication in collaborative virtual environments. In addition to our technical contributions regarding the construction of a fully tested tactile display for multiple tasks and contexts, our main contribution is the conception and demonstration of a new paradigm for tactile interaction. Such paradigm focuses on providing simple and direct ways for individuals to express themselves through tactile cues in computer-mediated interaction with their environment and with others. Such paradigm embraces the final users and allows them to become interlocutors rather than just receivers of the haptic feedback.

Além de um canal para adquirir informações sobre o ambiente ao nosso redor, o sentido do tato é também o nosso sentido mais social. No entanto, a interação háptica é geralmente implementada como chamariz nas interfaces modernas. Embora a comunicação multimodal seja comum em Ambientes Virtuais, as tecnologias de Realidade Virtual mais acessíveis nem sequer incluem o componente háptico como parte fundamental. Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre percepção, desempenho do usuário, e experiência do usuário com dispositivos de comunicação vibrotátil construídos para suportar diferentes tarefas interativas em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Foram avaliados diferentes atuadores hápticos, configurações de exibição tátil, locais do corpo, perfis de usuário, e métodos para se projetar uma plataforma tátil robusta. Tal plataforma foi finalmente construída como uma tela vibrotátil para ser usada ao redor da cabeça e para suportar tarefas de consciência espacial e comunicação em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Durante a pesquisa foi observado que, apesar de sua importância para a comunicação, o uso proativo de háptica para intercomunicação é surpreendentemente negligenciado. Portanto, foi dada especial atenção aos elementos presentes na articulação da fala para introduzir a articulação háptica proativa como uma nova abordagem para intercomunicação. Foi proposto que a habilidade de usar uma interface háptica como uma ferramenta para comunicação implícita pode suplementar a comunicação e suportar tarefas colaborativas próximas e remotas em diferentes contextos. Além disso, uma interface articulatória pode fornecer um modo direto e expressivo de se comunicar através de sinais táteis. Para demonstrar isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa foram aplicados ao projeto de uma tela montada na cabeça com vibração, especialmente feita para interação com ambientes virtuais imersivos. Tal aparato mostrou-se útil não apenas para orientação no espaço 3D, mas também para intercomunicação em ambientes virtuais colaborativos. Além de nossas contribuições técnicas em relação à construção de uma tela tátil totalmente testada para múltiplas tarefas e contextos, nossa principal contribuição é a concepção e demonstração de um novo paradigma de interação tátil. Tal paradigma se concentra em fornecer maneiras simples e diretas para que indivíduos se expressem através de sinais táteis em aplicações mediadas por computador para interair com seu ambiente e com outros indivíduos. Esse paradigma envolve os usuários finais e permite que eles se tornem interlocutores ao invés de meros receptores do feedback tátil. / The sense of touch not only is a channel for acquiring information about the environment around us, it is also our most social sense. However, haptic interaction is usually implemented as a gimmick feature in modern interfaces. Although multimodal communication is commonplace in Virtual Environments, the most accessible Virtual Reality technologies do not even include the haptic component as a fundamental part. This thesis presents studies on perception, user performance, and user experience with vibrotactile communication devices built to support different interactive tasks in virtual and physical environments. We have assessed different haptic actuators, tactile display configurations, body sites, user profiles and methods to design a robust tactile platform. Such platform was finally built as a vibrotactile display to be worn around the head and to support spatial awareness and communication in both virtual and physical environments. During our research, we particularly notice that the proactive use of touch for intercommunication is surprisingly neglected regardless of its importance for communication. Therefore, we have also directed our attention to elements present in speech articulation to introduce proactive haptic articulation as a novel approach for intercommunication. We propose that the ability to use a haptic interface as a tool for implicit communication can supplement communication and support near and remote collaborative tasks in different contexts. In addition, an articulatory interface can provide a direct and expressive way for communicating through tactile cues. To demonstrate that, our results were applied to the design of a vibrotactile head-mounted display especially made for interaction with immersive virtual environments. Such apparatus was shown not only to support guidance in 3D space but also to support intercommunication in collaborative virtual environments. In addition to our technical contributions regarding the construction of a fully tested tactile display for multiple tasks and contexts, our main contribution is the conception and demonstration of a new paradigm for tactile interaction. Such paradigm focuses on providing simple and direct ways for individuals to express themselves through tactile cues in computer-mediated interaction with their environment and with others. Such paradigm embraces the final users and allows them to become interlocutors rather than just receivers of the haptic feedback.

Les interfaces haptiques permettent à un opérateur d'interagir avec un environnement virtuel ou distant via le sens du toucher.La majorité des interfaces de l'état de l'art restent au contact de l’utilisateur pendant toute la durée de la manipulation. La liaison permanente entre le robot et l’opérateur nuit à la qualité de l’interaction, notamment en réduisant la transparence en espace libre. Ce problème est d’autant plus prégnant dans le cadre des interfaces haptiques dextres.Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier la possibilité d'augmenter la transparence et le réalisme de l'interaction à travers le développement d’interfaces à contacts intermittents. Il s’agit de déconnecter le robot de l'utilisateur lorsqu’aucun contact avec l’environnement n’est nécessaire. Un état de l’art des performances de la manipulation humaine, des interfaces haptiques dextres ainsi que des travaux relatifs au contact intermittent, est d’abord présenté. Un effecteur plan pour le contact intermittent est ensuite conçu. Il est installé à l’extrémité distale d'une interface haptique et plusieurs solutions sont envisagées pour sa loi de commande. Les performances de dix utilisateurs sont comparées dans le cadre d'une tâche de détection de contact en utilisant d'une part l'effecteur adapté au contact intermittent, d'autre part une interface haptique classique. L'élaboration d'une interface permettant une interaction plus naturelle avec l'environnement est ensuite initiée par l'élaboration d'une méthodologie de choix des zones de contact de la main à prendre en compte dans la conception d'une interface haptique. Des perspectives sont finalement données quant à l'extension de ces résultats à une interface haptique dextre à contacts intermittents. / Haptic interfaces allow an operator to interact with a virtual environment through the sense of touch. Nowadays, most existing interfaces are mechanically connected to the user's hand throughout the simulation. Therefore he or she interacts with the virtual environment by means of a handle. Thus the interaction is neither natural nor intuitive, and the permanent connection between the robot and the operator is the source of perturbations which prevent the interaction from being perfectly transparent and realistic. The goal of this study is to increase transparency as much as possible by disconnecting the robot from the user when s/he is not in contact with the virtual environment, through the design of a dexterous haptic interface allowing for a more natural interaction than with a classical interface taking into account only one contact point. A state-of-the-art of dexterous haptic interfaces and another for intermittent contact devices are first gathered, and the human performances that should be taken into account for the design of a dexterous haptic interface are analysed. A bidirectional end-effector for intermittent contact is then devised. It is set up at the tip of a haptic interface and several solutions are tested for its control. The performances of six users are compared on the context of a contact detection task, first using the intermittent contact end-effector, then using a classical haptic device. A methodology for the choice of the hand contact areas that should be taken into account in the design of a dexterous haptic interface to enhance the naturalness of the interaction is proposed. Finally, some perspectives are given as for the extension of this study for the design of a dexterous encounter-type haptic interface.