! 69! Internet Law - Master Thesis Abstract This study explores and describes the discipline of Internet Law as well as the problems arising from applying its jurisdiction. Furthermore, it deals with liability limitation in the on-line world and presents various tendencies in the development of the Internet Copyright Law in the Czech Republic, USA and France. This study is divided into two main chapters. The first one deals with the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the Internet phenomenon and the second focuses on practical aspects of the on-line legal regulation. The tendencies in interpretation and application of the legislature are presented through important case studies. The research strategy for this thesis was data gathering followed by its analysis. Providing examples of local legislature (Czech, USA, French) together with presentation of corresponding case studies I was searching for the keys for interpretation and application strategies of this relatively young and dynamically developing field of law. The study's objective was to find answers to the following two questions: a) Is there a general need for the Internet legal regulation? And if so b) What should the legislative tendency within the Internet Copyright Law be? During the writing process I had to confront two opposite...

Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude architecturale des vestiges de deux édifices du front de mer occidental à Délos, le Magasin des colonnes et le Magasin δ, dit « à la baignoire », qui ont tous deux été découverts au cours des fouilles menées par A. Jardé et H. Convert en 1903 et 1904. Ils sont situés dans une bande de constructions longeant le rivage, entre l’Agora des Compétaliastes au nord et le sanctuaire des Dioscures au sud. Proches du rivage et pourvus de nombreuses pièces de grandes dimensions, ils ont été identifiés par les premiers chercheurs, A. Jardé puis J. Pâris, à des magasins en lien avec l’essor du grand commerce maritime à Délos au cours de la seconde domination athénienne.La présente étude a consisté à poursuivre le travail d’A. Jardé de sorte à mieux restituer la configuration de ces monuments, à mieux définir leurs spécificités architecturales et à mieux en cerner leurs usages. Elle a d’abord consisté à observer les vestiges des deux bâtiments sans préjuger de leur destination. Elle a ainsi débuté par une analyse approfondie des matériaux ayant servi à leur construction et de leurs composantes architecturales : les murs, les baies, les revêtements muraux, les colonnades, les cloisons, les planchers, les escaliers, les sols et les couvertures. Cette première partie de la thèse, qui a permis d’explorer plusieurs pistes relatives aux techniques de construction, a essentiellement eu pour finalité d’élaborer des outils d’analyse destinés à servir l’étude générale de l’architecture des deux magasins, celle de leur composition et celle de leur situation dans le tissu urbain de Délos, qui ont toutes trois été réunies dans la deuxième partie. Dans la troisième partie, l’étude du fonctionnement et de la destination des deux édifices a nécessité une extension du champ d’investigation, en incluant des bâtiments dont les éléments du mobilier et la situation urbaine sont analogues à ceux du Magasin des colonnes et du Magasin δ : les Magasins α, β et γ. Les cinq édifices ont d’abord pu être réunis grâce à la découverte dans chacun d’eux d’un grand sèkôma à mesure unique. La présence de cet instrument de mesure a permis de mieux justifier le rôle que ces édifices ont joué dans le grand commerce à Délos au tournant des IIe et Ier s. av. J.-C. et de supposer qu’ils ont tous eu la même destination. Une fois associés, ils ont fait l’objet d’une comparaison morphologique. À quelques variations près, ils sont constitués de types d’espaces similaires organisés de la même manière : une entrée principale, ouverte sur le rivage et alignée sur l’axe d’une cour centrale, un rang de pièces de façade longeant le rivage, dans lequel s’insèrent des cages d’escalier reliant la voie du front de mer avec l’étage, et un ensemble de pièces dans le cœur d’îlot distribuées autour de la cour et équipées de fenêtres. De fait, ces bâtiments ont pu être différenciés des autres types de bâtiment présents à Délos, les maisons déliennes notamment. Une relation a ainsi pu être établie entre la destination probable des cinq édifices – stockage de marchandises et commerce au rez-de-chaussée et hébergement à l’étage – et leur forme architecturale. Cette relation a permis de définir un type particulier d’édifice ayant abrité des activités liées au stockage des marchandises, à leur inventaire, à leur mesure – poids et/ou volume – et à leur commerce ainsi que des pratiques d’ordre domestique telles l’hébergement des marchands itinérants. Dans son acception moderne, le terme « magasin » proposé par A. Jardé s’avère encore être le plus approprié pour désigner de tels édifices mêlant les fonctions d’entrepôt à celles des lieux de commerce. Ce type d’édifice, dont plusieurs indices révèlent le statut locatif, semble en outre être étroitement lié à la profession d’entrepositaire mentionnée dans les inscriptions de Délos. / The aim of this doctoral dissertation consists in the architectural study of the remains of two buildings on the western coast in Delos, the Magasin des colonnes and the Magasin δ, also known as Magasin à la baignoire, both of which were discovered during excavations carried out by A. Jardé and H. Convert in 1903 and 1904. They are located in a strip of buildings along the shore, between the Agora des Compétaliastes in the north and the sanctuary of Les Dioscures in the south. Close to the seashore and provided with numerous large rooms, they were identified by the first researchers, A. Jardé then J. Pâris, to commercial buildings in connection with the rise of the great sea trade in Delos during the second Athenian domination.The present study consisted in continuing the work of A. Jardé in order to better restore the configuration of these monuments, to better point out their architectural specificities and to better define their uses. First, it consisted in observing the remains of the two buildings without prejudging their function. It began with an in-depth analysis of the materials used in their construction and their architectural components: walls, bays, wall coverings, colonnades, partitions, grounds, stairs, floors and roofing. This first part of the work, which made it possible to explore several tracks relating to construction techniques, was essentially aimed at developing analytical tools intended to support the general study of the architecture of the two buildings, that of their composition and that of their situation in the urban fabric of Delos, all three which are developed together in the second part. In the third part, the study of the functioning and the uses of the two buildings required an extension of the field of investigation, by including buildings whose archaeological material and urban situation are similar to those of the Magasin des colonnes and the Magasin δ : the Magasins α, β and γ. The five buildings were first brought together owing to the discovery in each of them of a large sèkôma with a unique tank. The presence of this measuring instrument made it possible to better justify the role that these buildings played in the great trade in Delos at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and to suppose that they all had the same destination. Once associated, they were morphologically compared. With a few variations, they are made up of similar types of spaces organized in the same way: a main entrance, opened on the seashore and aligned on the axis of a central courtyard, a row of façade rooms along the shore, in which are inserted staircases connecting the waterfront path with the floor, and a set of rooms in the heart of a block distributed around the courtyard and equipped with windows. In fact, these buildings could be differentiated from the other types of buildings present in Delos, in particular the houses. A relationship was thus established between the probable functions of the five buildings - storage of goods and trade on the ground floor and accommodation on the first floor - and their architectural form. This relationship has made it possible to define a particular type of building dedicated to house activities related to the storage of goods, their inventory, their measurement - weight and/or volume - and their trade, as well as domestic practices such as the accommodation of itinerant merchants. In its modern sense, the term "magasin" proposed by A. Jardé still proves to be the most appropriate to designate such buildings mixing the functions of a warehouse with those of commercial premises. This type of building, of which several indices reveal the rental status, also seems to be closely linked to the profession of entrepositaire – warehouse keeper – mentioned in the inscriptions of Delos.

L’étude archéologique d’un site est réalisée sur la base d’une fouille, qui est une étude précise sur une ouverture restreinte. En amont de cette opération, la prospection géophysique offre la possibilité de localiser une zone susceptible d’apporter des informations majeures par une cartographie détaillée du site. Ces travaux de thèse se focalisent sur un protocole original de prospection magnétique pour détecter des structures pluri-métriques à pluri-décimétriques et une démarche méthodologique pour estimer la conservation d’un niveau d’occupation archéologique. Ces développements ont été réalisés pour apporter un maximum d’information sur l’occupation anthropique et cibler une zone de fouille suivant la problématique archéologique associée au site. Dans les zones littorales et suivant la période chronologique considérée, l’environnement associé à une occupation était différent. La modification relativement rapide des environnements côtiers résulte de la remontée du niveau marin depuis la fin du dernier maximum glaciaire. Dans le cadre d'une étude paléoenvironnementale associée à un site, l’objectif de la prospection géophysique est similaire à celle effectuée pour une fouille : localiser une zone d’implantation des carottages paléoenvironnementaux. La démarche méthodologique développée dans ces travaux est basée sur une approche paléogéographique de l’environnement à partir de prospections géophysiques multi-méthodes et multi-échelles. Des prospections électromagnétiques (Slingram), des sections électriques et des diagraphies électriques (direct-push) apportent une représentation cartographique et stratigraphique des contrastes géophysiques de la subsurface. Deux zones d’étude ont été sélectionnées pour tester et mettre en place ces démarches méthodologiques, le site néolithique du Pontet (Charente-Maritime) et les ports antiques de Narbonne. Ces deux sites sont dans des contextes archéologiques, géographiques et géologiques différents. / Archaeological study of a site is based on an excavation which is a comprehensive study on a restricted gap. Before excavation, geophysical survey supplies the possibility to locate an area likely to provide details by detailed mapping of the site. This PhD work focus on an original magnetic survey protocol to detect pluri-metric and pluri-decimetric structures and a methodological approach to estimate the conservation of an archaeological level occupation. These developments have provided maximum information on anthropogenic settlement and to target excavation zone according to the archaeological problem of the site. In coastal zones and according to the considered chronological period, the environment of the settlement was different. The relatively rapid change in coastal environments results from the rise of sea level since the end of the last glacial maximum. As part of a paleoenvironmental study of a site, the objective of geophysical survey is similar to that for excavation : locating an area to paleoenvironmental coring. The methodological approach developed in this work is based on a paleogeographic approach to the site environment using multi-method and multi-scale geophysical surveys. Electromagnetic survey (Slingram), electrical tomography and direct-push electrical resistivity logging provide a cartographic and stratigraphic representation of the geophysical contrasts of the subsurface. Two study areas were selected to test and implement these methodological approaches, the Neolithic site of Le Pontet (Charente-Maritime) and the ancient harbours of Narbonne. These two sites are in different archaeological, geographical and geological contexts.

Le littoral est l’objet d’une contamination chimique chronique par de nombreux polluants (résidus de pesticides, résidus médicamenteux, métaux lourds…), qui sont toxiques et qui sont impliqués dans des problématiques de santé publique et de dégradations environnementales. Certains contaminants agissent à faibles doses, tandis que d’autres induisent des effets cocktails redoutables sur les organismes. Les principaux contaminants sont régulièrement dosés dans différents points stratégiques liés à la ressource en eau, surtout celle de distribution et dans certains aliments. Mais face au foisonnement des contaminants qui sont déversés dans l’environnement, il n’existe aucun système de veille efficace qui tienne compte de l’étendue réelle du problème. Par ailleurs, contrairement à ce qui existe pour l’homme, il n’y a pas de démarches finalisées et normalisables pour évaluer l’état de santé des invertébrés aquatiques, alors qu’ils représentent plus de 95% de la biodiversité. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse interdisciplinaire a consisté à évaluer l’impact des polluants chimiques sur des espèces littorales (frange littorale et zones portuaires). Un premier champ d’études a visé à mettre au point des méthodes efficaces pour évaluer la contamination des bivalves par des polluants organiques et inorganiques (volet écotoxicologie) ; un second volet a eu pour but d’analyser les effets biologiques des polluants en développant une utilisation conjointe de plusieurs biomarqueurs (volet écophysiologie). Ainsi, à l’image de ce qui est fait en santé publique, ce projet de thèse a défini pour la première fois plusieurs démarches analytiques et statistiques pour le suivi de la qualité de l’eau en milieu littoral. / The coastline faces chronic chemical contamination due to numerous toxic pollutants (residues of pesticides and medicines, heavy metals, etc.) causing public health issues and environmental degradation. Whereas some contaminants are efficacious at low doses, others lead to dangerous cocktail effects on organisms. The main contaminants are assayed regularly among strategic stages linked to water resource. There is a particular focus on supply and food. Nonetheless, due to the proliferation of contaminants released in the environment, there is no effective monitoring system taking the real extent of the problem into consideration. Moreover, unlike existing methods for humans, there is no finalised or standardised approach to assessing the health of state of aquatic invertebrates, while they represent more than 95% of the biodiversity. The purpose of this thesis work involving interdisciplinary research was to evaluate the pollution impacts on the coastline species (coastal fringe and port areas). A first part of the study aimed at designing effective methods of contamination assessment on bivalves by organic and inorganic pollutants (ecotoxicology). Another part focused on analysing biological effects of pollutants by developing a joint use of several biomarkers (ecophysiology). Thus, like work carried out by public health, this thesis project defined for the first time several analytical and statistical steps on monitoring the state of health of marine organisms and the water quality in coastal areas.

Genetic variation is essential for biological evolution, for maintaining viability of populations, and to ensure ecosystem resilience. Increased human exploitation and environmental change result in rapid loss of biological variation, including genetic diversity. Measures to halt this trend require that biological diversity is assessed and monitored. Assessment of biodiversity includes identifying patterns of distribution of genetic variation within individual species. This thesis focuses on spatial genetic structure and assessment of units for conservation in continuous environments without apparent migration barriers. Empirical data refer to Scandinavia and the model species are northern pike (Esox lucius), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Questions regarding monitoring genetic diversity and releases of alien populations are also addressed.  The spatial genetic structure of the northern pike in the Baltic Sea is characterized by isolation by distance and continuous genetic change. Positive genetic correlation was found among pike within geographical distances of less than 150 km. This distance may be used to suggest management units in this area. For the brown trout, genetic monitoring identified two sympatric populations within a small mountain lake system. The situation is characterized by a clear genetic but no apparent phenotypic dichotomy. Scientific support for a genetically distinct Baltic harbour porpoise population is limited, and the spatial genetic structure of the harbour porpoise in Swedish waters needs to be clarified. Data for launching conservation genetic monitoring programs is available for only a few Swedish species. Millions of forest trees, fish, and birds are released annually in Sweden and the documentation on these releases is poor. To meet responsibilities of safeguarding biodiversity and surveying biological effects of releases, there is an urgent need for studies aimed at evaluating genetic diversity. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

Positioned at the metaphysical divide between civilization and wilderness, this thesis investigates the potential for symbiotic relationships among cultural, ecological and industrial systems in an effort to suggest alternative modes for human sustainability. The City of Hamilton, where steel and iron industries continue to scar the landscape, serves as the location for a speculative design intervention. Amongst existing urban structures, a hybrid form of industrial production is proposed to acknowledge society’s reliance on artificial devices. In turn, this hybrid form is integrated with natural ecological processes to demonstrate humanity’s dependence on the natural world. The first chapter positions the thesis within a discourse regarding the boundary between civilization and wilderness and their conventional dichotomy. The thesis is aligned to themes of ecological-artificial hybridization, which include the scientific application of biological metaphors, economic and manufacturing theories of industrial ecology, and architectural and design methodology. Chapter two employs Complex Systems methodology to structure an analysis of Hamilton’s ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ systems. The city is considered within ecological, historical, cultural, industrial and economic contexts, at local and regional scales. Chapter three proposes an urban plan for Hamilton that seeks to regenerate and integrate ecological, cultural and industrial systems. Within the framework of this plan, industrial ecosystems can coexist with public function and ecological infrastructure in close proximity. Though designed for long term application, the plan is intended to provide context for a more detailed and immediate intervention within the scope of the thesis. Chapter four proposes the implementation of a speculative urban design, as a central component of the urban plan. Sited on the Stelco pier, one of the largest and oldest steel producers in Canada, the design would reclaim a pivotal historical and physical location along the Hamilton waterfront. Regeneration of the heavily contaminated industrial site will be initiated with a phased program of remediation and managed ecological succession. The new science of industrial ecology will inform this new development. This approach is based on a shift from ‘open loop’ systems, in which material and energy flows dissipate through processes of waste creation, towards ‘closed loop’ systems in which energy and material are recycled. A new Instrumental Matrix is proposed where decentralized cultural, ecological and industrial systems are interwoven to create diverse and sustainable habitats for wildlife, people and industry.

Applying complex ecosystems theory, this thesis maps and analyzes the codependency of ecological and manufacturing flows affecting cities, the landscape, and the environment. Learning from this analysis, a prototype for a hybrid eco-manufacturing and urban park is proposed on degraded industrial lands. Its design is influenced by eco-industrial parks including Kalundborg and contemporary urban parks including La Villette, Downsview, and Fresh Kills. The prototype’s design is motivated by the mutating spatiality caused by contemporary trends in North American manufacturing and the degrading environmental state of the Great Lakes. The horizontal expansion of post-Fordist industrial areas on the urban periphery of North American cities has helped lead decentralization of core urban areas. This organization is becoming vulnerable to future energy and environmental concerns. In Hamilton, this trend has resulted in approximately 3,400 acres of underutilized contaminated land in its historical bayfront industrial areas. The hybrid park prototype will incubate reuse of a 576 acre site within this land by creating a network of eco-operations and public spaces. As part of North America’s Great Lakes, Hamilton Harbour drains into the head of Lake Ontario. The Port of Hamilton’s manufacturing activity strains the ecological systems of these lakes. Some of the most problematic discharge into Hamilton Harbour occurs at Windermere Basin. The basin is surrounded by a twilight industrial area that contaminates its water, soil, and air. This will be the location of the hybrid park prototype. Light manufacturing spaces that treat industrial contamination will be designed. Their organization will hypothesize a new form of urbanization based on environmentally benign uses of energy and materials.

Positioned at the metaphysical divide between civilization and wilderness, this thesis investigates the potential for symbiotic relationships among cultural, ecological and industrial systems in an effort to suggest alternative modes for human sustainability. The City of Hamilton, where steel and iron industries continue to scar the landscape, serves as the location for a speculative design intervention. Amongst existing urban structures, a hybrid form of industrial production is proposed to acknowledge society’s reliance on artificial devices. In turn, this hybrid form is integrated with natural ecological processes to demonstrate humanity’s dependence on the natural world. The first chapter positions the thesis within a discourse regarding the boundary between civilization and wilderness and their conventional dichotomy. The thesis is aligned to themes of ecological-artificial hybridization, which include the scientific application of biological metaphors, economic and manufacturing theories of industrial ecology, and architectural and design methodology. Chapter two employs Complex Systems methodology to structure an analysis of Hamilton’s ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ systems. The city is considered within ecological, historical, cultural, industrial and economic contexts, at local and regional scales. Chapter three proposes an urban plan for Hamilton that seeks to regenerate and integrate ecological, cultural and industrial systems. Within the framework of this plan, industrial ecosystems can coexist with public function and ecological infrastructure in close proximity. Though designed for long term application, the plan is intended to provide context for a more detailed and immediate intervention within the scope of the thesis. Chapter four proposes the implementation of a speculative urban design, as a central component of the urban plan. Sited on the Stelco pier, one of the largest and oldest steel producers in Canada, the design would reclaim a pivotal historical and physical location along the Hamilton waterfront. Regeneration of the heavily contaminated industrial site will be initiated with a phased program of remediation and managed ecological succession. The new science of industrial ecology will inform this new development. This approach is based on a shift from ‘open loop’ systems, in which material and energy flows dissipate through processes of waste creation, towards ‘closed loop’ systems in which energy and material are recycled. A new Instrumental Matrix is proposed where decentralized cultural, ecological and industrial systems are interwoven to create diverse and sustainable habitats for wildlife, people and industry.

Applying complex ecosystems theory, this thesis maps and analyzes the codependency of ecological and manufacturing flows affecting cities, the landscape, and the environment. Learning from this analysis, a prototype for a hybrid eco-manufacturing and urban park is proposed on degraded industrial lands. Its design is influenced by eco-industrial parks including Kalundborg and contemporary urban parks including La Villette, Downsview, and Fresh Kills. The prototype’s design is motivated by the mutating spatiality caused by contemporary trends in North American manufacturing and the degrading environmental state of the Great Lakes. The horizontal expansion of post-Fordist industrial areas on the urban periphery of North American cities has helped lead decentralization of core urban areas. This organization is becoming vulnerable to future energy and environmental concerns. In Hamilton, this trend has resulted in approximately 3,400 acres of underutilized contaminated land in its historical bayfront industrial areas. The hybrid park prototype will incubate reuse of a 576 acre site within this land by creating a network of eco-operations and public spaces. As part of North America’s Great Lakes, Hamilton Harbour drains into the head of Lake Ontario. The Port of Hamilton’s manufacturing activity strains the ecological systems of these lakes. Some of the most problematic discharge into Hamilton Harbour occurs at Windermere Basin. The basin is surrounded by a twilight industrial area that contaminates its water, soil, and air. This will be the location of the hybrid park prototype. Light manufacturing spaces that treat industrial contamination will be designed. Their organization will hypothesize a new form of urbanization based on environmentally benign uses of energy and materials.

There has been a global move towards involving people in process of change by developing organizations technologically, providing skills training and building capacity in all sectors of society, in spheres of government, the economy and civil society. As a result of global trends in South Africa attention is being given to the question of skills development and technological training within institutions and organizations operating in the developing environment in the public and private sector. Attention is also given to ensuring that such skills development and training includes goals of social, economic and political development. In the view of the above, this study will examine the question of skills development and technological training at Portnet Durban Harbour (PDH) in view of changing demands imposed by globalisation and new socio - political environment in South Africa as well as national responses to those demands. In examining this question, it would be recognised that the skill question couldn't be isolated from technological changes and increased economic competition resulting from globalization. Within this context, this study's aim would be to detennine the response of PDH to global challenges that impact heavily on the skills needs of this organization and technological changes. It will also examine whether PDH's responses take into account the current legislative and policy objectives in SA aimed at addressing the skill question. This study is infonned by Labour market theory and globalization theories. The first part of this study will attempt to capture the historical policies and legislation's on the issue of skills development in SA. Reflecting on the role played by this policies and legislation's to segment the labour market. Secondly, the study will look at debates on globalisation and the era in which organizations are operating. Thirdly, the role played by the SA government in this global era to reverse the past skills development imbalances. Lastly, the study will report on PDH's response to challenges imposed by globalization and how they address the question of skill. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.