MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Antenatal care is the health care that women receive during pregnancy before the delivery of a baby; it aims to detect and treat existing health problems and to screen for complications that may develop in pregnancy. The aim of the study was to explore and describe knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards antenatal care services in Mbombela Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach was used. The sample selected for the study from the population of pregnant women consisted of 18 pregnant women who attended ANC at six PHC facilities in Mbombela Municipality. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the PHC facilities and the participants. Data was collected through in-depth individual interviews. The open coding method was used to analyse the data. To ensure that ethical considerations were taken into consideration, permission to conduct the study was obtained from the University of Venda Ethics Committee and the Mpumalanga Department of Health. Participation in the study was voluntary and the ethically approved protocol of informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality were adhered to. Trustworthiness was ensured by considering the criteria of transferability, credibility, dependability and applicability. The results from the study indicated that pregnant women knew about ANC services, but their knowledge of the best time to initiate ANC, as well as the procedures and importance of ANC was poor. The study found that the participants had favourable and unfavourable attitudes to ANC services. This indicates that there is a need for intensive health education regarding ANC services in the area. Findings from the study led to recommendations that there is a need to review ANC programmes to improve the knowledge of pregnant women and communities and also to address the challenges faced by women when accessing ANC services. / NRF

Smoking, physical activity, and insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption have been linked to increased instances of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, hypertension, numerous cancers, and complications surrounding blood pressure and blood cholesterol. In the United States approximately 22% of college students have smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days; 70-85% are not meeting recommended levels of physical activity; and 75% are not consuming recommended levels of fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption behaviors of self reported smokers and nonsmokers, and to determine the predictors of healthy behaviors at a mid-sized university in the southern region of the United States using the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Belief Model. Students in this study (N = 461) completed a written questionnaire during March-May 2012. Results indicated that 20% of the population smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days, with men being more likely to smoke than women. Physical activity was found to be significant to smoking status; however, fruit and vegetable consumption was not significant. Multiple regression determined the following constructs significantly predicted smoking status: attitudes and intentions from the Theory of Planned Behavior and perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action from the Health Belief Model. The results of this study may be utilized to address differences in college student engagement in adverse health behaviors, and in the enhancement of future smoking interventions on college campuses.

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Att leva strikt hälsosamt och att unna sig frestelser är två faktorer som det ofta talas om i dagens samhälle och fysisk aktivitet på fritiden har blivit viktigare då våra arbeten blir alltmer stillasittande. Frågan är dock vilken inverkan fysisk aktivitet har på hälsan när träningen genomförs som ett kompenserande beteende. Syfte: Huvudsyftet med studien är att baserat på en tolkning av coachers upplevelser av Compensatory health beliefs (CHB) skapa en vidare förståelse för fenomenet och vilken påverkan coacher kan ha på fysiskt aktiva individers CHB. Delsyftet är att lyfta fram lämpliga pedagogiska insatser som coacher utifrån sin förståelse för CHB föreslår kan bidra till en hälsosam syn på kost och träning. Metod: Föreliggande studie har en kvalitativ metodansats där intervjuer användes som datainsamling. Insamlingsmaterialet bestod av sju transkriberade intervjuer med coacher inom fysisk aktivitet. Det empiriska materialet sammanställdes till olika teman och analyserades genom en meningsanalys.  Resultat: CHB var synligt hos de fysiskt aktiva främst genom uttalad synd. En påverkan skedde från coacher till klient där outtalade krav uppfattades som negativa medan genomtänkt feedback från coacherna i huvudsak upplevdes som positivt. Lärande synliggjordes även från klient till coach genom en ökad förståelse för vikten av individanpassad coaching. För att arbeta aktivt med CHB upplevdes utbildning och kunskap hos såväl coacher som klienter som särskilt viktiga faktorer. Slutsats: En uppfattning har skapats att CHB kan ha negativ inverkan på hälsan, och det behövs mer forskning för att förstå vilken påverkan CHB har på beteendeförändringar. Coacher med hög kunskapsnivå upplevs ha positiv påverkan på klienten. / To live strictly healthy and to indulge in temptations are two factors that are often spoken about in today's society and physical activity in leisure time has become more important since our work is becoming increasingly sedentary. The question is, however, what impact physical activity have on health when it is implemented as a compensatory behavior.Aim: The main aim of the study is to, based on an interpretation of coaches experiences of Compensatory health beliefs (CHB), create a further understanding of the phenomenon and what influence coaches may have on the CHB of physical active individuals. The subsidiary aim is to highlight the appropriate educational interventions that coaches, based on their understanding of CHB, proposes can contribute to a healthy approach to diet and exercise. Method: The present study has a qualitative method where interviews were used as data collection. The gathered material consisted of seven transcribed interviews with coaches in physical activity. The empirical material was interpreted and compiled into themes through a meaning categorization. Results: CHB was visible in the physically active primarily by expressed sin. An impact occurred from the coaches to the client where non expressed demands were perceived as negative, while thoughtful feedback from the coaches were generally perceived as positive. Learning was also made visible from the client to the coach through an increased understanding of the importance of individualized coaching. To work actively with CHB, training and knowledge amongst both coaches and clients were percieved as key factors. Conclusion: A perception has been created that CHB may have negative impact on health, and more research is needed to understand the impact that CHB has on behavioral changes. Coaches with a high level of knowledge is perceived to have a positive impact on the client.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T18:20:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mpcc_ROBERTA PRADO_DEFESA FINAL_IMPRESSÃO FINAL rev RP.pdf: 4203884 bytes, checksum: a62e2b89f1998798da40dc3455f5cd80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T18:21:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mpcc_ROBERTA PRADO_DEFESA FINAL_IMPRESSÃO FINAL rev RP.pdf: 4203884 bytes, checksum: a62e2b89f1998798da40dc3455f5cd80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T18:21:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mpcc_ROBERTA PRADO_DEFESA FINAL_IMPRESSÃO FINAL rev RP.pdf: 4203884 bytes, checksum: a62e2b89f1998798da40dc3455f5cd80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T18:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mpcc_ROBERTA PRADO_DEFESA FINAL_IMPRESSÃO FINAL rev RP.pdf: 4203884 bytes, checksum: a62e2b89f1998798da40dc3455f5cd80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / The aim of this study was to understand the young person's perception about coffee as part of a healthy habit in their routine. The exploratory qualitative research turns to the consumer of 19-25 years, a relevant period for the development of long-lasting health behaviors. In the process, seventeen in-depth interviews were considered. The script was supported by the concepts of the Health Belief Model (HBM), considered one of the most used models to explain health behaviors. The predictive variables of the HBM were adapted to the context and from them emerged seven analytical categories for interpretation through the qualitative content analysis. The results showed that, in general, coffee is not associated with healthy habits. Despite the strong bond between coffee and young people, they are not familiar with all functional benefits of the beverage. Perception is limited: coffee is a source of energy and disposition (productivity) and/or relaxation (pleasure). It also identifies additional signs: coffee is also perceived as an instrument for socialization. In other words, coffee is seen by young people as a powerful ally of adult life, which justifies its relevance in this important period of quest for independence. Therefore, the perception of coffee as part of a healthy behavior can be stimulated if young people acquire more knowledge of the benefits of coffee (especially those that are fit into their daily routine) and the safe doses of caffeine, that less often is perceived as a potential addiction, despite they claim to consume less than the recommended daily doses. In addition, the positioning that relates coffee as an ally for physical activity seems to have the greatest potential, since it is the variable most associated with health and it is already a habit in the routine. However, coffee as a fuel for healthy habits appears to be believable and applicable by the eyes of this researched public. On the other hand, the benefits related to disease prevention showed less credibility and relevance. / O objetivo do estudo foi compreender a percepção do jovem sobre o café como parte de hábito saudável em sua rotina. A pesquisa exploratória qualitativa se volta para o consumidor de 19-25 anos, período relevante para desenvolvimento de comportamentos duradouros para a saúde. Foram consideradas dezessete entrevistas em profundidade. Os roteiros foram sustentados pelos conceitos do Health Belief Model (HBM), classificado como um dos modelos mais utilizados para explicar comportamentos de saúde. As variáveis preditivas do HBM foram adaptadas ao contexto e delas emergiram sete categorias analíticas para interpretação através da análise qualitativa de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram que, em geral, o café não está associado a hábitos saudáveis. Apesar do vínculo forte com a bebida, os jovens não são familiarizados com todos os seus benefícios funcionais. A percepção é limitada: o café é fonte de disposição e energia (produtividade) ou de relaxamento (prazer). Identifica-se também signos adicionais: o café é instrumento para socialização. Em outras palavras, o café é tido pelos jovens como um grande aliado da vida adulta, o que justifica sua relevância nesta fase de busca por independência. Assim, a percepção do café como parte de um comportamento saudável pode ser estimulada se o público jovem obter maior conhecimento dos benefícios do café (principalmente os que se encaixam na rotina típica) e das doses diárias seguras de cafeína, que ainda são superiores à frequência de consumo deste público, que por vezes percebe a substância como um vício em potencial. Além disso, o posicionamento que relaciona o café como aliado para atividades físicas parece ter o maior potencial, uma vez que é a variável mais associada à saúde e já é um hábito na rotina. Contudo, o café como combustível para hábitos saudáveis parece ser crível e relevante aos olhos do público pesquisado. Já os benefícios ligados à prevenção de doença apresentaram menor credibilidade e relevância.

Bakgrund Vaccinets funktion i att begränsa och eliminera virusbaserade sjukdomar är vetenskapligt bevisat och dess inverkan på samhället sedan införseln av ett nationellt barnvaccinationsprogram har varit otvivelaktig. I och med vaccinationsprogrammets framgång har rädslan och förståelsen för hur farliga barnsjukdomarna var minskat. Något som kan leda till att rädslan inte längre leder till en skyddande aktion såsom vaccinering. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka informationens betydelse för föräldrars beslut att avstå från att vaccinera sitt barn eller låta vaccinera barnet. Metod Litteraturstudie baserad på elva vetenskapliga originalartiklar publicerade mellan år 2004-2018. Artikelsökning skedde i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och SveMed+. Granskning av originalartiklar genomfördes enligt kvalitetsgranskningsmallar. I studien har the Health Belief Model samt familjecentrerad vård använts som teoretiska referensramar. Resultat Information är av yttersta vikt vid ett beslut om vaccination. Vårdgivare är viktiga i informationsgivandet. Det framkom att föräldrar vill ha neutral information med både för- och nackdelar. Föräldrar uppgav att de inhämtar information från internet, vetenskapliga studier eller vänner och familj. Information kan ges i muntligt eller skriftlig form. Muntlig information kan ske antingen genom faktagivning eller diskussion.   Slutsats Informationen har en betydande roll i beslutsprocessen hos föräldrar som ska vaccinera sitt barn. Föräldrar får information från vården, men de söker även information på egen hand för att komplettera informationen. Informationen från vården behöver anpassas efter personerna i fråga. Utifrån tydlig information som berör ämnet på ett trovärdigt sätt kan sjuksköterskan visa på vaccinationsprogrammets centrala roll i att minimera risker och maximera fördelar för barnet. / Backgrund Since the introduction of a national childhood vaccination programme, the vaccine's role in limiting and eliminating virus-based diseases have been scientifically proven and its impact on society has been undeniable. With the success of the vaccination programme, the fear of how dangerous childhood diseases have been diminished. This could lead to the fear no longer acting as a strong enough reason to vaccinate.  Aim The aim of the study was to investigate how significant information is to parents when deciding whether to refrain or receive vaccination for their child. Method The literature review is based on eleven scientific original articles published between the years 2004-2018. The article search took place in the CINAHL, PubMed and SveMed+ databases. Original articles were reviewed using quality review templates. The theoretical framework for this study was based on the Health Belief Model and Family Centred Nursing. Result Information is of utmost importance when deciding to vaccinate. Caregivers are important in the provision of information. It appeared that parents want neutral information with both pros and cons. Parents stated that they gather information from the internet, scientific studies or friends and family. Information may be given in oral or written form. Oral information may be given through both the presentation of facts or discussion.  Conclusion Information has a significant role in the decision-making process of parents to vaccinate their child. Parents receive information from healthcare, but they also seek information on their own to supplement the information. The information from healthcare needs to be adapted to the persons in question. Given that fair and direct information is provided, that relates to the subject in a credible way, the nurse can demonstrate the central role of the vaccination program in minimizing the risks and maximizing benefits to the child.

Bakgrund: Främre korsbandsskador är en av de vanligaste och svåraste skadorna inom damfotboll. Det finns stark evidens för att skadeförebyggande knäkontrollsträning förebygger främre korsbandsskador om följsamheten till träningen är hög. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka kvinnliga fotbollsspelares följsamhet till knäkontrollsträning och om det finns ett samband mellan följsamhet och self-efficacy, upplevda fördelar, upplevda hinder, yttre påminnelser, upplevd sårbarhet samt upplevd allvarlighetsgrad.  Metod: En kvantitativ ansats med en icke-experimentell tvärsnittsdesign har använts för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Ett ändamålsenligt urval har tillämpats och data samlades in genom en webbenkät där 73 besvarade enkäter inkom. En deskriptiv frekvensanalys och Spearman’s rangkorrelation användes för att analysera resultatet. Resultat: 58,9% av deltagarna utförde knäkontrollsträning >2 ggr/veckan och följer rekommendationerna för knäkontrollsträning. Det fanns ett lågt samband mellan knäkontrollsträning och upplevda hinder, self-efficacy och yttre påminnelser. Mellan resterande variabler, divisioner och knäkontrollsträning förelåg inget signifikant samband.  Slutsatser: Resultatet tyder på en högre följsamhet till knäkontrollsträning än vad tidigare studier påvisat, dock anses följsamheten fortfarande vara för låg. Resultatet visar även på inget eller lågt samband mellan knäkontrollsträning och de centrala begreppen i HBM. Vidare forskning bör göras på ett större antal deltagare, män och ur andra beteendemedicinska perspektiv.