The Liability of the Information Society Service Provider for the Infringement of Copyright Abstract This diploma thesis deals with conditions of emergence and exclusion of liability of internet society service providers (ISP) with a focus on copyright. The thesis first defines the terms, which are essential for understanding of the topic. Then, in second chapter, it delas with copyright on the internet, specifically with the author's right to communicate work to the public, which can be violated in large extent by the internet users or ISPs themselves. In this regard, the thesis focuses on the case law interpretation of the concept of the right to communicate works to the public and conditions under which the ISP themselves may be found to be communicating works to the public without authorization. In third chapter, the thesis the work examines the relevant provisions of the E-Commerce Directive, which outlines the scope of the liability of ISPs providing hosting services. The thesis analyses the conditions of the safe harbour, i.e. the conditions that must be met by these providers in order not to incur liability for content which is stored by the users of their services. The recent CJEU is examined in this regard. In addition, the thesis analyses the prohibition of the general monitoring obligation,...

The project site in Helsingborg is located on a pier in a harbour area in Öresund, in Sweden’s southernmost province of Skåne. Helsingborg is Sweden’s eighth largest city. It is a densely built urban city, with a large former port area under redevelopment. The project site covers an old warehouse building - Magasin 405, and its surrounding plot. The goal is to re-use and repurpose the warehouse into a attractive meeting place in the city, while adding building volumes and public space to accommodate public activities and housing units within the project site. The new proposal is aiming to revatalize the waterfront area of Oceanhamnen (the Ocean Harbour) and help connect the segregated neighbourhoods ’North’ and ’South’ (”Norr” and ”Söder”) of the city centre. The renovation of Magasin 405 will make the waterfront district, and the city as a whole,more dynamic.

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<p>Animal movement has had a long history of study in the fields of behavioural ecology and toxicology, but rarely is the ecological context of behaviour in toxicology directly addressed. To explore how movement might be influenced by both sex differences and habitat contamination, I conducted studies on the round goby, an invasive fish, in a highly polluted part of Lake Ontario. In the first half of my dissertation I examined the reproductive biology of this species, finding evidence of multiple male reproductive tactics, and extended this to predict sex differences in goby movement. I showed that male fish were more exploratory in the laboratory, and over multiple years moved further in the field than females. This difference may predict variation in sex ratio along a round goby invasion front. Second, I accumulated multiple lines of evidence for contaminant exposure in these fish, validating their utility as a contaminant sentinel species in the field. With the same battery of behavioural tests, I revealed that round goby collected from cleaner sites were more exploratory than fish from highly contaminated sites in the laboratory, but moved similar distances in the field. Although changes in activity level are the most frequently used behavioural measure of contaminant exposure, the ecological relevance of change was not apparent in this study. These results challenge the utility of movement as an integrated biomarker of contaminant exposure beyond the laboratory.<strong></strong></p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>The modern coastline provides few clues as to the ancient harbour configuration since Kalamianos has been partially submerged by > 6 m of relative sea-level rise since the Early Helladic. In 2009, a detailed marine geophysical survey and underwater diver search was conducted in the inshore waters to identify potential anchorage sites and to examine evidence for coastal subsidence. Single-beam bathymetry and magnetic gradiometer data were acquired and integrated within a detailed digital bathymetric model (DBM).</p> <p>The DBM revealed two submerged beachrock platforms (BR-1, BR-2) paralleling the modern shoreline and a submerged isthmus connecting the mainland with small island 200 m offshore. The BR-1 platform (3.5-3.7 m depth) contained abundant Late Helladic (LH; 1300-1190 BC) pottery sherds (30-50%) and wood charcoal fragments.¹⁴C dating of the extracted charcoal yielded an AMS ¹⁴C uncalibrated age of 3250±40 BP, consistent with the LH ceramics. The BR-2 platform (5.8-5.9 m depth) contained less pottery (<20%) and included well-preserved fragments of Early Helladic (EH) jars.</p> <p>The beachrock elevations and ¹⁴C and pottery ages were used to reconstruct a sea level curve and a series of paleogeographic maps of the EH to LH shorelines. The presence of abundant pottery and wood charcoal in the BR-1 beachrock indicates that shipping activity during the LH was focused at the south end of the site in a western harbour basin. This is supported by magnetic gradiometer results, which identified several magnetic anomalies in the western harbour basin. These were investigated by diver search and found to be concentrations of ship ballast stones (mainly andesite) and clay pottery.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

The bycatch of cetaceans in fishing gear is considered to be one of the biggest conservation threats to these species. Gear modifications have the potential to reduce these bycatches in global fisheries but there is little available information on how such modifications may change the fishing performance of gear, or indeed the behavior of cetaceans interacting with fishing gear. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to identify factors related to cetacean bycatches in UK bottom set gillnets. Rigged net height had a significant positive relationship with harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) bycatch in ICES Area VII suggesting that lowering the profile of gillnets may have the potential to reduce bycatch rates. Modifications to gillnets, such as changing the amount of floatation or increasing the density of the meshes, were found to have significant effects on the active fishing heights of these nets. However, results from a bycatch mitigation trial in Argentina showed that the reduced fishing profile of one experimental net did not result in a concurrent reduction in the bycatch rate of Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei). While there was no significant difference in the rate, length or intensity of harbour porpoise encounters in the presence or absence of gillnets, the proportion of fast echolocation click trains were significantly higher when a net was present, indicating that porpoises either increased acoustic inspection of the net or foraging in the vicinity of the net. An analysis of underwater video footage collected inside trawl nets in an Australia fishery showed that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) were present inside nets more frequently than they were caught and were actively foraging inside these nets. The orientation of dolphins inside these nets indicates that the current design of excluder devices used in this fishery could be improved to further reduce bycatch rates.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

The main purpose of this study was to produce and test the reliability of predictive models of cetacean distributions off the west coast of Scotland. Passive acoustic and visual surveys were carried out from platforms of opportunity between 2003 and 2005. Acoustic identifications were made primarily of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), delphinids, and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) were used to relate species’ distributions to a range of environmental variables over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Predictive models of delphinid distributions showed both inter-annual and inter-month variations. Combining all data for all months and years resulted in a model that combined the environmental influences from each monthly and yearly model. Overall, delphinids were found to associate with the deep (> 400m) warm water (10.5°C-12.5°C), and in areas of deep thermocline. Relationships between sperm whales and environmental variables were consistent over changes in grain size (9 km or 18 km), but not between areas. Although sperm whales were distributed in deep water characterised by weak thermoclines and strong haloclines in the most northerly area (Faroe-Shetland Channel), they were found in deep productive areas with cold surface temperature in the more southerly waters (Rockall Trough). Within the southern Inner Hebrides, high use areas for harbour porpoises were consistently predicted over time (in years) and with differing survey techniques (acoustic versus visual), but not over space (southern Inner Hebrides versus whole of the Inner Hebrides). Harbour porpoises were mainly distributed in areas with low tidal currents and with higher detection rates during spring tides. The use of prey as a predictor variable within models of delphinid distribution shows some promise: there were correlations between delphinid and herring (Clupea harengus) in shelf-waters in 2005 but not in 2004. These models can be used in mitigating acoustic threats to cetaceans in predicted high use areas off the west coast of Scotland.

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This dissertation examines the role that public infrastructure development at the Port of Durban has had on the KwaZulu-Natal's auto sector. In essence this paper unpacks the debate surrounding public spending directed at promoting specific industry outcomes. To this end, the auto industry is examined in terms of its export-orientated growth since the inception of the car terminus. The auto industry provides an excellent case study, as there is considerable public and private sector concern in this sphere. This paper analyses the role of local and national government as well as nongovernmental role players in planning expenditure for the car terminal. The limited amount of formal literature in this field has informed the structure of this paper, making it important that some measure of efficiency benchmarking be included in this study. This has been done so of the role of the car terminal in the logistic value chains of the KZN auto industry could be examined. This in turn aided in the understanding of the role of the terminal as a conduit for inputs used in local production as well as the impact it has (or hasn't) had on export-orientated growth within the industry. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.