Flexibilidade comportamental é a capacidade de ajustes comportamentais que permitem aos indivíduos responderem a um novo desafio ambiental podendo ser, ou pela modificação de suas respostas, ou por desenvolver novas estratégias diante de um novo estímulo. Esse novo comportamento pode ser alvo da seleção natural, apesar de não ser hereditário. O que é transferida para as próximas gerações, é a capacidade de ajustar o comportamento. Assim, é plausível assumir a existência de uma associação entre capacidades cognitivas e o desafio do ambiente. Neste contexto, espera-se que indivíduos territoriais exibam capacidades cognitivas associadas ao seu habitat específico. Estudos têm frequentemente focado em diferenças nas capacidades de resolução de problemas em animais de espécies e populações distintas. No entanto, o presente estudo compara capacidades de resolução de problemas de lagartos Tropidurus torquatus de uma mesma população que utilizam dois tipos de territórios, os quais diferem no grau de desafio: muros, ambientes desafiadores, e árvores, ambientes permissíveis. Essa espécie exibe um comportamento territorial em que machos dominantes e fêmeas associadas possuem uma fidelidade evidente aos seus territórios. Lagartos foram observados no campo para a caracterização do território e, posteriormente, realizaram testes de resolução de problemas no laboratório. Os resultados demonstraram que lagartos de ambientes desafiadores obtiveram um desempenho superior aos de ambientes permissíveis nos testes de resolução de problemas, e foram mais propensos em exibir uma inovação comportamental durante a resolução dos testes. As interpretações para esses resultados consistem em duas possíveis explicações. Lagartos de muros podem se beneficiar de capacidades cognitivas avançadas, pois a seleção natural teria agido na flexibilidade comportamental e selecionaria indivíduos que poderiam lidar com problemas de uma ambiente desafiador. Alternativamente, é possível que a maioria dos lagartos Tropidurus torquatus apresentem melhores capacidades de resolução de problema, porém esta característica estaria críptica, e apenas a interação entre o indivíduo e a vivência em ambientes desafiadores (muros) induziria o surgimento de melhores capacidades cognitivas. Os resultados desse estudo provavelmente indicam que diferenças nas capacidades de resolução de problemas e habilidades cognitivas entre indivíduos poderiam estar sob efeitos de regimes seletivos antes mesmo de ocorrer alguma segregação populacional. / Behavioral flexibility is the ability of behavioral adjustments that allow individuals to respond to a new environmental challenge by either modifying their responses or developing new strategies when facing novel stimuli. This new behavior may be target of natural selection, despite not being heritable. What is transferred to the next generation is the capacity to adjust behavior. Thus, it is plausible to assume the existence of an association between cognitive capabilities and environmental severity. In this context, it is expected that territorial individuals exhibit cognitive capabilities associated with their specific habitat. Studies have often been focused on differences of problem-solving capabilities in animals from different species and populations. Nevertheless, the present study compares problem-solving abilities of Tropidurus torquatus lizards from the same population that use two types of territories that differ in the level of harshness: house walls, a harsh environment, and trees, a mild environment. This species exhibits a territorial system where dominant males and associated females have an evident fidelity to their territories. Lizards were observed in the field for territory characterization and then performed problem-solving tests in the laboratory. The results show that lizards from harsh environments outperformed those from mild environments in the problem-solving tasks and were more likely to show a behavioral innovation when solving the task. Interpretations for these results resides on two possible explanations. Lizards from walls might benefit from enhanced cognitive capabilities because natural selection acted on behavioral flexibility and selected individuals that can deal with problems of a harsh environment. Alternatively, it is possible that the majority of Tropidurus torquatus lizards exhibit enhanced problem-solving capability, but this characteristic might be cryptic, and only the interaction between the individual and living in a harsh environment (walls) induces the emergence of enhanced cognitive capabilities. These findings probably indicate that differences in problem-solving and cognitive capabilities might be exposed to specific selective regimes even before population segregation occurs.

Flexibilidade comportamental é a capacidade de ajustes comportamentais que permitem aos indivíduos responderem a um novo desafio ambiental podendo ser, ou pela modificação de suas respostas, ou por desenvolver novas estratégias diante de um novo estímulo. Esse novo comportamento pode ser alvo da seleção natural, apesar de não ser hereditário. O que é transferida para as próximas gerações, é a capacidade de ajustar o comportamento. Assim, é plausível assumir a existência de uma associação entre capacidades cognitivas e o desafio do ambiente. Neste contexto, espera-se que indivíduos territoriais exibam capacidades cognitivas associadas ao seu habitat específico. Estudos têm frequentemente focado em diferenças nas capacidades de resolução de problemas em animais de espécies e populações distintas. No entanto, o presente estudo compara capacidades de resolução de problemas de lagartos Tropidurus torquatus de uma mesma população que utilizam dois tipos de territórios, os quais diferem no grau de desafio: muros, ambientes desafiadores, e árvores, ambientes permissíveis. Essa espécie exibe um comportamento territorial em que machos dominantes e fêmeas associadas possuem uma fidelidade evidente aos seus territórios. Lagartos foram observados no campo para a caracterização do território e, posteriormente, realizaram testes de resolução de problemas no laboratório. Os resultados demonstraram que lagartos de ambientes desafiadores obtiveram um desempenho superior aos de ambientes permissíveis nos testes de resolução de problemas, e foram mais propensos em exibir uma inovação comportamental durante a resolução dos testes. As interpretações para esses resultados consistem em duas possíveis explicações. Lagartos de muros podem se beneficiar de capacidades cognitivas avançadas, pois a seleção natural teria agido na flexibilidade comportamental e selecionaria indivíduos que poderiam lidar com problemas de uma ambiente desafiador. Alternativamente, é possível que a maioria dos lagartos Tropidurus torquatus apresentem melhores capacidades de resolução de problema, porém esta característica estaria críptica, e apenas a interação entre o indivíduo e a vivência em ambientes desafiadores (muros) induziria o surgimento de melhores capacidades cognitivas. Os resultados desse estudo provavelmente indicam que diferenças nas capacidades de resolução de problemas e habilidades cognitivas entre indivíduos poderiam estar sob efeitos de regimes seletivos antes mesmo de ocorrer alguma segregação populacional. / Behavioral flexibility is the ability of behavioral adjustments that allow individuals to respond to a new environmental challenge by either modifying their responses or developing new strategies when facing novel stimuli. This new behavior may be target of natural selection, despite not being heritable. What is transferred to the next generation is the capacity to adjust behavior. Thus, it is plausible to assume the existence of an association between cognitive capabilities and environmental severity. In this context, it is expected that territorial individuals exhibit cognitive capabilities associated with their specific habitat. Studies have often been focused on differences of problem-solving capabilities in animals from different species and populations. Nevertheless, the present study compares problem-solving abilities of Tropidurus torquatus lizards from the same population that use two types of territories that differ in the level of harshness: house walls, a harsh environment, and trees, a mild environment. This species exhibits a territorial system where dominant males and associated females have an evident fidelity to their territories. Lizards were observed in the field for territory characterization and then performed problem-solving tests in the laboratory. The results show that lizards from harsh environments outperformed those from mild environments in the problem-solving tasks and were more likely to show a behavioral innovation when solving the task. Interpretations for these results resides on two possible explanations. Lizards from walls might benefit from enhanced cognitive capabilities because natural selection acted on behavioral flexibility and selected individuals that can deal with problems of a harsh environment. Alternatively, it is possible that the majority of Tropidurus torquatus lizards exhibit enhanced problem-solving capability, but this characteristic might be cryptic, and only the interaction between the individual and living in a harsh environment (walls) induces the emergence of enhanced cognitive capabilities. These findings probably indicate that differences in problem-solving and cognitive capabilities might be exposed to specific selective regimes even before population segregation occurs.

The number of electrical machines used in modern road-vehicles is continuously increasing to meet regulatory requirements regarding safety and efficiency, as well as consumer expectations in terms of comfort. For auxiliary applications, such as cooling fan or pumps, permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are extensively used owing to their high power density. This thesis focuses on the modelling aspects of PMSMs, with a particular focus on finite-element and reduced-order models to be used in system-level simulations. 2-D and 3-D parametric finite-element (FE) models are developed, allowing to compute irreversible demagnetization in addition to the standard quantities such as torque, back electromotive force and flux-linkages. The effects of magnet overhang on the performance of an interior PMSM is briefly discussed. Using the FE model, a reduced-order lookup-table (LUT) based electromagnetic model, having similar accuracy as FE analysis, is then developed. Coupled to a mechanical state-space representation obtained from a modal FE analysis, the final model allows to compute electromagnetic induced vibrations under pulse width modulation supply. The validation of the complete workflow is carried out on a 12slot-10pole PMSM used to drive a cooling fan. After fitting the damping coefficient in the structural state-space model, the results are in agreement with the experimental results. Due to the usage of LUTs, the simulation time is low compared to a pure FE analysis. This allows the model to be used to optimize low noise control strategies. To conclude this thesis, the parametric FE model is used in an optimization routine to minimize the cost and vibrations of the motor, whilst satisfying the working points. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Digital hydraulics is one of promising technologies having a huge potential to significantly improve energy efficiency in the fluid power industry. In this paper, we present a digital hydraulics solution for mobile market with a large ammount of energy usage by hydraulic components and systems. Specifically, a novel hydraulic architecture, Multiplex Digital Valve (MDV) system that employs digital valves to meet multiple service pressure/flow requirement in off highway vehicles, is introduced. With MDV being integrated in an execavator, signficant hydraulic power saving have been validated compared to the baseline machine with the negative flow control (NFC) architecture. In addition, considering noise is still a critical hurdle for digital hydraulics to be adoped, we develop several noise reduction methods that have been evaluated in simulation environment and implemented in the above MDV. The sound pressure measured from the retrofitted MDV solution with the NVH treatment in the excavator has been improved signficantly over the untreated system such that it is nearly comparable to the baseline machine. The paper also briefly presents the sound quality study for better understanding of human perception and acceptance to nonconventional sound.

No description available.

With increasing focus on electromobility many companies are developing vehicles powered by an electric energy source. Previously, engines used to be the most prominent source of noise in a traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle. Although engines are optimized to produce lower noise levels, the wide frequency range of an engine makes the sound generated by them more acceptable and less annoying when compared to narrow frequency tonal noise exhibited by electric transmission systems. Moreover, structural vibrations and whine noise from electric powertrain is more prominent in absence of the masking effect from engines. Hence, Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) study of electric powertrain assembly is of paramount importance even though electric vehicles are quieter than their ICE counterparts. In this thesis, the electric powertrain used for running hydraulic systems in an excavator is analysed in order to study its vibro-acoustic characteristics and optimize the gear design for improved NVH performance. The main objective of this project is to simulate the vibrations generated by motor and gear transmission error excitations, and consequently propose optimization methods to reduce the gear whine noise. The powertrain has been analysed using Romax 2020.1, a drivetrain analysis software. Ansys 2020 R2 has been used as a meshing tool for generating FE mesh of gearbox and motor components. The motor excitation forces are calculated in Ansys Maxwell as a separate student thesis. These forces are then imported into Romax to study the behaviour of the powertrain due to motor excitation forces. Vibration analysis is carried out on the powertrain to understand the effects of various forces on its dynamic response. Further, design of experiments is carried out based on which micro geometry modifications of gear tooth are recommended to optimize the vibration response of the powertrain. / Med ökande fokus på elektromobilitet utvecklar många företag fordon som drivs av batteridrivna elmotorer. Tidigare var förbränningsmotorn den mest framträdande bullerkällan. Buller från förbränningsmotorer är dock mindre irriterade än från elmotorer, eftersom de är optimerade för att generera låga ljudnivåer med breda frekvensområden. Elektriska drivlinor har ett smalfrekvent tonalt brus som upplevs som irriterande. Dessutom är strukturella vibrationer och så kallat kuggvin från belastade kuggväxlar hos en elektrisk drivlina mer framträdande i utan maskeringseffekten från en förbränningsmotor. Detta betyder att vi behöver studera buller och vibrationer, på engelska kallat Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH), hos elektriska drivlinor även om elfordon är tystare än sina föregångare. I det här arbetet analyserades den elektriska drivlinan som används för att driva hydraulsystemet till en grävmaskin. Drivlinans vibroakustiska egenskaper studerades och målet var att optimera kuggväxeldesignens NVH-prestanda. Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är att simulera vibrationerna som genereras av motor- och växeltransmissionsfelexcitationer och föreslå optimeringsmetoder för att minska växelljudet. Drivlinan har analyserats med hjälp av Romax 2020.1, en programvara för analys av drivlinor. Finita Element (FE)-programmet Ansys 2020 R2 har använts som ett meshverktyg för att generera beräkningsnät av växellåda och motorkomponenter. De motoriska excitationskrafterna beräknades i Ansys Maxwell som en separat studentuppsats. Dessa krafter importerades sedan till Romax för att studera drivlinans beteende på grund av motoriska excitationskrafter. Vibrationsanalys utfördes på drivlinan för att förstå effekterna, den dynamiska responsen, av olika krafter. Vidare genomfördes ett design av experiment baserat på vilka mikrogeometrimodifieringar av kugghjul som rekommenderas för att optimera drivlinans vibrationsrespons.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The aim of this thesis is examination and verification of numeric model for solving acoustics and vibration problems. Specifically, we are speaking about cast iron plate machined from gearbox. Main objectives of this work is set of experimental and numerical analysis at this simplified part with follow-up numerical model, where same analyses examining not only structure, but especially acoustic space around were performed. Due to this we were able to compare data between experimental and numerical analyses and to be able to prove or disprove functionality and limitation of numerical model.