Aim The commercial success of some low cost airlines presents the low cost model as very attractive. Until now their main focus has been on short-haul routes, but it is no surprise that they show an interest in entering the long-haul routes market as recent trends are very promising. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the low cost business model is applicable for long-haul routes, which parts of the model are transferable to long-haul services, what competitors responses might be and whether there is potential for low cost airlines operating in Scandinavia to gain frequent, well paying and demanding business travelers on their future long-haul routes. Method In this study a survey method with structured questionnaire distributed by e-mail has been used to collect the primary data. The main source of secondary data has been airline industry literature, newspapers, magazines and data provided by aviation statistical organizations. The empirical part of this study is conducted as a quantitative and qualitative study. Intention of empirical part is to find detailed information and describe business travelers’ behavior, corporate travel policies, business trips pattern and attitude towards low cost airlines. Conclusions The cost savings that low cost airlines achieved in the short-haul market will be much more difficult to achieve to long-haul services. In terms of areas where airlines can achieve cost leadership labor costs is certainly the best area to attack. To be successful, low cost airlines would have to adopt some elements of the traditional business model. But the success of long-haul low cost airlines will not only depend on achieving cost advantages. Availability of leisure time for long-haul trips and response of competitors will be other factors. Suggestions for future research A deeper analysis of low cost long-haul airlines potential could be possible with survey among leisure travelers and VFR (visiting friends and relatives) segment. Contribution of the Study This study has arrived at the conclusion that in order to be successful on long-haul routes low cost airlines would have to keep most of the features of traditional airlines. Low cost long-haul airlines would most probably be successful in pure leisure routes, ethnic markets, during peak season and on dense point to point destinations.

Nowadays, the long-haul optical fiber communication system is one of the important way to convey the information, and there is strong competition of research in the optical long-haul transmission to achieve high channel bit rates and large transmission capacity. Therefore, it is important to study a technology to improve the performance of such system. The return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK) and the return-to-zero differential quadrature phase-shift keying (RZ-DQPSK) have received renewed attention recently for the long-haul transmission systems, because they can improve the transmission performance of the long-haul system. Furthermore, the design of the dispersion map becomes significantly different from that of the conventional system using the intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD) scheme. Besides, the RZ-DQPSK can transmit two bits per symbol, so it has twice the spectral efficiency of the RZ-DPSK. This study is focusing on the difference of the transmission performance of the long-haul RZ-DQPSK system due to the dispersion map using the numerical simulation.

Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (APSK) format is one of the most attractive advanced modulation formats because of its good spectral efficiency. As the information bandwidth of the current optical fiber communication system is limited by the optical amplifier bandwidth, it is important to utilize the limited bandwidth effectively. This master thesis focuses on to study the transmission performance of the APSK format both theoretically and experimentally. At first, a theoretical study was conducted using a numerical simulation. As the Extinction Ratio (ER) of the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) signal affects the performances of both the ASK and the Phase Shift Keying (PSK) signals, the effect of the ER upon the transmission performance of the APSK format was studied. A clear trade-off between the performance of the ASK signal and the PSK signal due to the change of the ER was observed. Then, in order to improve the performance of the APSK format, a method to improve the transmission performance was proposed. This method was named as ¡§zero-nulling method¡¨, and it solved the trade-off issue caused by the ER. The effectiveness of this method was confirmed through the numerical simulation. Next, an experimental study was conducted. An experimental setup including 330km optical fiber transmission line was prepared, and it was used to confirm the results of the theoretical simulation. The performance trade-off between the ASK and the PSK signals due to the ER was confirmed experimentally. Finally, another experimental study was conducted. An experimental setup of 500km transmission line was used for this study. By adopting the recirculating loop experimental setup, the transmission length could be extended to a few thousand kilometers. The applicability of the ¡§zero-nulling method¡¨ was confirmed using this experimental setup.

Despite the controversy over environmental sustainability, salmon aquaculture in British Columbia is economically important for many coastal communities and is reported as being the largest agricultural export product for the province. This thesis examined the welfare status of commercially produced Atlantic salmon smolts during transport from freshwater farms to the saltwater net pens using physiology and behaviour to assess transport stress. Smolts were transported first by truck from the freshwater farm to the dock, and then in the flow-through cargo holds of a live-haul vessel to the saltwater net pens. Fish and water were sampled before and after truck transport, and several times aboard the vessel. Assessment of stress was based on measurement of plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, potassium, sodium and chloride concentrations, as well as behavioural observations made on underwater video footage. Seven transports of fish originating from two different hatcheries were sampled; one was a land-based tank hatchery that required a 30-min drive to the dock, and the other a lake net pen facility that was 90 min to the dock. Analysis of plasma constituents supported previous studies that recovery from the stress accumulated during loading and truck transport can be quite rapid in a live-haul vessel. Underwater video footage, recorded at the freshwater farms and in the cargo holds of the Sterling Carrier, also suggested recovery onboard in that for the most part, behaviour onboard was similar to behaviour at the freshwater farms. There were some significant differences between fish from the two types of hatcheries, particularly in the original hatchery conditions and in their behavioural responses to transport conditions; however, post-transport growth and mortality rates reported by the saltwater farms showed no significant difference. Although fish were subjected to moderately stressful conditions during part of the process, smolt transport as currently carried out by our industry partners reflects good husbandry practices and fish welfare.

Despite the controversy over environmental sustainability, salmon aquaculture in British Columbia is economically important for many coastal communities and is reported as being the largest agricultural export product for the province. This thesis examined the welfare status of commercially produced Atlantic salmon smolts during transport from freshwater farms to the saltwater net pens using physiology and behaviour to assess transport stress. Smolts were transported first by truck from the freshwater farm to the dock, and then in the flow-through cargo holds of a live-haul vessel to the saltwater net pens. Fish and water were sampled before and after truck transport, and several times aboard the vessel. Assessment of stress was based on measurement of plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, potassium, sodium and chloride concentrations, as well as behavioural observations made on underwater video footage. Seven transports of fish originating from two different hatcheries were sampled; one was a land-based tank hatchery that required a 30-min drive to the dock, and the other a lake net pen facility that was 90 min to the dock. Analysis of plasma constituents supported previous studies that recovery from the stress accumulated during loading and truck transport can be quite rapid in a live-haul vessel. Underwater video footage, recorded at the freshwater farms and in the cargo holds of the Sterling Carrier, also suggested recovery onboard in that for the most part, behaviour onboard was similar to behaviour at the freshwater farms. There were some significant differences between fish from the two types of hatcheries, particularly in the original hatchery conditions and in their behavioural responses to transport conditions; however, post-transport growth and mortality rates reported by the saltwater farms showed no significant difference. Although fish were subjected to moderately stressful conditions during part of the process, smolt transport as currently carried out by our industry partners reflects good husbandry practices and fish welfare.

O preço atual do minério de ferro obrigou as empresas a reduzirem os custos operacionais na fase mina. O carregamento e transporte de materiais com utilização de escavadeiras e caminhões grande porte representam grande parcela do custo total, particularmente com pneus, diesel, manutenção e mão de obra. Metas de movimentação anual são divididas durante os meses e as condições climáticas podem influenciar na produtividade e desempenho dos equipamentos. O banco de dados da movimentação mensal está condicionado com a capacidade de cada caminhão. Cada frota possui o payload característico e este representa a capacidade de transporte, sendo o valor da massa transportada o único parâmetro extraído em cada ciclo, sem considerar o posicionamento do material sobre a caçamba dos equipamentos. Forças de cisalhamento e torção são aplicadas constantemente no chassi e pneus dos caminhões e, quando as cargas estão descentralizadas, potencializam estes eventos. O transporte de cargas descentralizadas agride os pneus diminuindo a vida útil causando danos como deslocamento da banda de rodagem e separação do flanco. Este trabalho teve como objetivo diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas e os custos operacionais. Para incrementar o posicionamento do material sobre as caçambas, a telemetria foi a ferramenta utilizada. Análises de pressões de suspensões indicam o posicionamento das cargas e através desses valores foi criado um banco de dados. Este banco de dados pode indicar qual operador de carga precisa de reciclagem, contribuindo para a redução de cargas descentralizadas e custos, uma vez que cargas deste perfil sucateiam precocemente pneus e suspensões. O estudo foi realizado em Itabira, em uma mina de minério de ferro a céu aberto. A metodologia comprovou ser capaz diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas assim como aumentar a vida útil de pneus. Uma possível economia foi apresentada para ano de 2014, período em que a média das horas trabalhadas de pneus ficou abaixo da meta aumentando os custos fase mina. / The actual iron ore price forces the companies to reduce costs in all production steps of the mining operation. Loading and hauling materials using shovel-truck system represents the highest mining costs, particularly tires, diesel, maintenance and workforce. Annual goals of materials movement are split by months were weather conditions can affect productivity and performance of the fleet. The data file of the monthly material movement is based on the scale of each truck. Every fleet has a payload and it represents the capacity of hauling, being the value of loading a unique input extracted in each duty cycle, without taking into account the position of the material over the truck’s dump. Shear forces and torsion are applied all time at the frames trucks and, when the truckloads are unbalanced, increases the forces over the frame and tires. Transport unbalanced truckloads into long distances attack the tires and decrease its end of life, causing damages like displacement of tread and flank separation. The objective of this study is to propose a methodology to decrease unbalanced truck loads reducing the mining costs. In this mission of incorporating a material position on the truck´s dump, the telemetry was taking into consideration. The analysis of the suspension pressures data values shows the truckloads positions and with this data was created a databank. This databank indicates that the operators need truck load training to reduce unbalanced loads and truck costs in the mining operation, since unbalanced loads leads to early tires and suspensions scrap. The case study was carried out at Itabira Iron Ore Mine Complex, Brazil. This methodology was able to reduce the number of unbalanced truck loads as well as the tires life was increased. An economic saving estimate is presented based on 2014 scrapped tires data bank, in this year the tires life cycle was underneath, burdening operational costs.

Currently Brazil grows increasingly in rates of food production, which enables national and international expancion , year after year , growth rates have grown rapidly , and agricultural expansion becomes necessary. Territorial expansion has necessitated the search for adversal regions for the development of the modalities, and this has brought some concern to producers ,since a large part of the land to be exploited is massive and present acidity with low levels of Ca and Mn . To resolve this problem ,and realized the process of liming , which helps in soil remediation . The study a lims to identify the performance of a centrifugal distributorhaul Hercules 10000, through the application of liming on land not in the city of Impatiens in Rio Grande do Sul, th estudy examined the implementation of a type of limes to need just dolomite in a range of 300 m long x 12 m wide , through a double disccentrifuge equipment , and 6 years to the distributor by gravityand the same held two passes , return to complete the 12 meter swith 4 replicates for each machine . To analyze the segregation of the particles ,collecting trays with checkered grid of 0.50 x 0.50 m willing very 1 meter in length with in the range of application we reused . The averageof4replicationswas no difference between Tray 1 ( 1 m from equipment ) and Tray 6 ( transpassive 12 m ) of 23.75% on the amount of particles small erth an 0.30 mm ( reagents 100 % 1st year ) , where it tray 1 had 88.1 % of these particles and tray 6 has obtained 64.35 % . / Atualmente o Brasil cresce cada vez mais nos índices de produção de alimentos, o que possibilita a expansão nacional e internacional, ano após ano, os índices têm crescido rapidamente, e a expansão agrícola se torna necessário. A expansão territorial tem necessitado a busca de regiões adversas para o desenvolvimento das modalidades, e isso tem trazido algumas preocupações para produtores, uma vez que grande parte dos terrenos a ser explorados é cerrada e apresentam acidez com baixos índices de Ca e Mn. Para resolver esse problema, e realizado o processo de calagem, que ajuda na correção do solo. O estudo tem como objetivo identificar o desempenho de uma distribuidora a lanço centrífuga Hércules 10000, através da aplicação da calagem num terreno na cidade de Não-Me-toque no Rio Grande do Sul, o estudo analisou a aplicação de um pó de calcário do tipo dolomítico numa faixa de 300 m de comprimento x 12 m de largura, através de um equipamento centrífugo duplo disco, e 6 metros para o distribuidor por gravidade sendo que o mesmo realizou duas passadas, ida e volta para completar os 12 metros com 4 repetições para cada máquina. Para se analisar a segregação das partículas, foram utilizadas bandejas com grade coletora quadriculada de 0,50 x 0,50m disposta a cada 1 metro de comprimento dentro da faixa de aplicação. Na média das 4 repetições houve uma diferença entre a bandeja 1 (1 m do equipamento) e a bandeja 6 (transpasse 12 m) de 23,75 % da quantidade de partículas menores que 0,30mm (reagentes 100% 1º ano), onde que a bandeja 1 obteve 88,1 % destas partículas e a bandeja 6 obteve 64,35 %.

O preço atual do minério de ferro obrigou as empresas a reduzirem os custos operacionais na fase mina. O carregamento e transporte de materiais com utilização de escavadeiras e caminhões grande porte representam grande parcela do custo total, particularmente com pneus, diesel, manutenção e mão de obra. Metas de movimentação anual são divididas durante os meses e as condições climáticas podem influenciar na produtividade e desempenho dos equipamentos. O banco de dados da movimentação mensal está condicionado com a capacidade de cada caminhão. Cada frota possui o payload característico e este representa a capacidade de transporte, sendo o valor da massa transportada o único parâmetro extraído em cada ciclo, sem considerar o posicionamento do material sobre a caçamba dos equipamentos. Forças de cisalhamento e torção são aplicadas constantemente no chassi e pneus dos caminhões e, quando as cargas estão descentralizadas, potencializam estes eventos. O transporte de cargas descentralizadas agride os pneus diminuindo a vida útil causando danos como deslocamento da banda de rodagem e separação do flanco. Este trabalho teve como objetivo diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas e os custos operacionais. Para incrementar o posicionamento do material sobre as caçambas, a telemetria foi a ferramenta utilizada. Análises de pressões de suspensões indicam o posicionamento das cargas e através desses valores foi criado um banco de dados. Este banco de dados pode indicar qual operador de carga precisa de reciclagem, contribuindo para a redução de cargas descentralizadas e custos, uma vez que cargas deste perfil sucateiam precocemente pneus e suspensões. O estudo foi realizado em Itabira, em uma mina de minério de ferro a céu aberto. A metodologia comprovou ser capaz diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas assim como aumentar a vida útil de pneus. Uma possível economia foi apresentada para ano de 2014, período em que a média das horas trabalhadas de pneus ficou abaixo da meta aumentando os custos fase mina. / The actual iron ore price forces the companies to reduce costs in all production steps of the mining operation. Loading and hauling materials using shovel-truck system represents the highest mining costs, particularly tires, diesel, maintenance and workforce. Annual goals of materials movement are split by months were weather conditions can affect productivity and performance of the fleet. The data file of the monthly material movement is based on the scale of each truck. Every fleet has a payload and it represents the capacity of hauling, being the value of loading a unique input extracted in each duty cycle, without taking into account the position of the material over the truck’s dump. Shear forces and torsion are applied all time at the frames trucks and, when the truckloads are unbalanced, increases the forces over the frame and tires. Transport unbalanced truckloads into long distances attack the tires and decrease its end of life, causing damages like displacement of tread and flank separation. The objective of this study is to propose a methodology to decrease unbalanced truck loads reducing the mining costs. In this mission of incorporating a material position on the truck´s dump, the telemetry was taking into consideration. The analysis of the suspension pressures data values shows the truckloads positions and with this data was created a databank. This databank indicates that the operators need truck load training to reduce unbalanced loads and truck costs in the mining operation, since unbalanced loads leads to early tires and suspensions scrap. The case study was carried out at Itabira Iron Ore Mine Complex, Brazil. This methodology was able to reduce the number of unbalanced truck loads as well as the tires life was increased. An economic saving estimate is presented based on 2014 scrapped tires data bank, in this year the tires life cycle was underneath, burdening operational costs.

Nos últimos anos, tem-se presenciado um contínuo aumento na demanda por transporte de carga ferroviário no Brasil, o que tem se refletido em maior volume de projetos para expansão ou revitalização da malha existente no país. Diante deste quadro atual, torna-se essencial que o profissional envolvido com a elaboração de projetos da via permanente tenha em mãos informações atualizadas a respeito da variedade de componentes da grade ferroviária existente no mercado, a fim de que os projetos atendam plenamente às necessidades do cliente. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo pesquisar e analisar os tipos de componentes existentes no mercado usados na composição da grade ferroviária (trilhos, dormentes e fixações), com foco principal naqueles que podem ser aplicados às ferrovias de transporte de carga. Primeiramente, a partir de pesquisa em material bibliográfico nacional e internacional, serão descritos os principais aspectos técnicos que devem ser considerados no processo de avaliação destes componentes, tendo como base os parâmetros de projeto da via estabelecidos previamente de acordo com as exigências da operação de carga, tais como: carga por eixo, velocidade de operação, rampa máxima, etc. Em seguida, serão apresentados os tipos de trilhos, dormentes (madeira, concreto monobloco e bi-bloco, aço e plástico) e fixações (rígidas e elásticas) existentes atualmente no mercado e suas características de desempenho e condições de uso estabelecidas pelos respectivos fabricantes. Os dados obtidos nas duas etapas descritas anteriormente serão analisados e confrontados, de forma que seja possível explicitar as relações de interdependência que existem entre os diferentes tipos de componentes. Ao final do trabalho, será apresentado um modelo de fluxograma que reúne os dados de entrada para o projeto da ferrovia de transporte de carga, as diretrizes técnicas que devem ser atendidas em seu projeto e, por fim, os tipos de componentes da grade ferroviária que podem ser empregados de acordo com o caso estudado. Com isso, espera-se que o produto final gerado possa ser uma ferramenta útil na etapa de concepção de novos projetos ferroviários, visto que apresentará de maneira clara e objetiva um conjunto de informações bastante abrangente e atualizado a respeito dos critérios técnicos e das opções de componentes disponíveis no mercado, fornecendo uma orientação inicial consistente ao profissional envolvido sobre os materiais que podem ser aplicados à via em estudo. / Over the last years, a continuous increase on demand for railroad heavy haul transport has been witnessed in Brazil, reflecting in bigger volume of projects for expansion or improvement of the existing lines in the country. With this current situation, it becomes essential that the professional involved with the elaboration of projects of the permanent way should have information brought up to date regarding the variety of components of the existing railroad materials in the market, so that the projects take care of fully to the necessities of the customer. Thus being, the present work has as main objective to search and to analyze the types of existing components in the market used in the composition of the railroad superstructure (rails, ties and fastenings), with main focus in that which can be applied to the heavy haul railways. First, from research in national and international bibliographical material, the main aspects related to the performance that must be considered in the process of evaluation of these components will be describes, having as base the design parameters of the way established previously in accordance with the requirements of the load operation, such as: position for axle, speed of operation, maximum slope, and others. After that, the types of rails, ties (wood ties, monoblock and bi-block concrete ties, steel ties and plastic ties) and fastenings (rigid and elastic) currently available in the market and its characteristics of performance and conditions of use will be presented, according to the information provided by the its respective manufacturers. All the reports showed in the two previous described stages will be analyzed and compared, so that is possible to highlight the interdependence relations that exist between the different types of components. At the end of the work, a flowchart model which gathers the input data about the heavy haul railroad, the performance guidelines that should be followed and the types of components of the railroad superstructure that can be used in accordance to the studied case, will be presented. With that, it is expected that the produced flowchart could be a useful tool in the stage of design of a new railroad, once it will present in a clear and objective way an embracing and up-to-date set of information regarding the performance criteria and the options of components available in the market, supplying a consistent initial orientation to the designer about the materials that could be applied to the railway.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-27T13:01:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Robson_Almeida__2018.pdf: 1766568 bytes, checksum: 32a39db59751d708199d8b0c7ff9aec8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T13:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Robson_Almeida__2018.pdf: 1766568 bytes, checksum: 32a39db59751d708199d8b0c7ff9aec8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / The correction of soil acidity and fertility maintenance are essential factors to enhance the productive potential of crops. However, failures have been recurrent during the application process of these correctives and nutrients. This is due to poorly adjusted equipment problems, products to be applied with very heterogeneous physical characteristics and even to planning failures. This work had the objective of evaluating the influence of the humidity of two limestones on the distribution to the haul in centrifugal distributor equipment. The experiment will be conducted in an area of agricultural production in the West of Paraná, was used tractor-distributor of correctives and fertilizers with distributor of centrifugal discs. Prior tests were performed with calcitic limestone for profile adjustment, and two types of limestone, calcitic and dolomitic, were evaluated in four moisture contents each, applied in fixed rate and constant velocity. The analyzes were in a 2x4 factorial scheme with five replicates for each sample. The coefficients of variation of the transverse profile in the fixed and variable width application range were determined in three working systems. It was also demonstrated the coefficient of variation of the longitudinal profile, in addition to the characterization of limestones, such as angle of repose, density, gravimetric humidity and grain size, as well as the environmental conditions at the time of the test. It was concluded that the moisture content of the limestones varied over time, the density of the limestones in the moisture content and the rest angle were the same. With the increase of the moisture content of limestones, it is possible to increase working width, since it is also possible to increase the CV% of the transversal profile. The lower CV% of the transversal profile reduced the width of the applied strip of the two limestones. In the longitudinal application profile, the greater the distance from the center of the applied range, the higher the CV% of the product deposited at the ends of the dolomitic limestone regardless of the moisture content. / A correção da acidez dos solos e a manutenção da fertilidade são fatores essenciais para elevar o potencial produtivo das culturas. Entretanto, falhas tem sido recorrentes durante o processo de aplicação destes corretivos e nutrientes. Isso se deve a problemas de equipamentos mal ajustados, produtos a serem aplicados com características físicas muito heterogêneas e até mesmo por falhas no planejamento. Este trabalho teve o objetivo avaliar a influência da umidade de dois calcários sobre a distribuição a lanço em equipamento distribuidor centrífugo. O experimento foi realizado em uma área de produção agrícola do Oeste do Paraná, foi utilizado conjunto trator-distribuidor de corretivos e fertilizantes com distribuidor de discos centrífugos. Foram realizados testes prévios com calcário calcítico para ajuste de perfil, e posteriormente avaliados dois tipos de calcários, calcítico e dolomítico, em quatro teores de umidades cada, aplicados em taxa fixa e velocidade constante. As análises foram em esquema fatorial 2x4 com cinco repetições para cada amostra. Foram determinados os coeficientes de variação do perfil transversal na faixa de aplicação em largura fixa e variável, em três sistemas de trabalho. Demonstrou-se ainda o coeficiente de variação do perfil longitudinal, além das caracterizações dos calcários, como ângulo de repouso, densidade, umidade gravimétrica e granulometria, e também as condições ambientais no momento do ensaio. Concluiu-se o teor de umidade dos calcários sofreram variações ao longo do tempo, a densidade dos calcários nos teores intermediários de umidade e o ângulo de repouso foram iguais. Com o aumento do teor de umidade dos calcários, é possível aumentar largura de trabalho, desde que se admita também o aumento do CV% do perfil transversal. O menor CV% do perfil transversal reduziu a largura da faixa aplicada dos dois calcários. No perfil longitudinal de aplicação, quanto maior a distância do centro da faixa aplicada, maior será o CV% do produto depositado nas extremidades do calcário dolomítico independente do teor de umidade.