Etruscan architecture underwent various changes between the later Iron Age and the Archaic period (c. 800-500 BC), as seen in the evidence from several sites. These changes affected the design and style of domestic architecture as well as the use of raw materials and construction techniques. However, based on a supposed linear progression from inferior to superior building materials, explanations and interpretations often portray an architectural transition in Etruria from ‘prehistoric’ to ‘historic’ building types. This perspective has encouraged a rather deterministic, overly simplified and inequitable view of the causes of change in which the replacement of traditional materials with new ones is thought to have been the main factor. This thesis aims to reconsider the nature of architectural changes in this period by focussing on the building materials and techniques used in the construction of domestic structures. Through a process of identification and interpretation using comparative analysis and an approach based on the chaîne opératoire perspective, changes in building materials and techniques are examined, with special reference to four key sites: San Giovenale, Acquarossa, Poggio Civitate (Murlo) and Lago dell’Accesa. It is argued that changes occurred in neither a synchronous nor a linear way, but separately and at irregular intervals. In this thesis, they are interpreted as resulting mainly from multigenerational habitual changes, reflecting the relationship between human behaviour and the built and natural environments, rather than choices between old and new materials. Moreover, despite some innovations, certain traditional building techniques and their associated materials continued into the Archaic period, indicating that Etruscan domestic architecture did not undergo a complete transformation, as sometimes asserted or implied in other works. This study of building techniques and materials, while not rejecting the widely held view of a significant Etruscan architectural transition, argues for a more nuanced reading of the evidence and greater recognition of the nature of behavioural change during the period in question.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoJulianaFrigo.pdf: 6348989 bytes, checksum: ddd89a3908e6b3eb7436498c2e8a3e88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / Several aspects related to dwelling, wellness and life quality demand specific constructive solutions. Considering that the building is one of the responsible by the environment damages because of the quantity of waste, it is also responsible by the electricity waste from the substance extraction to its final product. This study shows a comparative among five combinations of locks and coatings, like: ceramic bricks (plastered), concrete block (plastered), cured lightweight (painted), soil cement (plastered) and soil cement brick with exposed complement (painted), with the purpose to identify which solution is more adequate considering the lowest cost and less electricity spent involved in its process. The adopted methodological procedure is an exploratory research with an explicative approach that enabled the knowledge about the adopted technologies to the rural dwellings study. This study enabled the inputs classification and comparative, executions and spending, having as the mainly result the more viable technology to the rural dwelling and deserve more attention and incentive while its use in a major scale is the soil cement brick with exposed complement only with waterproofing paint related to the spending and electricity economy involved in the execution and use process. / Diversos aspectos relacionados à moradia, bem estar e qualidade de vida demandam soluções construtivas especificas. Levando em consideração que a construção civil é uma das responsáveis pelos impactos ambientais devido à geração de grandes volumes de resíduos, é a responsável também pelo desperdício de uma significativa parcela de energia, envolvida desde o processo de extração da matéria prima até o produto final. O presente estudo apresenta um comparativo entre cinco combinações de fechamentos e revestimentos, sendo elas: tijolo cerâmico (rebocado), bloco de concreto (rebocado), concreto leve polimerizado (pintado), tijolo de solo-cimento (rebocado) e tijolo de solo-cimento com acabamento a vista (pintado), visando identificar qual a solução apresenta- se mais adequada se tratando de um menor custo aliado a um menor gasto de energia envolvida em seu processo. Para tanto o procedimento metodológico adotado é de uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem explicativa que possibilitou o conhecimento sobre as tecnologias adotadas para o estudo em habitações sociais rurais. Este trabalho possibilitou a realização da classificação e comparativo das características dos insumos, execuções e custos, tendo como principal resultado que a tecnologia mais viável para habitações sociais rurais e que merece maior atenção e incentivo enquanto sua utilização em maior escala é a de tijolo de solo-cimento com acabamento a vista apenas com pintura impermeabilizante no aspecto de custos e de economia de energia envolvidos em seu processo de execução e utilização.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude architecturale des vestiges de deux édifices du front de mer occidental à Délos, le Magasin des colonnes et le Magasin δ, dit « à la baignoire », qui ont tous deux été découverts au cours des fouilles menées par A. Jardé et H. Convert en 1903 et 1904. Ils sont situés dans une bande de constructions longeant le rivage, entre l’Agora des Compétaliastes au nord et le sanctuaire des Dioscures au sud. Proches du rivage et pourvus de nombreuses pièces de grandes dimensions, ils ont été identifiés par les premiers chercheurs, A. Jardé puis J. Pâris, à des magasins en lien avec l’essor du grand commerce maritime à Délos au cours de la seconde domination athénienne.La présente étude a consisté à poursuivre le travail d’A. Jardé de sorte à mieux restituer la configuration de ces monuments, à mieux définir leurs spécificités architecturales et à mieux en cerner leurs usages. Elle a d’abord consisté à observer les vestiges des deux bâtiments sans préjuger de leur destination. Elle a ainsi débuté par une analyse approfondie des matériaux ayant servi à leur construction et de leurs composantes architecturales : les murs, les baies, les revêtements muraux, les colonnades, les cloisons, les planchers, les escaliers, les sols et les couvertures. Cette première partie de la thèse, qui a permis d’explorer plusieurs pistes relatives aux techniques de construction, a essentiellement eu pour finalité d’élaborer des outils d’analyse destinés à servir l’étude générale de l’architecture des deux magasins, celle de leur composition et celle de leur situation dans le tissu urbain de Délos, qui ont toutes trois été réunies dans la deuxième partie. Dans la troisième partie, l’étude du fonctionnement et de la destination des deux édifices a nécessité une extension du champ d’investigation, en incluant des bâtiments dont les éléments du mobilier et la situation urbaine sont analogues à ceux du Magasin des colonnes et du Magasin δ : les Magasins α, β et γ. Les cinq édifices ont d’abord pu être réunis grâce à la découverte dans chacun d’eux d’un grand sèkôma à mesure unique. La présence de cet instrument de mesure a permis de mieux justifier le rôle que ces édifices ont joué dans le grand commerce à Délos au tournant des IIe et Ier s. av. J.-C. et de supposer qu’ils ont tous eu la même destination. Une fois associés, ils ont fait l’objet d’une comparaison morphologique. À quelques variations près, ils sont constitués de types d’espaces similaires organisés de la même manière : une entrée principale, ouverte sur le rivage et alignée sur l’axe d’une cour centrale, un rang de pièces de façade longeant le rivage, dans lequel s’insèrent des cages d’escalier reliant la voie du front de mer avec l’étage, et un ensemble de pièces dans le cœur d’îlot distribuées autour de la cour et équipées de fenêtres. De fait, ces bâtiments ont pu être différenciés des autres types de bâtiment présents à Délos, les maisons déliennes notamment. Une relation a ainsi pu être établie entre la destination probable des cinq édifices – stockage de marchandises et commerce au rez-de-chaussée et hébergement à l’étage – et leur forme architecturale. Cette relation a permis de définir un type particulier d’édifice ayant abrité des activités liées au stockage des marchandises, à leur inventaire, à leur mesure – poids et/ou volume – et à leur commerce ainsi que des pratiques d’ordre domestique telles l’hébergement des marchands itinérants. Dans son acception moderne, le terme « magasin » proposé par A. Jardé s’avère encore être le plus approprié pour désigner de tels édifices mêlant les fonctions d’entrepôt à celles des lieux de commerce. Ce type d’édifice, dont plusieurs indices révèlent le statut locatif, semble en outre être étroitement lié à la profession d’entrepositaire mentionnée dans les inscriptions de Délos. / The aim of this doctoral dissertation consists in the architectural study of the remains of two buildings on the western coast in Delos, the Magasin des colonnes and the Magasin δ, also known as Magasin à la baignoire, both of which were discovered during excavations carried out by A. Jardé and H. Convert in 1903 and 1904. They are located in a strip of buildings along the shore, between the Agora des Compétaliastes in the north and the sanctuary of Les Dioscures in the south. Close to the seashore and provided with numerous large rooms, they were identified by the first researchers, A. Jardé then J. Pâris, to commercial buildings in connection with the rise of the great sea trade in Delos during the second Athenian domination.The present study consisted in continuing the work of A. Jardé in order to better restore the configuration of these monuments, to better point out their architectural specificities and to better define their uses. First, it consisted in observing the remains of the two buildings without prejudging their function. It began with an in-depth analysis of the materials used in their construction and their architectural components: walls, bays, wall coverings, colonnades, partitions, grounds, stairs, floors and roofing. This first part of the work, which made it possible to explore several tracks relating to construction techniques, was essentially aimed at developing analytical tools intended to support the general study of the architecture of the two buildings, that of their composition and that of their situation in the urban fabric of Delos, all three which are developed together in the second part. In the third part, the study of the functioning and the uses of the two buildings required an extension of the field of investigation, by including buildings whose archaeological material and urban situation are similar to those of the Magasin des colonnes and the Magasin δ : the Magasins α, β and γ. The five buildings were first brought together owing to the discovery in each of them of a large sèkôma with a unique tank. The presence of this measuring instrument made it possible to better justify the role that these buildings played in the great trade in Delos at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and to suppose that they all had the same destination. Once associated, they were morphologically compared. With a few variations, they are made up of similar types of spaces organized in the same way: a main entrance, opened on the seashore and aligned on the axis of a central courtyard, a row of façade rooms along the shore, in which are inserted staircases connecting the waterfront path with the floor, and a set of rooms in the heart of a block distributed around the courtyard and equipped with windows. In fact, these buildings could be differentiated from the other types of buildings present in Delos, in particular the houses. A relationship was thus established between the probable functions of the five buildings - storage of goods and trade on the ground floor and accommodation on the first floor - and their architectural form. This relationship has made it possible to define a particular type of building dedicated to house activities related to the storage of goods, their inventory, their measurement - weight and/or volume - and their trade, as well as domestic practices such as the accommodation of itinerant merchants. In its modern sense, the term "magasin" proposed by A. Jardé still proves to be the most appropriate to designate such buildings mixing the functions of a warehouse with those of commercial premises. This type of building, of which several indices reveal the rental status, also seems to be closely linked to the profession of entrepositaire – warehouse keeper – mentioned in the inscriptions of Delos.

Cette thèse propose une étude systématique des modes d’habitat dans les agglomérations du nord de la Gaule, aussi bien d’un point de vue architectural que culturel. La maison romaine septentrionale se démarque considérablement de son homologue méditerranéen : il s’agit d’insister sur les particularismes régionaux, notamment à propos de l’organisation de l’espace et de son usage, mais aussi de passer outre certains paradigmes, tel celui de la Streifenhaus/Strip house. Le cadre proposé est compris entre Seine et Rhin, du Ier au IIIe siècle. Ainsi cette thèse, bien que répondant aux problématiques de l’archéologie régionale repose sur un cadre euro-régional et intègre à l’aire d’étude l’Allemagne (Rhénanie), la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et le Luxembourg. La thèse rend ainsi accessible une documentation éparse et inédite : environ cinq-cents maisons sont analysées et redessinées ; soixante-dix d'entre elles, jugées représentatives, font l'objet d'un catalogue qualitatif.Le fil conducteur de cette étude est la diversité. L'archéologue fait face à une hétérogénéité marquée à tout niveau d'analyse, du statut hiérarchique et fonctionnel des agglomérations aux techniques et matériaux employés dans les maisons, jusqu'aux répertoires typologiques. Mettre en ordre cette diversité permet d'observer des phénomènes macro-régionaux, mais également de mettre en valeur le rôle de chaque communauté locale dans la définition de la forme de la maison. Le premier volume propose l'analyse architecturale, typologique et fonctionnelle de l'habitat. Il aborde également des points moins conventionnels, comme l'étude du confort ou de la durabilité des constructions, en s'appuyant sur la comparaison ethnographique et l'archéologie expérimentale. Le deuxième volume comprend l'inventaire des sites étudiés, le catalogue qualitatif, ainsi que l'ensemble des plans des maisons. / This thesis proposes a systematic study of the ways of housing in the urban areas of northern Gaul, from both an architectural and a cultural point of view. The northern Roman house stands out considerably from its Mediterranean counterpart: it emphasizes regional particularities, especially with regard to the organization of space and its use, but also to bypass certain paradigms, such as the Streifenhaus/strip house. The considered setting covers the area between the Seine and the Rhine, from the 1st to the 3rd century. Thus this dissertation, although responding to the problems of regional archaeology, is based on a Euro-regional framework and includes the Northern France, Germany (Rhineland), Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in the study area. The thesis therefore makes a sparse and unpublished documentation available: about five hundred houses are analysed and redrawn; seventy of them, considered to be representative, are the subject of a qualitative catalogue.The common thread of this study is diversity. Archaeologists face significant heterogeneity at all levels of analysis, from the hierarchical and functional status of urban areas to the techniques and materials used in houses, to typological repertoires. Bringing this diversity into order makes it possible to observe macro-regional phenomena, but also to highlight the role of each local community in defining the shape of the house. The first volume presents the architectural, typological and functional analysis of houses. It also addresses less conventional issues, such as the study of the comfort or durability of buildings, based on ethnographic comparison and experimental archaeology. The second volume includes the inventory of the sites studied, the qualitative catalogue, as well as all the plans of the houses. / Diese Arbeit bietet eine systematische Untersuchung der Wohnverhältnisse in den Städten von Nord-Gallien in römischer Zeit, sowohl aus architektonischer als auch aus kultureller Sicht. Die nördlichen Typen des Römerhauses heben sich deutlich von ihren mediterranen Pendants ab: Es geht in dieser Arbeit darum, diese regionalen Besonderheiten hervorzuheben, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Raumgestaltung und -nutzung, aber auch bestimmte Paradigmen wie das Streifenhaus zu überschreiten. Der untersuchte Raum liegt zwischen Seine und Rhein; die untersuchte Zeitspanne reicht vom 1. bis zum 3. Jahrhundert. Diese Arbeit basiert also, trotz ihrer Beschäftigung mit lokalen archäologischen Fragen, auf einem euro-regionalen Rahmen und umfasst Nordfrankreich, Deutschland (Rheinland), Belgien, die Niederlande und Luxemburg als Untersuchungsbereich. Die Arbeit macht damit eine verstreute beziehungsweise bislang unveröffentlichte Dokumentation zugänglich: Etwa fünfhundert Häuser werden analysiert und neu gezeichnet; siebzig von ihnen, die als repräsentativ gelten, sind in einem Katalog erfasst.Der rote Faden dieser Studie ist die Diversität. Archäologen sehen sich mit einer ausgeprägten Heterogenität auf allen Ebenen der Analyse konfrontiert, vom hierarchischen und funktionalen Zustand der städtischen Gebiete über die Techniken und Materialien, die in Häusern verwendet werden, bis zu typologischen Repertoires. Eine Systematisierung dieser Vielfalt erlaubt es, makroregionale Phänomene zu beobachten, aber auch die Rolle jeder lokalen Gemeinschaft bei der Definition der Hausform hervorzuheben. Der erste Band stellt die architektonische, typologische und funktionale Analyse des Wohnens vor. Es geht dabei auch um weniger konventionelle Themen wie die Untersuchung des Komforts oder der Langlebigkeit von Gebäuden, die auf ethnographischen Vergleichen und experimenteller basiert.Der zweite Band enthält eine Bestandsaufnahme der untersuchten Standorte, einen Katalog sowie alle Pläne der Häuser.

This report is the final thesis and the conclusion of the final project that was done during the spring semester of 2009, in the city of Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic, West Indies by Caroline Knutsson and Kristina Myrberg. The project is based on the field studies that are done in the investigation together with the information from interviews from the construction sites and the collected information from the research. The focus is concentrated in an investigation about the construction techniques that are used, the building materials and the working conditions on the construction site. A study has been done of a Swedish model of urban planning with environmental objects (SAMS), made by the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket), and successively applied in a project in South Africa. With the purpose of investigate if it is possible to apply the same model in the Dominican Republic, a review of the current environmental- and urban planning in the country has been done.  Through the studies we think that an introduction of planning with environmental objectives and a development towards a sustainable and ecological society is possible in the Dominican Republic. After field studies on the construction sites, it was relevant to discuss the working conditions and the safety for the constructers. The thesis also deal with the waste problem, since it is a problem that is not taken care of neither in the building sector or in the society. The suggestion is to recycle and reuse more of the waste, especially all the concrete that is used in the buildings. Sweden have come a long way ahead in the questions of sustainable housing and ecological building, to spare and reduce the effect the building sector has on the environment. This is questions of more importance than ever today, when we are seeing the effects of the climate change in the world. An investigation is done of the possibility to apply any of the methods that are used in Sweden today to make the housing more sustainable and environmentally friendly, also in The Dominican Republic. The result is some suggestions of methods and technologies that might be applicable in the Dominican Republic.

<p>This report is the final thesis and the conclusion of the final project that was done during the spring semester of 2009, in the city of Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic, West Indies by Caroline Knutsson and Kristina Myrberg.</p><p>The project is based on the field studies that are done in the investigation together with the information from interviews from the construction sites and the collected information from the research. The focus is concentrated in an investigation about the construction techniques that are used, the building materials and the working conditions on the construction site. A study has been done of a Swedish model of urban planning with environmental objects (SAMS), made by the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket), and successively applied in a project in South Africa. With the purpose of investigate if it is possible to apply the same model in the Dominican Republic, a review of the current environmental- and urban planning in the country has been done.  Through the studies we think that an introduction of planning with environmental objectives and a development towards a sustainable and ecological society is possible in the Dominican Republic.</p><p>After field studies on the construction sites, it was relevant to discuss the working conditions and the safety for the constructers.</p><p>The thesis also deal with the waste problem, since it is a problem that is not taken care of neither in the building sector or in the society. The suggestion is to recycle and reuse more of the waste, especially all the concrete that is used in the buildings. Sweden have come a long way ahead in the questions of sustainable housing and ecological building, to spare and reduce the effect the building sector has on the environment. This is questions of more importance than ever today, when we are seeing the effects of the climate change in the world. An investigation is done of the possibility to apply any of the methods that are used in Sweden today to make the housing more sustainable and environmentally friendly, also in The Dominican Republic. The result is some suggestions of methods and technologies that might be applicable in the Dominican Republic.</p>

Arbetet syftar till att öka kunskapen om de medeltida takkonstruktioner och hur de är uppbyggda. Genom att göra en inventering och byggnadsundersökning av två takkonstruktioner i medeltida kyrkor. Resultatet av studien är tänkt att öka kunskapen av denna typ av byggnadsverk, dess kulturhistoriska värden och ge underlag för en långsiktig och hållbar förvaltning. De två kyrkorna som har undersökts är Drevs gamla kyrka och Hemmesjö gamla kyrka. I Sverige finns det många exemplar av välbevarade takkonstruktioner från medeltiden vilket är unikt. Examensarbetet genomfördes med hjälp av platsbesök, litteraturstudier och intervjuer, vilket var en bra kombination som gav ett tillförlitligt resultat. De personer som valdes att intervjuas är kunniga inom området och det var Samuel Palmblad från Kulturparken Småland samt timmerman och forskare Mattias Hallgren från Traditionsbärarna. Resultatet visar att båda kyrkorna är konstruerade i en romansk stil vilket är en arkitektonisk stil som var vanlig bland sockenkyrkorna under den tidiga medeltiden (1100-talet). Byggnadsteknikerna utvecklades under medeltiden vilket sakristian i Hemmesjö gamla kyrka visar med sin gotiska takkonstruktion från 1400-talet. Resultatet påpekar att båda dessa kyrkor är en del av Sveriges kulturarv och måste därefter bli behandlade på ett korrekt sätt för att dess kulturhistoriska värde inte ska förstöras. Resultatet påvisar även vikten av att dokumentera denna typ av takkonstruktioner då det ska fungera som en hjälp för förvaltningen av denna typ av bebyggelse. Detta examensarbete har svarat på varför det är viktigt att bevara de medeltida kyrkornas takkonstruktioner, dess byggnadstekniker samt vilken betydelse de kulturhistoriska värdena har. / The work aims to increase knowledge of the medieval roof structures and how they are built. By making an inventory and building survey of two roof structures in medieval churches. The result of the study is intended to increase knowledge of this type of building, its cultural-historical values ​​and provide a basis for long-term and sustainable management. The two churches are Drevs gamla kyrka (The old church of Drev) and Hemmesjös gamla kyrka (The old church of Hemmesjö), both are in Småland Sweden. The churches are well-preserved and have a history to tell through themselves. The study was possible through onsite study, article study and two interviews with Samuel Palmblad, Kulturparken Småland and Mattias Hallgren, Traditionsbärarna. The results have shown that the churches are built in a Romanic style which is an architectural expression on a building technology used during the early medieval time (12th century), with one part of the old church of Hemmesjö being built by using a later found building technology also called gothic style which was more common during late medieval time. During the interviews it was mentioned that these churches are heritage to Sweden and therefore need to be treated accordingly. There is still knowledge to be found and understood which will help with the preservation of the churches and their historical value. If the knowledge does not exist, there can be faults that happen which means that the values can be lost or misused which will lead to the destruction of a part of history. With little to no documents from the time they were built, it will be difficult to maintain for the people who work with the preservation if responsibility is not taken to learn more about these churches.  This study will look at the importance of preserving these churches and their roof constructions with the help of explaining the building technology and the culture-historical values.

In pieces I wanted to create a design solution inspired by traditional wooden furnitures. Furnitures, like the kitchen sofa with built in storage and a place to sleep or the lockable free-standing linen cabinet that held hand crafted treasures safe and clean inside. Furnitures that are large in size and can be hard to fit into smaller homes today but that holds a huge sentimental value to the owner and are often handed down through generations as heirlooms.   So what if I could weave in a piece of my own family history into a design solution that can fit in smaller living spaces while still be an attractive choice for larger ones?  Pieces resulted in two wooden cabinets that tell part of my family history through the repetitative, organic shapes that I have implemented into them. They are a tribute to my grandmother Aino and her three year younger sister Hanna and my way of symbolically reclaiming their right to the land, forests and lakes around their childhood home that the two sisters didn´t get to share with their siblings in the inheritance after my great grandparents.  The methods I have used in my research are surveys, workshops, in-depth interviews and my own observations. Major design decisions have been based on the input from my research process with the goal to display two full scale cabinets at Konstfack's spring exhibition in May 2023.

[ES] El valor de la arquitectura tradicional, entendida como aquella construida por la propia comunidad en base a sus condiciones, necesidades y recursos, reside en parte en las técnicas constructivas empleadas para ello al reflejar todo un proceso de adaptación, optimización y desarrollo de conocimiento durante siglos. Sin embargo, tanto el componente material como inmaterial de la arquitectura tradicional está actualmente amenazada por la industrialización, la despoblación, la pérdida de conocimientos, el abandono, la falta de valoración, etc. Los muros mixtos de madera son una técnica constructiva tradicional donde se combina un armazón de madera con una función principalmente estructural y una gran diversidad de materiales y soluciones para resolver las necesidades de cerramiento, revestimiento y aislamiento de los espacios definidos por el armazón. A pesar de que la arquitectura tradicional española se relaciona en el imaginario colectivo con la arquitectura de tapia y adobe, los muros mixtos de madera constituyen un elemento muy importante de la arquitectura tradicional de algunas zonas del territorio español, cuya gran diversidad y variedad demuestra la capacidad de adaptarse a unas condiciones geográficas, urbanísticas, arquitectónicas y constructivas concretas. Aunque poseen un gran interés a nivel histórico, cultural, etnológico y paisajístico, no se han estudiado al mismo nivel de profundidad que otras técnicas tradicionales españolas ni con el mismo nivel de detalle que se ha alcanzado en otros países con una gran presencia de muros mixtos de madera como Francia, Alemania, Inglaterra, Portugal, Italia, etc. En el contexto español, tanto en los tratados de arquitectura históricos y catálogos de arquitectura popular como en los estudios más recientes, las referencias a los muros mixtos son puntuales, centradas en muchos casos a una región o tipología concreta y sin llegar a profundizar en la forma de construcción. Ante esta situación, la presente investigación pretende ofrecer una visión general de los muros mixtos de madera en el territorio español, señalando la gran diversidad de variantes existentes, profundizando en su estado de conservación y determinando la forma en la que están siendo transformados. Para ello se ha basado en el análisis estadístico de 1.128 casos de estudio documentados repartidos por todo el territorio, cuya caracterización progresiva según diferentes variantes tipológicas, geométricas, materiales y acabados ha permitido reflejar la frecuencia y distribución de cada uno de los tipos identificados, así como señalar la lógica constructiva o razón de ser asociada. La comparación entre las características de las variantes identificadas y las condiciones geográficas, urbanísticas, arquitectónicas y constructivas ha permitido comprender las razones que han motivado su desarrollo y utilización en diferentes contextos. Asimismo, ante el panorama de desprotección y riesgo al que se enfrenta en general la arquitectura tradicional, se han estudiado los mecanismos de degradación y las dinámicas de transformación más frecuentes y se han comparado con las características constructivas para conocer la resiliencia y vulnerabilidad de la técnica en sí misma y las estrategias con las que los propietarios han hecho frente. De esta forma, una vez conocidos los muros mixtos de madera como técnica constructiva, incluyendo su diversidad y su vulnerabilidad, ha sido posible plantear una serie de recomendaciones y líneas guía para su conservación, intervención y puesta en valor. / [CAT] El valor de l'arquitectura tradicional, entesa com aquella construïda per la pròpia comunitat sobre la base de les seues condicions, necessitats i recursos, resideix en part en les tècniques constructives emprades per a això en reflectir tot un procés d'adaptació, optimització i desenvolupament de coneixement durant segles. No obstant això, tant el component material com immaterial de l'arquitectura tradicional està actualment amenaçada per la industrialització, la despoblació, la pèrdua de coneixements, l'abandó, la falta de valoració, etc. Els murs mixtos de fusta són una tècnica constructiva tradicional on es combina una armadura de fusta amb una funció principalment estructural i una gran diversitat de materials i solucions per a resoldre les necessitats de tancament, revestiment i aïllament dels espais definits per l'armadura. Malgrat que l'arquitectura tradicional espanyola es relaciona en l'imaginari col·lectiu amb l'arquitectura de tàpia i tova, els murs mixtos de fusta constitueixen un element molt important de l'arquitectura tradicional d'algunes zones del territori espanyol. La seua gran diversitat i varietat demostra la capacitat d'adaptar-se a unes condicions geogràfiques, urbanístiques, arquitectòniques i constructives concretes. Encara que posseeixen un gran interés a nivell històric, cultural, etnològic i paisatgístic, no s'han estudiat al mateix nivell de profunditat que altres tècniques tradicionals espanyoles ni amb el mateix nivell de detall que s'ha aconseguit en altres països amb una gran presència de murs mixtos de fusta com França, Alemanya, Anglaterra, Portugal, Itàlia, etc. En el context espanyol, tant en els tractats d'arquitectura històrics i catàlegs d'arquitectura popular com en els estudis més recents, les referències als murs mixtos són puntuals, centrades en molts casos a una regió o tipologia concreta i sense arribar a aprofundir en la forma de construcció. Davant aquesta situació, la present investigació pretén oferir una visió general dels murs mixtos de fusta en el territori espanyol, assenyalant la gran diversitat de variants existents, aprofundint en el seu estat de conservació i determinant la forma en la qual estan sent transformats. Per a això s'ha basat en l'anàlisi estadística de 1.128 casos d'estudi documentats per tot el territori, la caracterització progressiva en base a diferents variants tipològiques, geomètriques, materials i acabats ha permés reflectir la freqüència i distribució de cadascun dels tipus identificats, així com assenyalar la lògica constructiva o raó de ser associada. La comparació entre les característiques de les variants identificades i les condicions geogràfiques, urbanístiques, arquitectòniques i constructives ha permés comprendre les raons que han motivat el seu desenvolupament i utilització en diferents contextos. Així mateix, davant el panorama de desprotecció i risc al qual s'enfronta en general l'arquitectura tradicional, s'han estudiat els mecanismes de degradació i les dinàmiques de transformació més freqüents i s'han comparat amb les característiques constructives per a conéixer la resiliència i vulnerabilitat de la tècnica en si mateixa i les estratègies amb les quals els propietaris han fet front. D'aquesta manera, una vegada coneguts els murs mixtos de fusta com a tècnica constructiva, incloent-hi la seua diversitat i la seua vulnerabilitat, ha sigut possible plantejar una sèrie de recomanacions i línies guia per a la seua conservació, intervenció i posada en valor. / [EN] The value of traditional architecture understood as the architecture built by the local community based on its conditions, needs and resources, lies partly in its construction techniques. Those techniques reflect a whole process of adaptation, optimisation and development of knowledge over centuries. However, tangible and intangible components of traditional architecture are currently threatened by some factors such as industrialisation, depopulation, loss of knowledge, neglect or lack of appreciation. Half-timbered walls are a traditional construction technique that combines a timber frame with a mainly structural function and a wide range of materials and solutions to meet the enclosure needs, cladding and insulation of the spaces defined by the frame. Despite the fact that traditional Spanish architecture is associated in the collective imagination with the architecture of adobe and adobe, half-timbered walls are an essential element of the traditional architecture of certain areas of Spain, whose great diversity and variety demonstrate the ability to adapt to specific geographical, urbanistic, architectural and constructive conditions. Although their historical, cultural, ethnological and landscape value, they have not been studied at the same level of depth as other traditional techniques found in Spanish vernacular architecture, nor with the same level of detail as in other countries with a significant presence of half-timbered walls such as France, Germany, England, Portugal or Italy. In the Spanish context, whether in historical architectural treatises and catalogues of popular architecture or in more recent studies, references to half-timbered walls are occasional. The few specific studies tend to focus on a specific region or typology without giving a general view or going into the form of construction in depth. Given this situation, the present research aims to provide an overview of half-timbered walls in Spain, pointing out the great diversity of existing variants, examining their state of conservation and determining how they are being transformed. To this end, it has been based on the statistical analysis of 1,128 documented case studies spread throughout the territory. The progressive characterisation based on different typological, geometric, material and finish variants has made it possible to reflect the frequency and distribution of each of the identified types and point out the associated constructive logic or reason for their existence. Comparing the characteristics of the identified variants and the geographical, urban, architectural and constructive conditions has made it possible to understand the reasons behind their development and use in different contexts. Likewise, given the panorama of lack of protection and risk faced by traditional architecture in general, the mechanisms of degradation and the most frequent dynamics of transformation have been studied and compared with the construction characteristics in order to understand the resilience and vulnerability of the technique itself and the strategies used by the owners to overcome them. In this way, once half-timbered walls as a construction technique are known, including their diversity and vulnerability, it has been possible to propose a series of recommendations and guidelines for their conservation, intervention and enhancement. / Hueto Escobar, A. (2023). Los muros mixtos de madera en España. Estudio de una técnica tradicional para su puesta en valor y conservación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195845

The aim of this thesis is to propose and evaluate static three-storey reinforced concrete structure. For static analysis supporting structure was used computer program based on FEM SCIA - Engineer 2013 - student version. In computing program have been two independent computational models and in 2D and 3D space. The results were compared and evaluated with each other. On the basis of the report is drafted drawings consisting of reinforcement drawing and drawing shape.